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Psych unit 6 > all modules > Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we learn?

A

by experience, language, and observations; it is a permanent chance in behavior resulting from practice or experience

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2
Q

when does learning occur

A

through association between things that lead to behavioral patterns

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3
Q

habitutation

A

when one repeatedly gets exposed to stimulus they become desensitized to it

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4
Q

associative learning

A

parring events together based on experience

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5
Q

where did behavior result from (behaviorism)

A

from one’s response to its environment

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6
Q

Ivan pavlov

A

studied using dogs’ saliva, showed that responses to stimuli could be classically conditioned

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7
Q

classical conditioning

A

learned response to stimulus (dog food)

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8
Q

neutral stimulus

A

gets no response before classical conditioning becomes conditioned stimulus (sound/ bell)

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9
Q

generalization

A

on a conditioned response is gotten other similar stimuli elicit the response

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10
Q

discrimination

A

ability to distinguish between a CS and other similar stimuli

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11
Q

extinction

A

if the UCS is separated from CS the CR will stop

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12
Q

higher order conditioning

A

stimuli that was neutral before, pairs with CS produces the same CR; it adds a new stimulus to the learned behavior

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13
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

contingency theory; for learning to happen a stimulus must give the subject info about the likelihood of the events

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14
Q

John Garcia

A

the Garcia effect; taste aversion, after pairing a unpleasant stimuli with an event (bad sensation paired with food one doesn’t like)

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15
Q

edward thorndlike

A

law of effect; behaviors that result in a pleasant response are to be more repeated than those that produce neutral or unpleasant response

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16
Q

BF Skinner

A

the skinner box; operant conditioning

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17
Q

operant conditioning

A

one emits a behavior that is linked to a consequence

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18
Q

classical conditioning

A

response behavior that is elicited from one

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19
Q

reinforcement

A

increases behavior

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20
Q

punishment

A

decreases behavior

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21
Q

primary reinforcement

A

satisfies biological need

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22
Q

secondary or conditioned reinforcement

A

more symbolic needs

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23
Q

positive punishment

A

when something is added to stop a behavior/ make it less likely to contiuse

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24
Q

positve reinforcement

A

when something is added to make sure the behavior continues

25
Q

negative punishment

A

when something is taken away to stop a behavior/ make it less likely to continue

26
Q

negative reinforcement

A

when something is taken away to make the good behavior more likely to occur

27
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

ends with rapid extinction when reinforcer is removed

28
Q

most effective reinforcement

A

intermittent or partial

29
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

reward is given after a specified number of responses

30
Q

variable ratio

A

reward reinforced after a random number of responses

31
Q

fixed interval

A

where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has passed

32
Q

variable interval

A

where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

33
Q

which schedule result in the highest response rate

A

fixed ratio

34
Q

how does punishment affect behavior

A

it results in unwanted fears, justifies pain, causes another unwanted behavior to take place

35
Q

operant conditioning in sports

A

reinforcement can enhance athletic performance, it can be shaped through reinforcing successive approximations

36
Q

successive approximations in work

A

rewarding specific, achievable behaviors that increase productivity

37
Q

successive approximations at home

A

for kids reinforcing good behavior increases the occurrence of them

38
Q

classical conditioning - response

A

involuntary automatic

39
Q

classical conditioning - acquisition

A

CS announces UC, accociating events

40
Q

classical conditioning - extinction

A

CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone

41
Q

operant conditioning - response

A

voluntary, operates on environment

42
Q

operant conditioning - acquisition

A

associating response with a consequence

43
Q

operant conditioning - extinction

A

responding decreases when reinforcement stops

44
Q

limits on classical conditioning

A

underestimated the importance of cognitive processes and biological constraints

45
Q

preparedness

A

the species-specific predisposition to be able to learn under some conditions but to be unable to learn in others

46
Q

edward toleman

A

put rats in a maze and with different reinforcement schedules

47
Q

toleman’s 2 conclusions of the experiment

A

learning can take place without reinforcer, organisms that display latent learning have a cognitive map of the task

48
Q

problem focused coping

A

directly addressing the problem

49
Q

emotion focused coping

A

avoiding the problem and turnnig to other methods

50
Q

external locus of control

A

perseption that outside forces determine our fate

51
Q

internal loucs of control

A

perception that you are in control of your fate

52
Q

albert bandura

A

observational learning, people learn behaviors from watching and mimicking others

53
Q

vicarious learning / reinforcement

A

learning by watching someone model a behavior

54
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

environment influences organism, so organism influence environment

55
Q

3 models for imitation

A

live modeling/ watching
verbal instruction/ explanation
symbolic modeling/ media

56
Q

social cognitive theory

A

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

57
Q

mirror neurons

A

explain the empath we feel so repeated violence show decreased activity in there neurons

58
Q

prosocial models

A

encourage behavior

59
Q

antisocial models

A

increase expression of aggression etc.

Psych unit 6 (1 decks)

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