All Literature - JVIM 2015-2019

Question 11

25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs with naturally acquired blastomycosis. O’brien et al. JVIM 2018.

• What differences in 25(OH)D and ionized calcium concentrations were found in the serum of dogs with blastomycosis vs. healthy controls?

Answer 11

• Blasto dogs had lower 25(OH)D and higher ionized calcium vs. controls

Question 12

25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs with naturally acquired blastomycosis. O’brien et al. JVIM 2018.

• What factors were associated with survival in dogs with blastomycosis?

Answer 12

• NOT 25(OH)D

* Lactate, bone/skin/LN involvement, # of affected sites, respiratory signs

Question 13

A 6-bp deletion variant in a novel canine glutathione-S-transferase gene leads to loss of enzyme function. Craft et al. JVIM 2017.

• What gene was affected? What mutation? What effect? What breeds were overrepresented for the homozygous phenotype?

Answer 13

• GSTT5 gene; Asp129_Gnl130del mutation
• Purpose bred Beagle dogs; Pembroke Welsh Corgi
• 92% decrease in activity against an experimental substrate

Question 14

A 6-bp deletion variant in a novel canine glutathione-S-transferase gene leads to loss of enzyme function. Craft et al. JVIM 2017.

What is the purpose of glutathione-S-transferase?

Answer 14

• Conjugates glutathione to detoxify endogenous (lipid peroxidase) & exogenous toxins

Question 15

A comparison of liver sampling techniques in dogs. Kemp et al. JVIM 2015.

• Agreement between 14g needle, 5 mm cup, and 8 mm punch biopsies with necropsy histopath diagnosis for liver samples in dogs? What number of portal triads is recommended for accuracy?

Answer 15

• 60-69% agreement, NSD between methods

* 12 portal triads

Question 16

A de novo mutation in the EXT2 gene associated with osteochondromatosis in a litter of American Staffordshire Terriers. Friedenberg et al. JVIM 2018.

• What gene was found to have variants associated with osteochondromatosis (multiple exostoses) in Am Staff Terriers?

Answer 16

• Exostosin 2 (EXT2)

Question 17

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, prospective, randomized study of beraprost sodium treatment for cats with CKD. Takenaka et al. JVIM 2018.

• What was the effect of beraprost sodium 55 ug/cat BID x 180 days on serum creatinine, phosphorus to calcium ratio, and USG in cats with naturally-occurring CKD?

Answer 17

• sCr in treated cats did not increase (2.4 à 2.5) while placebo did (2.8 à 3.2)
• P:Ca in treated cats did not increase (0.5 à 0.51) while placebo did (0.46 à 0.52)
• No effect on USG in either group

Question 18

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, prospective, randomized study of beraprost sodium treatment for cats with CKD. Takenaka et al. JVIM 2018.

• What is beraprost sodium and why might it help cats with CKD?

Answer 18

• Prostacyclin analog à might vasodilate renal vasculature

Question 19

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, prospective, randomized study of beraprost sodium treatment for cats with CKD. Takenaka et al. JVIM 2018.

• What clinical scores improved in cats treated with beraprost sodium vs. placebo?

Answer 19

• Appetite, physical activity scores

Question 20

A Feline‐Specific Anti‐Nerve Growth Factor Antibody Improves Mobility in Cats with Degenerative Joint Disease–Associated Pain: A Pilot Proof of Concept Study. Gruen et al. JVIM 2016.

• What was the effect of anti-nerve growth factor antibody administration to cats with degenerative joint disease?

Answer 20

• Improved activity 2-6 weeks post-treatment

* Significant improvements in outcome score and pain index 3 weeks after administration

Question 21

A Homozygous RAB3GAP1:c.743delC Mutation in Rottweilers with Neuronal Vacuolation and Spinocerebellar Degeneration. JVIM 2016

Just read the title and try to memorize the gene and breed I guess

Answer 21

RAB3GAP

Rotties

Neuronal vacuolation adn spinocerebellar degeneration

Question 22

A monoclonal antibody-based urine Hisotpalsma antigen enzyme immunoassay (IMMY) for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in cats. Rothenburg et al. JVIM 2019.

For the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in cats, a bedside urine antigen test (IMMY) is available. How does its diagnostic performance compare with the gold standard test, and what is the gold standard?

Answer 22

Gold standard - Mira Vista EIA urine antigen test –> 94% sensitive, 97% specific, 96% accurate

MV test outperformed IMMY regardless of cut point used

• IMMY EIA: 89% sensitive, 80% specific, 83% accurate with 0.25 ng/ml cutoff
• IMMY EIA: 77% sensitive, 97% specific, 89% accurate with 1.1 ng/ml cutoff

Question 23

A pilot study investigating circulating trimethylamine N‐oxide and its precursors in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease with or without congestive heart failure. Karlin et al. JVIM 2019.

• What differences in plasma trimethylamine N-oxide and its precursors (choline, L-carnitine) were identified between dogs with MMVD and CHF vs. those without CHF and healthy controls?

Answer 23

• CHF MMVD dogs had increased TMAO, total L-carnitine, carnitine esters, and carnitine esters to free carnitine ratio vs. MMVD w/o CHF
• CHF MMVD dogs had increased TMAO (P = .02), choline (P = .01), total l‐carnitine (P = .01), carnitine esters (P = .02), free carnitine (P = .02), and E/F ratio (P = .009) vs. controls without MMVD

Question 24

A prospective, placebo-controlled pilot evaluation of the effect of omeprazole on serum calcium, magnesium, cobalamin, gastrin concentrations, and bone in cats. Gould et al. JVIM 2016

• What was the effect of 1 mg/kg PO q12h omeprazole compared to placebo for 60 days in cats on serum calcium, magnesium, cobalamin, and gastrin concentrations? On bone density and content? Was rebound hyperacidity noted after discontinuation?

