All Minimals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the permutation of n different elements taken n at a time and what is their number?

A
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2
Q

Define the combinations of n different elements taken k at a time in words.

A

All possible selections of size k of different elements.

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

Define nominal scale and give an example for it.

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5
Q

Define ordinal scale and give an example for it.

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6
Q

Define interval scale and give an example for it.

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7
Q

Define ratio scale and give an example for it.

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8
Q

How are the relative frequency and probability of an event related to each other?

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9
Q

What is the definition of classical probability?

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10
Q

What kind of values can (mathematical) probability assume? What is the probability of a certain and an impossible event?

A
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11
Q

Describe the relationship between the probabilities of event A and its complement event B!

A

P(A) + P(B) = 1

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12
Q

Define the sum of events A and B!

A
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13
Q

What is the probability of the sum of events A and B?

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14
Q

Define the product of events A and B!

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15
Q

Define the complement event of event A!

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16
Q

When are events A and B exclusive?

A

If AB = 0

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17
Q

When are events A and B independent of each other?

A
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18
Q

Using the terms of set theory define:
a. the product of events A and B
b. the sum of events A and B

A
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19
Q

What is the meaning of P(A | B)?

A

It is a conditional probability of A given B. And the probability of A occurring is dependent on B.

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20
Q

What is the definition of a random variable?

A

Is the number assigned to a random event.

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21
Q

What is a continuous random variable?

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22
Q

What is the definition of the cumulative relative frequency of a sample?

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23
Q

What is the definition of the cumulative distribution function of a random variable?

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24
Q

What is the probability that a continuous random variable assumes a value in the interval between a and b?

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25
Q

Define the mean of a discrete random variable!

A
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26
Q

Define the variance of a discrete random variable with a formula.

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27
Q

Define the variance of a sample with a formula.

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28
Q

Define the variance of a random variable.

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29
Q

Define the variance of a sample in words.

30
Q

What is the central limit theorem?

31
Q

Define the standard deviation (SD) and the standard error of the mean (SEM) of a sample with formulas!

32
Q

What is the difference between the standard deviation (SD) and the standard error of the mean (SEM) of a sample? Write your answer in words, do not use formulas.

33
Q

Define the coefficient of variation (CV) in words and with a formula.

34
Q

Define the mean of a sample with a formula and interpret the variables!

35
Q

What is an ordered array?

36
Q

Define the median of a sample!

37
Q

Define the i-th percentile of a sample!

38
Q

Define the first, second and third quartile (Q1, Q2, Q3) of a sample.

39
Q

Define the mode of a sample!

40
Q

How can a histogram be constructed?

41
Q

Calculate the mean, median and mode of the data set given below.

Data set: 5, 8, 9, 5, 9, 1, 6, 5

42
Q

Calculate the standard deviation and standard error of the mean of the sample given below.

Sample: 3, 7, 5

43
Q

Give the kth element of a binomial distribution with parameter p (the probability of the first possible outcome of a trial) if the total number of trials is n (k = 0, 1, 2, 3…, n), and define the probability it means!

44
Q

Give the kth element of a Poisson distribution with parameter λ and define the probability it means!

45
Q

Give the sum of elements of a Poisson distribution with parameter λ!

46
Q

Which two properties of the Poisson distribution are equal to λ, the parameter of the distribution?

47
Q

When does a random variable follow a standard normal distribution?

48
Q

Calculate the standardized z value corresponding to a value 135 of a random variable distributed according to a normal distribution with a mean value of 120 and a standard deviation of 10. Calculate the probability that the above random variable will assume a value less than 135.

49
Q

What is the probability that a normally distributed random variable falls in the regions µ +/- 1σ, µ +/- 2σ and µ +/- 3σ (µ is the mean and σ is the standard deviation of the normal distribution)?

50
Q

What is a type I error in a statistical test?

51
Q

What is a type II error in a statistical test?

52
Q

What is the relationship between the probability of committing a type I error and the level of significance?

53
Q

What is the p value in hypothesis testing?

54
Q

What is a two-sided statistical test?

55
Q

Write the formula for the statistical test used for single population mean hypothesis testing when the SD of the population is known and interpret the variables!

56
Q

What kind of hypothesis testing can the F test be used for?

57
Q

What kind of quantities can be compared with a two-sample independent groups t-test?

58
Q

When does a statistic give an unbiased estimation of a parameter?

59
Q

When is a sample representative?

60
Q

What are the most important attributes of the quality of an estimate? Define them briefly.

61
Q

Define the null hypothesis for a two-sample, tw-sided (two-tailed) t-test.

62
Q

Write the null hypothesis for an F test.

63
Q

What is the definition of specificity of a clinical diagnostic test?

64
Q

What is the definition of sensitivity of a clinical diagnostic test?

65
Q

What is the definition of positive predictive value?

66
Q

What is the definition of negative predictive value?

67
Q

Draw the 2x2 contingency table characterizing the sensitivity and specificity of a clinical diagnostic test.

68
Q

What is the definition of odds?

69
Q

Define odds ratio from a epidemiological point of view.

70
Q

What is the relative risk in epidemiological studies?

71
Q

Calculate the expected frequency in the upper left cell of the contingency table given below assuming the independence of the two random variables.

72
Q

Specify the X^2 statistic for a test of independence.