all modules

Question 1

How do we learn?

Answer 1

by experience, language, and observations; it is a permanent chance in behavior resulting from practice or experience

Question 2

when does learning occur

Answer 2

through association between things that lead to behavioral patterns

Question 3

habitutation

Answer 3

when one repeatedly gets exposed to stimulus they become desensitized to it

Question 4

associative learning

Answer 4

parring events together based on experience

Question 5

where did behavior result from (behaviorism)

Answer 5

from one’s response to its environment

Question 6

Ivan pavlov

Answer 6

studied using dogs’ saliva, showed that responses to stimuli could be classically conditioned

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

learned response to stimulus (dog food)

Question 8

neutral stimulus

Answer 8

gets no response before classical conditioning becomes conditioned stimulus (sound/ bell)

Question 9

generalization

Answer 9

on a conditioned response is gotten other similar stimuli elicit the response

Question 10

discrimination

Answer 10

ability to distinguish between a CS and other similar stimuli

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

if the UCS is separated from CS the CR will stop

Question 12

higher order conditioning

Answer 12

stimuli that was neutral before, pairs with CS produces the same CR; it adds a new stimulus to the learned behavior

Question 13

Robert Rescorla

Answer 13

contingency theory; for learning to happen a stimulus must give the subject info about the likelihood of the events

Question 14

John Garcia

Answer 14

the Garcia effect; taste aversion, after pairing a unpleasant stimuli with an event (bad sensation paired with food one doesn’t like)

Question 15

edward thorndlike

Answer 15

law of effect; behaviors that result in a pleasant response are to be more repeated than those that produce neutral or unpleasant response

Question 16

BF Skinner

Answer 16

the skinner box; operant conditioning

Question 17

operant conditioning

Answer 17

one emits a behavior that is linked to a consequence

Question 18

classical conditioning

Answer 18

response behavior that is elicited from one

Question 19

reinforcement

Answer 19

increases behavior

Question 20

punishment

Answer 20

decreases behavior

Question 21

primary reinforcement

Answer 21

satisfies biological need

Question 22

secondary or conditioned reinforcement

Answer 22

more symbolic needs

Question 23

positive punishment

Answer 23

when something is added to stop a behavior/ make it less likely to contiuse

Question 24

positve reinforcement

Answer 24

when something is added to make sure the behavior continues

Question 25

negative punishment

Answer 25

when something is taken away to stop a behavior/ make it less likely to continue

Question 26

negative reinforcement

Answer 26

when something is taken away to make the good behavior more likely to occur

Question 27

continuous reinforcement

Answer 27

ends with rapid extinction when reinforcer is removed

Question 28

most effective reinforcement

Answer 28

intermittent or partial

Question 29

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 29

reward is given after a specified number of responses

Question 30

variable ratio

Answer 30

reward reinforced after a random number of responses

Question 31

fixed interval

Answer 31

where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has passed

Question 32

variable interval

Answer 32

where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

Question 33

which schedule result in the highest response rate

Answer 33

fixed ratio

Question 34

how does punishment affect behavior

Answer 34

it results in unwanted fears, justifies pain, causes another unwanted behavior to take place

Question 35

operant conditioning in sports

Answer 35

reinforcement can enhance athletic performance, it can be shaped through reinforcing successive approximations

Question 36

successive approximations in work

Answer 36

rewarding specific, achievable behaviors that increase productivity

Question 37

successive approximations at home

Answer 37

for kids reinforcing good behavior increases the occurrence of them

Question 38

classical conditioning - response

Answer 38

involuntary automatic

Question 39

classical conditioning - acquisition

Answer 39

CS announces UC, accociating events

Question 40

classical conditioning - extinction

Answer 40

CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone

Question 41

operant conditioning - response

Answer 41

voluntary, operates on environment

Question 42

operant conditioning - acquisition

Answer 42

associating response with a consequence

Question 43

operant conditioning - extinction

Answer 43

responding decreases when reinforcement stops

Question 44

limits on classical conditioning

Answer 44

underestimated the importance of cognitive processes and biological constraints

Question 45

preparedness

Answer 45

the species-specific predisposition to be able to learn under some conditions but to be unable to learn in others

Question 46

edward toleman

Answer 46

put rats in a maze and with different reinforcement schedules

Question 47

toleman's 2 conclusions of the experiment

Answer 47

learning can take place without reinforcer, organisms that display latent learning have a cognitive map of the task

Question 48

problem focused coping

Answer 48

directly addressing the problem

Question 49

emotion focused coping

Answer 49

avoiding the problem and turnnig to other methods

Question 50

external locus of control

Answer 50

perseption that outside forces determine our fate

Question 51

internal loucs of control

Answer 51

perception that you are in control of your fate

Question 52

albert bandura

Answer 52

observational learning, people learn behaviors from watching and mimicking others

Question 53

vicarious learning / reinforcement

Answer 53

learning by watching someone model a behavior

Question 54

reciprocal determinism

Answer 54

environment influences organism, so organism influence environment

Question 55

3 models for imitation

Answer 55

live modeling/ watching verbal instruction/ explanation symbolic modeling/ media

Question 56

social cognitive theory

Answer 56

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Question 57

mirror neurons

Answer 57

explain the empath we feel so repeated violence show decreased activity in there neurons

Question 58

prosocial models

Answer 58

encourage behavior

Question 59

antisocial models

Answer 59

increase expression of aggression etc.