Answer 24

• No effect on serum calcium, magnesium (both ionized & total), or cobalamin
• Increased serum gastrin concentrations in omeprazole vs. placebo
• No effect on bone density/content
• Two cats had intragastric pH monitored after d/c à both had rebound hyperacidity

Question 25

A prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study on the effect of Enterococcus faecium on clinical activity and intestinal gene expression in canine food-response chronic enteropathy. Schmitz et al. JVIM 2015. Effect of E faecium 1707 on CCECAI, intestinal gene expression, and histopath scores in dogs with food-responsive CE?

Answer 25

* NSD in any evaluated parameter (very few dogs finished the trial…) * All dogs responded rapidly to hydrolyzed diet

Question 26

A prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot study of sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto) in dogs with cardiomegaly secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease. Newhard et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the effect of sacubitril/valsartan treatment for 30 days on blood pressure, RAAS values, echo parameters, and NT-proBNP?

Answer 26

Decreased % change in uALDO:uCr in treatment grp * uALDO increased over 30 days in placebo grp but not in treatment grp * No difference in echo parameters, SBP, NT-proBNP among groups

Question 27

A prospective, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled clinical study of capromorelin in dogs with reduced appetite. Zollers et al. JVIM 2016. * Effect of capromorelin 3 mg/kg PO SID vs. placebo on appetite in dogs inappetent for at least 3 days?

Answer 27

* Treatment success % higher in capromorelin (69%) vs. placebo (45%) * BW increased over 3 days in treated but not untreated dogs

Question 28

A remote assay for measuring canine platelet activation and the inhibitory effects of anti-platelet agents. Dunning et al. JVIM 2018.   * What product can be added to canine blood samples to facilitate delayed analysis of platelet activity with excellent agreement to analysis performed immediately after collection? What marker was used as a surrogate for platelet activity

Answer 28

* PAMfix (paraformaldehyde) | * Surface expression of P-selectin on platelets

Question 29

A retrospective study of 157 hospitalized cats with pancreatitis in a tertiary care center: clinical, imaging and laboratory findings, potential prognostic markers and outcome. Nivy et al. JVIM 2018. * What negative and positive prognostic indicators were identified in a retrospective survival analysis in cats diagnosed with pancreatitis via AUS, feline SNAP fPLI, and/or DDGR?

Answer 29

* NPIs: hypoglycemia, ionized hypocalcemia, lethargy, pleural effusion, azotemia, parenteral nutrition, persistent anorexia * PPIs: antibiotics more frequently administered to survivors * No factors remained significant after Bonferroni correction…

Question 30

A retrospective study of 157 hospitalized cats with pancreatitis in a tertiary care center: clinical, imaging and laboratory findings, potential prognostic markers and outcome. Nivy et al. JVIM 2018. * What percentage of cats diagnosed with pancreatitis had consistent ultrasound findings? What were they & percentages?

Answer 30

* 85% * Pancreatomegaly (81%) * Decreased (31%) or increased (15%) pancreatic echogenicity * Extrahepatic biliary tract dilation (24%) * Increased peri-pancreatic echogenicity (13%)

Question 31

A retrospective study of 157 hospitalized cats with pancreatitis in a tertiary care center: clinical, imaging and laboratory findings, potential prognostic markers and outcome. Nivy et al. JVIM 2018.

Answer 31

* 86.6% idiopathic | * Causes: general anesthesia, trauma, hemodynamic compromise, organophosphates

Question 32

A retrospective study on the safety and efficacy of leflunomide in dogs. Sato et al. JVIM 2017. * What adverse events could possibly be related to leflunomide administration in dogs, and how frequently did they occur? What factor was different between dogs that experienced adverse events and those that did not?

Answer 32

* Diarrhea (3.3%), lethargy (2.2%), unexplained hemorrhage (GI) (3.3%), thrombocytopenia (6.5%) and increased liver enzymes (6.3%) * Median dose higher in dogs with adverse events (2.6 mg/kg/d vs. 1.6 mg/kg/d)

Question 33

A retrospective study on the safety and efficacy of leflunomide in dogs. Sato et al. JVIM 2017. * What percentage of treated dogs had an apparent positive response to leflunomide?

Answer 33

* 70.5%; not dose-dependent

Question 34

A retrospective study on the safety and efficacy of leflunomide in dogs. Sato et al. JVIM 2017. * What recommendation was made based on study results?

Answer 34

* Starting dose of 2 mg/kg/d, rather than recommended 3-4 mg/kg/d

Question 35

Accuracy of a flash glucose monitoring system in diabetic dogs. Corradini et al. JVIM 2016 * Correlation & accuracy of the FreeStyle libre flash glucose monitoring system with hexokinase BG in dogs?

Answer 35

* Strong positive correlation * 93%, 99%, and 99% accurate at low, normal, and high BG * Mean & SD difference 2.3 +/- 46.8 mg/dl

Question 36

Accuracy of potassium supplementation of fluid administered intravenously. Hoehne et al. JVIM 2015. * What change can make intended K match more closely with delivered K?

Answer 36

* Mixing the bag after addition of KCl

Question 37

Activation of upper respiratory tract mucosal innate immune responses in cats by liposomal toll-like receptor ligand complexes delivered topically. Wheat et al. JVIM 2019   * What effect does the topical administration of liposome-TLR complexes (LTCs) have on innate immune regulation in healthy cats?

Answer 37

Rapid recruitement of monocytes to the nasal & oropharyngeal tissues in vivo

Question 38

Acute echocardiographic effects of sotalol on ventricular systolic function in dogs with ventricular arrhythmias. Visser et al. JVIM 2018. * What effect on systolic function was observed on echocardiogram 2-4 hours after administration of sotalol to dogs? Was sotalol tolerated?

