All Minimals Flashcards
Define electron volt (eV)!
Define what force is!
Define momentum in words and with a formula!
Align in ascending order the following components of the electromagnetic spectrum according to their energy: microwaves, gamma, ultraviolet, visible light, X-ray, infrared, radiowaves!
What is the definition of visible light?
List the three most important mechanisms responsible for the absorption of γ and X-rays
What is the major difference between the photoeffect and the Compton effect?
What kind of special characteristics does laser light have?
List the types of interactions laser light can have with tissues.
How many fold does the intensity of light decreases if the absorbance (optical density, extinction) of a solution is 1?
At what wavelength are the characteristic absorption maxima of proteins and nucleic acids?
Which amino acids have reasonably high absorption?
What are the possible ways of relaxation of an excited electron in a molecule? (List at least 5 of them!)
What is the definition of fluorescence lifetime?
What is a., scintillation, b., chemiluminescence, c., photoluminescence?
List at least five parameters which can be determined using fluorescent measurements!
What is the shortest resolvable distance in a light microscope?
Give the equation for the relationship between the image distance (i), object distance (o) and the focal distance (f)!
What were those two discoveries that made construction of an electron microscope possible?
What is the principle of scanning electron microscopy?
Give the definition of isotopes!
On what kind of energy level does a nucleon reside in a nucleus compared to the energy of a free particle?
What is the direction of changes in the atomic number and the mass number of nuclei during alpha decay, both types of beta decay, electron capture and gamma decay?
Give the equation describing the number of undecayed nuclei as a function of time (i.e. the law of radioactive decay).
Describe the relationship between the effective (Teff), the physical (Tphys) and the biological (Tbiol) half lives!
Describe the relationship between the physical (λphys), and the biological (λbiol) and the effective (λeff) decay constants!
Why are alpha and beta(-) radiations called directly ionizing radiations?
Compare the path of alpha- and beta(-) particles passing through an absorbing material.
What kind of radioactive radiations can be detected by a GM-counter?
What is the basic operation principle of ionization detectors?
What is the principle of detection of radioactive radiation by a scintillation detector?
List the radioactive radiations in order of increasing penetrability!
What is D37?
What kind of products are capable of damaging biological objects arise during irradiation of aqueous solutions?
Define effective dose. Why is it necessary to introduce effective dose when examining radiation damage in biological organisms?
List the physical factors influencing radiation sensitivity!
Write the equation describing cell survival according to the linear-quadratic model.
In which part of the cell cycle are cells most and the least sensitive to radioactive radiation?
What is the principle of SPECT?
What kind of isotopes can be used in PET?
What is the principle of computer tomography?
Which nuclei are able to give an NMR signal?
List at least three nuclei which can be used in biological applications of nuclear magnetic resonance!
What is the macroscopic consequence of the alignment of nuclear magnetic moments by the external magnetic field?
What kind of parameters does an MRI image reveal?
What is in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (in vivo MRS)?
Give the frequency range of sound waves audible by a normal human ear!
What is ultrasound?
Give the definition and unit of sound intensity!
Define in words the compressibility of a medium.
List the most widespread effects suitable for the generation of ultrasound!
Define the frictional force (Ff) acting on a molecule with velocity v in an aqueous environment
What is the unit of diffusion constant?
Write Fick’s first law and interpret the constants and physical quantities!
Which parameters tend toward spatial equilibrium during a diffusion process?
Write down van’t Hoff’s law for dilute solutions!
What is the osmotic pressure?
What are the possible forms of motion of a lipid molecule in a membrane?
What changes in the properties of the fatty acid side chains increase the transition temperature of a membrane?
For what kind of molecules is the permeability of biological membranes the highest?
What are the extra- and intracellular concentrations of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ions?
What is facilitated diffusion?
What kind of ion channels do you know based on their mode of activation?
How can ionophores be grouped according to the mechanism of ion transport?
List the factors contributing to the maintenance of resting membrane potential!
What is the equilibrium potential of an ion?
Describe the relationship between net fluxes of major permeating ions at the resting membrane potential!
Give the Goldmann-Hodgkin-Katz equation!
Give the current carried by ion x through the cell membrane if the membrane potential is Em!
How do the concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the intra- and extracellular spaces change during a single action potential?
What does it mean that photons are only triggers for photoreceptors?
Give the Weber-Fechner law!
What kind of relationship is represented by the isophonic curves?
What is the principle of voltage-clamp?
What is the range of voltages corresponding to the R waves of an ECG?
Which physical characteristics of the eye lens are changed during accommodation?
What is the resolution of an eye?
What is the mechanism of hearing by air conduction (also called ossicular conduction)?
What does it mean that bones are mechanically anisotropic?
Write the continuity equation for fluid flow!
Give the formula for the Hagen-Poiseuille law!
Which factors determine predominantly lung compliance?
Define surface tension!
What is the resolution limit of atomic force microscopy?
Define the sedimentation constant and give its unit!
What is the electrophoretic mobility?