Answer 38

* Mild decrease in left ventricular systolic function * Sotalol was well tolerated and effective at reducing HR and VPCs, even in dogs with atrial enlargement and systolic dysfunction

Question 39

Acute phase proteins and iron status in cats with CKD. Javard et al. JVIM 2017. * What is hepcidin?

Answer 39

* Acute phase protein; freely filtered at the glomerulus so may accumulate in CKD * Downregulates expression of ferroportin, the membrane iron transport protein * Increased hepcidin traps iron inside reticuloendothelial cells & limits intestinal iron absorption

Question 40

Acute phase proteins and iron status in cats with CKD. Javard et al. JVIM 2017 * What differences/associations were identified b/w CKD cats and controls in acute phase proteins and iron status?

Answer 40

Acute phase proteins SAA and hepcidin higher in CKD group; both correlated positively with creatinine * higher hepcidin correlated with lower HCT * Mean total iron and TIBC lower in the CKD group

Question 41

Adenovirus-2, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and parainfluenza molecular diagnostic assay results in puppies after vaccination with modified live vaccines. Ruch-Gallie et al. JVIM 2016 What was the effect of intranasal vaccination (modified live) against adenovirus-2, B. bronch, and parainfluenza + parenteral vaccination against adenovirus-2, CDV, and parvovirus on PCR results from nasal and pharyngeal swabs in puppies? What’s the point?

Answer 41

Nucleic acids of adenovirus-2, B. bronch, and parainfluenza detected from both nasal and pharyngeal swabs multiple times through 28 days post-vax * Higher numbers of positive samples days 3-10 * If Hx of vax with modified live vaccine, must take into account when interpreting respiratory PCR panel results

Question 42

Agreement among radiographs, fluoroscopy, and bronchoscopy in documentation of airway collapse in dogs. Johnson et al. JVIM 2015 * What modality detected more sites of airway collapse in dogs?

Answer 42

In general, radiograph more sensitive, less specific than fluoroscopy during cough * Sensitivity of TXR worse in the right lobar bronchi OTHER than the middle lobe

Question 43

Alterations in serum amino acid concentrations in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy. Kathrani et al. JVIM 2018. * What serum amino acids differed in dogs with PLE compared with healthy controls? What disease severity marker correlations were found?

Answer 43

* Tryptophan was lower in PLE dogs vs. controls | * Serum tryptophan correlated moderately & positively with serum albumin

Question 44

Altered serum thyrotropin concentrations in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism before and during treatment. Reusch et al. JVIM 2017. * What percentage of dogs with Addison’s and control dogs had increased cTSH? Did dogs with Addison’s and increased cTSH have increased TT4? What was the effect of glucocorticoid treatment on cTSH levels in Addisonian dogs?

Answer 44

* 37% (11/30) Addisonian dogs had increased cTSH; no controls had increased cTSH * No difference in TT4 between HA dogs w/ increased cTSH vs. HA dogs w/o increased cTSH and healthy controls cTSH normalized after GC treatment in all dogs; in 9/11 within 4 weeks * 2 dogs were treated for 3 & 4 months before normalization of cTSH

Question 45

Alternating Rabacfosadine/Doxorubicin: Efficacy and Tolerability in Naïve Canine Multicentric Lymphoma. Thamm et al. JVIM 2017. How did the alternating rabacfosadine/doxo protocol compare to standard of care CHOP protocols in terms of progression free survival, treatment visits, and adverse events?

Answer 45

* Similar PFI to CHOP (194 days overall; 216 for complete and 63 for partial responders) * RAB/DOX protocol had fewer treatment visits than CHOP * Most adverse effects mild & self-limiting; two dogs developed pulmonary fibrosis

Question 46

* Anatomical classifications of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction? Which are upper and which are lower motor neuron?

Answer 46

* Suprapontine (forebrain) – UMN * Pontine (brainstem) – UMN * Suprasacral spinal cord – UMN * Sacral spinal cord – LMN * Subsacral & peripheral nerves - LMN

Question 47

Anderson et al. JVIM 2019. Lispro insulin and electrolyte supplementation for treatment of DKA in cats.  What differences in outcome were seen between DKA cats treated with a CRI of lispro vs. regular insulin?

Answer 47

  Lispro-treated cats had shorter time to BG < 250 mg/dL (7 vs. 12.5 h) No difference in time to resolution of ketosis, acidosis, time to SC insulin administration, or time to hospital discharge No difference in hospitalization cost

Question 48

Anderson et al. JVIM 2019. Lispro insulin and electrolyte supplementation for treatment of DKA in cats. What CRI insulin dose was associated with a better outcome in DKA cats?

Answer 48

  0.09 U/kg/h had better outcome than 0.045 U/kg/h

Question 49

Antigen concentrations as an indicator of clinical remission and disease relapse in cats with histoplasmosis. Hanzlicek et al. JVIM 2016. * What percentage of cats had positive urine and serum histoplasma antigen tests (MV Ag EIA) at diagnosis? At relapse?

Answer 49

* Diagnosis: 93% positive in urine, 73% in serum | * Relapse: urine positive 2/2, serum positive ½

Question 50

Antigen concentrations as an indicator of clinical remission and disease relapse in cats with histoplasmosis. Hanzlicek et al. JVIM 2016. * Sensitivity and specificity of urine and serum histoplasma antigen (MV Ag EIA) elimination for detecting disease remission?

Answer 50

* Urine: 90% sensitive, 65% specific | * Serum: 90% sensitive, 52% specific

Question 51

Antihistone antibodies in Dobermans with hepatitis. Dyggve et al. JVIM 2017. * What percentage of subclinically and clinically affected Dobermans with hepatitis had increased anti-histone antibodies? What percentage of healthy Dobermans?

Answer 51

* Subclinical: 92% had increased AHA * Clinical: 85% had increased AHA * Healthy controls: 0% had increased AHA

Question 52

Antihistone antibodies in Dobermans with hepatitis. Dyggve et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the sensitivity and specificity of an ELISA for anti-histone IgG to detect clinical or subclinical Doberman hepatitis?

Answer 52

* Sensitivity 89.5%, specificity 100%

Question 53

Antihistone antibodies in Dobermans with hepatitis. Dyggve et al. JVIM 2017. * What are the two proposed mechanisms for Doberman hepatitis?

Answer 53

* Copper mediated | * Auto-immune

Question 54

Antihistone antibodies in Dobermans with hepatitis. Dyggve et al. JVIM 2017. * What genetic mutation is associated with an increased risk for Doberman hepatitis?

Answer 54

* Homozygous for dog leukocyte antigen DRB*00601

Question 55

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in urinary tract infections in dogs (2010-2013). Wong et al. JVIM 2015. Questions * Most common bacterial isolates in canine UTI? Susceptibility percentages?

Answer 55

* E. coli (53%), Staph (14%), Enterococcus (13%) Amoxy 60% susceptible; clavamox 76%, cephalexin 66%, enroflox 74%, TMS 86% * Susceptibility higher in uncomplicated UTIs; MDR staph & E. coli more common in complicated UTIs * Use of doxy, amoxi, 

Question 56

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in urinary tract infections in dogs (2010-2013). Wong et al. JVIM 2015. * Infectious disease working group classifications for complicated vs. uncomplicated UTIs?

Answer 56

* Uncomplicated: sporadic bacterial bladder infection; normal urinary tract anatomy & function, otherwise healthy animal * Complicated: Comorbidities (DM, urinary/repro tract anatomic/conformational abnormalities, etc.) * Recurrent: 3+ episodes in one year

Question 57

Applicability of 99mTc-Labeled human serum albumin scintigraphy in dogs with PLE. Englemann et al. JVIM 2017. * How many PLE dogs had exudation of the radiolabeled albumin into the GI tract?

Answer 57

* 5/8; 2 focal small intestinal & 3 diffuse small intestinal exudation

Question 58

Assessment of canine pancreas-specific lipase and outcomes in dogs with hemodialysis-dependent AKI. Takada et al. JVIM 2018. What percentage of dogs with AKI dependent on hemodialysis had a spec CPL > 400? What association did CPL have with outcome?

Answer 58

62% had CPL > 400; no difference b/w survivors and non, no association w/ survival or dialysis-dependency

Question 59

Assessment of eosinophils in gastrointestinal inflammatory disease of dogs. Bastan et al. JVIM 2018. * What is a major limitation of the ability of H&E stains to detect eosinophils in histological GI sections?

Answer 59

* Cannot detect degranulated eosinophils

Question 60

Assessment of eosinophils in gastrointestinal inflammatory disease of dogs. Bastan et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the effect of IHC (monoclonal antibody against eosinophil peroxidase granule protein) vs. H&E on duodenal, gastric, and colonic biopsy sections from dogs with eosinophilic, LP, controls, and mixed enteritis?

Answer 60

Number of intact eos detected with Epx mAb was significantly higher vs. H&E in all sections of intact and degranulated eos higher in duodenal lamina propria of eosinophilic enteritis and mixed groups vs. control dogs

Question 61

Assessment of lung ultrasound B-lines in dogs with different stages of chronic valvular heart disease. Vezzosi et al. JVIm 2017 * What was the sensitivity and specificity of lung ultrasound/B-line assessment for detecting pulmonary edema in dogs with valvular heart disease? PPV and NPV?

Answer 61

* Sensitivity 90%, specificity 93% | * PPV 86%, NPV 95%

Question 62

Association b/w survival time and changes in NT-proBNP in cats treated for congestive heart failure. Pierce et al. JVIM 2017 * What was the association between NT-proBNP at CHF diagnosis, at discharge from the hospital, and at 7-10 day re-evaluation in cats treated for CHF on survival? What other patient factors impacted survival?

Answer 62

* Cats with a larger % decrease in NT-proBNP from CHF diagnosis to hospital discharge had longer survival (overall MST 109 days) * Cats with CHF at re-evaluation and whose owners had trouble giving meds had shorter survival

Question 63

Association between Body Condition Score and Cancer Prognosis in Dogs with Lymphoma and Osteosarcoma. Romano et al. JVIM 2016 * What was the effect of BCS on outcome in dogs with lymphoma? With osteosarcoma?

Answer 63

* Lymphoma: underweight dogs had shorter ST vs. ideal, overweight; NSD in PFI * Osteosarcoma: no effect of BCS on ST or PFI

Question 64

Association between clinically probable REM sleep behavior disorder and tetanus in dogs. Shea et al. JVIM 2018. * What sleep disorder was associated with recovery from dogs diagnosed with tetanus in the UK? What was the progression of this disease with time?

Answer 64

* REM sleep behavior disorder (46% of dogs developed) | * Did not worsen in severity or frequency in any dog; resolved w/in 6 months in 43%

Question 65

Association between estrus and onset of seizures in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Van Meervenne et al. JVIM 2015. * Association between heat cycle and seizures in intact bitches with idiopathic epilepsy?

Answer 65

* Two hormonal patterns * Dogs would have seizures during heat cycle OR * Dogs would have seizures at end of diestrus

Question 66

Association between gallbladder ultrasound findings and bacterial culture of bile in 70 cats and 202 dogs. Smith et al. JVIM 2017 * What was the sensitivity and specificity of an abdominal GB on AUS for detection of cats that will have a positive bile bacterial culture? For dogs? What AUS abnormality was most common for each?

Answer 66

Cats: sensitivity 96%, specificity 49%; GB wall thickening (OR 6.3 for bactibilia) * GB sludge also associated with bactibilia (OR 3.2) * Dogs: sensitivity 81%, specificity 31%; GB sludge MC but not associated with bactibilia

Question 67

Association between gallbladder ultrasound findings and bacterial culture of bile in 70 cats and 202 dogs. Smith et al. JVIM 2017 * What percentage of patients that underwent cholecystocentesis experienced a complication?

Answer 67

* 3.4%

Question 68

Association between gallbladder ultrasound findings and bacterial culture of bile in 70 cats and 202 dogs. Smith et al. JVIM 2017 * What percentage of dogs and cats that had bile culture performed were positive? What bacterial isolates were most common?

Answer 68

* Cats: 33%; Dogs: 18% | Escherichia coli, Enterococcus

Question 69

Association between life span and body condition in neutered client-owned dogs. Salt et al. JVIM 2019 * What was the effect of body condition on risk of death & lifespan in neutered dogs?

Answer 69

* Instantaneous death risk for overweight dogs higher than normal body condition dogs for all breeds * Median life span was shorter in overweight dogs * Yorkies most, GSDs least affected

Question 70

Association of acute Babesia canis infection and serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apoprotein concentrations in dogs. Milanovic et al. JVIM 2019.  What changes in inflammatory markers, serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apoprotein concentrations were observed in dogs with B. canis infections compared to healthy controls?

Answer 70

  B. canis dogs had markedly increased serum amyloid a B. canis dogs had increased HDL diameter and ApoA B. canis dogs had lower serum cholesterol, phospholipid, and HDL concentrations

Question 71

Association of Canine Osteosarcoma and Monocyte Phenotype and Chemotactic Function. Tuohy et al. JVIM 2016 * What differences in monocyte chemokine receptor expression and chemotaxis were identified between dogs with osteosarcoma and healthy controls?

Answer 71

* Decreased CCR2, CXCR2 expression in OSA monocytes; increased PGE2, TNFa * Monocytes in dogs with OSA had decreased chemotactic function

Question 72

Association of fecal calprotectin concentrations with disease severity, response to treatment, and other biomarkers in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. Heilmann et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the clinical utility of fecal calprotectin to distinguish dogs with FRE/ARE from dogs with SRE/IRE? Within SRE/IRE dogs, could it distinguish responders from partial/non?

Answer 72

* Higher calprotectin in dogs with SRE/IRE vs FRE/ARE but not significant * Higher calprotectin in non-responsive/partially responsive SRE/IRE dogs (not significant)

Question 73

Association of gallbladder mucocele histologic diagnosis with selected drug use in dogs: a matched case-control study. Gookin et al. JVIM 2015 * What drugs were associated with GBM in dogs?

Answer 73

* Thyroxine, Cushing’s treatment, imidacloprid | * Shelties 9.3x more likely to have used imidacloprid

Question 74

Association of hypercalcemia before treatment with hypocalcemia after treatment in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism. Dear et al. JVIM 2017. * What were the findings? What recommendation is made?

Answer 74

Significant association between higher pre-operative iCa and proportion of dogs with post-Sx iCa < 1.00 * Dogs with “higher” initial iCa concentrations should be treated to prevent rapid decline and development of clinical hypocalcemia

Question 75

Association of obesity with serum leptin, adiponectin, and serotonin and gut microflora in Beagle Dogs. Park et al. JVIM 2015 * How did the gut microbiome, serum leptin, serum adiponectin, and serum and CSF serotonin differ between lean and obese lab Beagles?

Answer 75

* Obese: increased leptin, decreased adiponectin and CSF serotonin levels * Microbiome: obese dogs had abundance of Proteobacteria (76%); lean had abundance of Firmicutes (85%)

Question 76

Association of vitamin D status and clinical outcome in dogs with a chronic enteropathy. Titmarsh et al. JVIM 2015 * How did serum 25(OH)D concentrations at diagnosis compare b/w survivors and nonsurvivors in dogs with CE?

Answer 76

* Lower in nonsurvivors (4.4 vs. 24 median) | * Significant predictor of death…OR 1.08…

Question 77

Associations of environment, health history, T-zone lymphoma, and T-zone like cells of undetermined significance: A case-control study of aged Golden Retrievers. Labadie et al. JVIM 2019.  * What percentage of lymphomas in older dogs are T-zone lymphomas? How does T-zone lymphoma typically behave?

Answer 77

* 12% | * Typically indolent

Question 78

Associations of environment, health history, T-zone lymphoma, and T-zone like cells of undetermined significance: A case-control study of aged Golden Retrievers. Labadie et al. JVIM 2019.  * What conditions were associated with both T-zone lymphoma development and the presence of “T-zone like cells of unknown significance” in Golden Retrievers?

Answer 78

* Urinary tract infection and cystic calculi | * Eye disease

Question 79

Associations of environment, health history, T-zone lymphoma, and T-zone like cells of undetermined significance: A case-control study of aged Golden Retrievers. Labadie et al. JVIM 2019.  * What conditions/meds were significantly associated with T-zone lymphoma development in dogs?

Answer 79

* Hypothyroidism (decreased risk) * Mange (increased risk) * Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (decreased risk)

Question 80

Atrial fibrillation as a prognostic indicator in medium to large-sized dogs with myxomatous mitral valvular degeneration and congestive heart failure. Jung et al. JVIM 2016 * What was the effect of atrial fibrillation on risk of cardiac death and survival time in dogs with MMVD and CHF? Treatment effects?

Answer 80

* Increased hazard of cardiac related death in dogs with A fib (HR 2.5) MST longer in dogs w/o A fib (142 vs. 234 days) MST longer in dogs w/ A fib & controlled HR < 160 (171 vs. 61 d) * Digoxin + diltiazem decreased med HR to 144 in dogs with A fib & increased survival time over diltiazem alone (130 days vs. 35 days)

Question 81

Atrioventricular accessory pathways in 89 dogs: Clinical features and outcome after radiofrequency catheter ablation. Wright et al. JVIM 2018. * What signalment of dog was overrepresented for atrioventricular accessory pathways? What was the overall response to radiofrequency catheter ablation?

Answer 81

* Labrador retrievers, males | * 98.8% of dogs had resolution or substantial improvement of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy one month post-ablation

Question 82

Atrioventricular accessory pathways in 89 dogs: Clinical features and outcome after radiofrequency catheter ablation. Wright et al. JVIM 2018. * What cardiomyopathy phenotype should prompt consideration of AV accessory pathways?

Answer 82

* Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 83

Australian Cattle Dogs with Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis are Homozygous for a CLN5 Nonsense Mutation Previously Identified in Border Collies. Kolicheski et al. JVIM 2016. * What genetic mutation was associated with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in both Australian Cattle dogs and Border Collies?

Answer 83

* Homozygous for nonsense mutation of CLN2

Question 84

Babesia gibsoni cytochrome b mutations in canine blood samples submitted to a US veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Birkenheuer et al. JVIM 2018. What was the overall prevalence of cytochrome b mutations in B. gibsoni in canine blood samples submitted to a veterinary diagnostic lab? What was the incidence of new cytochrome b mutations in dogs that had follow up testing after initial B gibsoni diagnosis?

Answer 84

* 3.5% overall prevalence | * 12% prevalence on follow up testing

Question 85

Babesia gibsoni cytochrome b mutations in canine blood samples submitted to a US veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Birkenheuer et al. JVIM 2018.   What is the mechanism of action of atovaquone?

Answer 85

Inhibition of the parasitic mitochondrial electron transport system at the level of the cytochrome bc1 complex

Question 86

Babesia gibsoni cytochrome b mutations in canine blood samples submitted to a US veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Birkenheuer et al. JVIM 2018. What percentage of dogs infected with B. gibsoni were American Staffordshire Terriers?

Answer 86

* 74%

Question 87

Bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both in dogs. Tamborini et al. JVIM 2016 * What CPC findings were common in dogs with cholangitis and cholecystitis?

Answer 87

* Increased liver enzymes 25/26 (ALT & ALP in 25/26) * Hyperbilirubinemia 20/26 * Inflammatory leukogram 21/24

Question 88

Bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both in dogs. Tamborini et al. JVIM 2016 How many samples cultured positive? What were the most frequent bacterial isolates in this study? Resistance profiles?

Answer 88

* 22/23 bile, 9/9 GB wall, and 3/10 liver cultures positive E.coli, Enterococcus, Clostridium (in most other studies, Clostridium wasn’t common) 10/16 E. coli isolates resistant to 3+ antimicrobial classes

Question 89

Bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both in dogs. Tamborini et al. JVIM 2016 * What was the utility of abdominal ultrasound in making a diagnosis of cholangitis/cholecystitis?

Answer 89

* AUS abnormalities that aided decision making in 25/26 cases

Question 90

Bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both in dogs. Tamborini et al. JVIM 2016 * What was the outcome for dogs with cholecystitis/cholangitis?

Answer 90

* Biliary tract rupture in 1/3 of cases; 50% mortality rate in dogs with rupture * 21/27 (78%) dogs survived to discharge, 17/18 alive 2 months later; persistent LE elevation common

Question 91

Bacterial urinary tract infections associated with transitional cell carcinoma in dogs. Budreckis et al. JVIM 2015. * What percentage of dogs with TCC undergoing chemotherapy had at least 1 pos culture during the course of treatment?

Answer 91

55%; females more likely * Dogs with urethral involvement more likely & females more likely to have urethral involvement

Question 92

Bacterial urinary tract infections associated with transitional cell carcinoma in dogs. Budreckis et al. JVIM 2015. * Most commonly isolated organisms?

Answer 92

* Staph (24%), E. coli (20%)

Question 93

Bae et al. Therapeutic monitoring of rivaroxaban in dogs using thromboelastography and prothrombin time.  What changes in TEG parameters and prothrombin time indicate therapeutic serum anti-Xa concentrations of rivaroxaban in dogs?

Answer 93

  1. 5-1.9x delay in prothrombin time 1. 5-1.9x delay in R-value on TEG

Question 94

Balloon Valvuloplasty of Tricuspid Stenosis: A Retrospective Study of 5 Labrador Retriever Dogs. Lake-Bakaar et al. JVIM 2017. * Should balloon valvuloplasty be considered as a treatment option for dogs with severe tricuspid valve stenosis? What should you warn owners about?

Answer 94

* Yes, but clinical signs can recur | * R-CHF due to worsened tricuspid regurgitation happened in 1/5 dogs

Question 95

Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.  What is the prevalence of Babesia spp. infection in dogs in North America? B. gibsoni? B. vulpes? B. vogeli? B. canis?

Answer 95

  Overall babesia: 2.9% B. gibsoni: 2% B. vulpes: 0.51% B. vogeli: 0.31% B. canis: 0.19%

Question 96

Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.  What percentage of dogs with B. vulpes infections were coinfected with B. gibsoni?  

Answer 96

  60%

Question 97

Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.  What percentage of dogs with B. vulpes were coinfected with non-babesia infections? What co-infections were common? What co-exposures

Answer 97

  79% of dogs co-infected with non-babesia infections Common co-infections: D. immitus, Wolbachia, hemotropic Mycoplasmas Common co-exposures: Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia

Question 98

Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.  What treatment(s) were effective in dogs infected with B. vulpes?

Answer 98

  Atovaquone + azithromycin

Question 99

Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.  What clinicopathologic abnormalities were associated with B. vulpes infection?

Answer 99

  Regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, proteinuria (azotemia uncommon), hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia

Question 100

Barash et al. JVIM 2019. Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes in North American dogs.  What routes of transmission are possible for canine babesiosis?

Answer 100

  Vector-borne (Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus ticks) Dog bite Blood transfusion +/- transplacental

Question 101

Bartonella seroepidemiology in dogs from North America, 2008-2014. Lashnits et al. JVIM 2018. What two species of Bartonella were dogs most likely seroreactive to? What was the overall prevalence of seroreactivity for all Bartonella species?

Answer 101

* Overall prevalence 3.3% | B. henselae (2.13%); B. koehlerae (2.39%)

Question 102

Bartonella seroepidemiology in dogs from North America, 2008-2014. Lashnits et al. JVIM 2018. What signalment of dog was more likely to be seroreactive to Bartonella

Answer 102

* Intact males, mixed breeds > pure

Question 103

Bartonella seroepidemiology in dogs from North America, 2008-2014. Lashnits et al. JVIM 2018. What seasonal and geographic trends were identified in Bartonella seroreactivity in dogs?

Answer 103

* No trend in seasonal seroreactivity | * Geographic patterns supported broad distribution of exposure throughout North America

Question 104

Behavior in dogs with spontaneous hypothyroidism during treatment with levothyroxine. Hrovat et al. JVIM 2019.   * What was the effect of 6 weeks of levothyroxine supplementation on behavior, serotonin, and prolactin levels in hypothyroid dogs?

Answer 104

* Dogs had increased activity; no difference in serum prolactin or serotonin levels * No significant change in any of the behavioral signs after 6 months of therapy

Question 105

Beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in dogs with acute pancreatitis and without diabetes mellitus. Hurrel et al. JVIM 2016 * How did beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations differ between dogs with acute pancreatitis, dogs with other illnesses, and healthy fasted controls?

Answer 105

* BOHB in AP (0.3) > other illness (0.2) > fasted dogs (0.1)

Question 106

Biological variability in serum cortisol concentration post-adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation in healthy dogs. Gal et al. JVIM 2017 * What was the critical difference in cortisol levels for ACTH stimulation in healthy dogs? Was there a sex difference?

Answer 106

* Critical difference was 3.3 ug/dL | * Mean cortisol higher in males vs. females (13.3 vs. 11.5)

Question 107

Blood pressure measurements in 780 apparently healthy cats. Payne et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the mean and IQR for systolic blood pressure in healthy cats assessed via Doppler sphygmomanometry? What factors were associated with a higher blood pressure

Answer 107

* 120 mmHg (110-132) | * Increasing age, male sex, neutered status, increased nervousness, history of stray

Question 108

Blood transfusions in dogs and cats receiving hemodialysis: 230 cases (June 1997 – September 2012). Langston et al. JVIM 2017 * What percentage of cats and dogs undergoing hemodialysis received blood products? Effect on outcome?

Answer 108

* 87% of cats, 32% of dogs | * # of transfusions associated with increased likelihood of death in dogs but not cats

Question 109

Borys et al. JVIM 2019. Differences in clinicopathologic variables between Borrelia C6 antigen seroreactive and Borrelia C6 seronegative glomerulopathy in dogs.  What breed was overrepresented for developing PLN after infection with Borrelia?

Answer 109

  Retrievers (Labrador, Golden)

Question 110

Borys et al. JVIM 2019. Differences in clinicopathologic variables between Borrelia C6 antigen seroreactive and Borrelia C6 seronegative glomerulopathy in dogs.  What clinicopathologic differences were found between C6 seroreactive and seronegative dogs with PLN?

Answer 110

  Seroreactive more likely to have thrombocytopenia, anemia, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, neutrophilia Seroreactive more likely to have active urine sediment (pyuria, hematuria) and glucosuria without positive urine culture

Question 111

Borys et al. JVIM 2019. Differences in clinicopathologic variables between Borrelia C6 antigen seroreactive and Borrelia C6 seronegative glomerulopathy in dogs.  What is the C6 antigen and why is it used to detect infection with Borrelia?  How does C6 antigen positivity behave with treatment of Borrelia?

Answer 111

  C6 antigen is a portion of the VslE surface protein on the Borrelia organism Only expressed within the host during active infection  BUT qualitative tests will remain positive even after treatment/resolution, sometimes for years

Question 112

Bottero et al. JVIM 2019. Comparison of two differently sized endoscopic biopsy forceps in the evaluation of intestinal disease in cats.  What was the effect of the use of small (1.8 mm) vs. large (2.4 mm) cup biopsy forceps on the percentage of "adequate" biopsy specimens obtained during upper GI endoscopy in cats?

Answer 112

  Lg forceps --> higher percentage of adequate specimens & more likely to provide the correct diagnosis if there was disagreement Substanital agreement between large and small forceps for lymphoma but not for IBD

Question 113

Bradley et al. JVIM 2019. Predicting early risk of CKD in cats using routine laboratory tests and machine learning.    What were the sensitivity and specificity of a machine-learning based, predictive model for the development of CKD in cats 1 year prior to CKD diagnosis?   2 years prior?

Answer 113

  1 year: Sensitivity 63%; Specificity 99%   2 years: Sensitivity 44%; Specificity 99%

Question 114

Bradley et al. JVIM 2019. Predicting early risk of CKD in cats using routine laboratory tests and machine learning.   Recently, a predictive model for the development of CKD in cats was developed using routing laboratory tests. What parameters were ultimately included in the predictive model?

Answer 114

  BUN, creatinine, age, USG

Question 115

Breed distribution and clinical characteristics of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in dogs. Bromberek et al. JVIM 2016. * Common clinical findings in dogs with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

Answer 115

* Mean age 11 y; no sex predilection * Small breed dogs overrepresented (plus English Bulldogs) * > half had peripheral lymphadenomegaly or splenomegaly * 26% anemic

Question 116

Breed distribution and clinical characteristics of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in dogs. Bromberek et al. JVIM 2016. * Unique clinical features of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in English Bulldogs?

Answer 116

* Diagnosed younger – med 6 years | * Expressed lower MHC class II and CD25 on neoplastic B cells

Question 117

Breed, coat color, and hair length as risk factors for hyperthyroidism in cats. Crossley et al. JVIM 2017. * What purebred cats had decreased risk of hyperthyroidism compared to the DSH? In nonpurebreds, what appearance factors influenced hyperthyroid risk?

Answer 117

* Burmese, Tonkinese, Persian, Siamese, Abyssinian, British Shorthair had decreased risk * Longhaired cats at increased risk; coat color & pattern not associated

Question 118

Breheny et al. JVIM 2019. Esophageal feeding tube placement and associated complications in 248 cats.  How does the overall complication rate and infection rate in this study compare to the subsequent study by Nathanson et al?

Answer 118

  Infection rate in this study 12%; subsequent study 18% Overall complication rate 36% in this study, 46% in subsequent study

Question 119

Breheny et al. JVIM 2019. Esophageal feeding tube placement and associated complications in 248 cats.  What factors increased the odds of E-tube stoma site infection in this study?  How does this compare to risk factors identified in the Nathanson et al study?

Answer 119

  Risk factors: administration of glucocorticoids or chemo drugs, stoma site discharge Nathanson study did not identify any risk factors for complications or infection 

Question 120

Breheny et al. JVIM 2019. Esophageal feeding tube placement and associated complications in 248 cats.  What factors increased the risk of death in cats receiving E-tubes?

Answer 120

  Lower body weight Comorbid conditions of multiple types (neoplasia, respiratory disease, pancreatic disease, infectious disease, urogenital disease)

Question 121

Bronchoscopy, imaging, and concurrent diseases in dogs with bronchiectasis. Johnson et al. JVIM 2016 * Prevalence of bronchiectasis in dogs undergoing bronchoscopy? Diagnosed via what modalities?

Answer 121

* 14% prevalence | * Bronchoscopy diagnosed 92%, CT 100%, TXR 60%

Question 122

Bronchoscopy, imaging, and concurrent diseases in dogs with bronchiectasis. Johnson et al. JVIM 2016

Answer 122

* Final diagnoses associated with bronchiectasis in dogs undergoing bronchoscopy?

Question 123

Bronchoscopy, imaging, and concurrent diseases in dogs with bronchiectasis. Johnson et al. JVIM 2016 * Prevalence of bacteria in dogs undergoing bronchoscopy with bronchiectasis? Isolates & characteristics?

Answer 123

* 28% had bacterial isolation on airway specimens Strep, Pasteurella, enteric organisms, Stenotrophomonas most common Strep = G+ coccus, facultative anaerobe Pasteurella = G- coccobacillus, facultative anaerobe Stenotrophomonas = G- aerobe, flagellated  

Question 124

Bronchoscopy, imaging, and concurrent diseases in dogs with bronchiectasis. Johnson et al. JVIM 2016 Common additional bronchoscopic findings in dogs with bronchiectasis?

Answer 124

* Airway hyperemia (67%), focal/multifocal mucus plugging (48%), airway collapse (58%)

Question 125

Buresova et al. JVIM 2019. Assessment of SDMA as a biomarker of renal function in hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine.  What was the relationship of SDMA to sCr and GFR (estimated via exogenous creatinine clearance) in cats pre- and post I-131 therapy?

Answer 125

  SDMA was not correlated to GFR in this population sCr had a significant, moderate, negative correlation with GFR both pre and post treatment

Question 126

Buresova et al. JVIM 2019. Assessment of SDMA as a biomarker of renal function in hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine.  What was the significance of a high SDMA in nonazotemic hyperthyroid cats that received I-131 therapy

Answer 126

  4/6 cats with high pre-treatment SDMA had normalization of SDMA post-treatment High pre-treatment SDMA did not predict development of azotemia post I-131 - Important to carefully interpret a mild SDMA elevation with a normal creatinine in cats before 131

Question 127

c-Kit mutation and localization status as response predictors in mast cell tumors in dogs treated with prednisone and toceranib or vinblastine. Weishaar et al. JVIM 2018. * Did c-kit mutation status predict treatment response in dogs with mast cell tumor treated with vinblastine vs. toceranib? Treatment response for each group?

Answer 127

* NSD between PFS (78 vs. 95 d), OS (241 vs. 159 d) for VBL & TOC, respectively NSD in proportion of dogs with c-kit mutations (30% TOC, 20% VBL) in either group *  c-kit mutation status did not predict treatment response to either drug

Question 128

Cai et al. JVIM 2019. Heritability and complex segregation analysis of diabetes mellitus in Alaskan Eskimo dogs.  What was the heritability and mode of inheritence of DM in AED?

Answer 128

  Heritability 0.62 Polygenic

Question 129

Calcitonin response to naturally occurring ionized hypercalcemia in cats with CKD. Van den Broek et al. JVIM 2018. * What percentage of cats with CKD and hypercalcemia showed a calcitonin response to hypercalcemia?

Answer 129

* 33%; in these cats, calcitonin correlated with iCa and ALP

Question 130

Campylobacter species and neutrophilic inflammatory bowel disease in cats. Maunder et al .JVIM 2016. What proportion of cats with neutrophilic IBD vs. lymphocytic IBD were positive for C. coli on FISH of duodenal biopsies? C. jejuni?

Answer 130

6/7 neutrophilic cats vs. 1/8 LP cats; colocalization of neutrophils and C. coli NSD in number of cats with neutrophilic vs. LP IBD that were C. jejuni positive

Question 131

Canine pancreatic-specific lipase concentrations in dogs with heart failure and chronic mitral valvular insufficiency. Han et al. JVIM 2015. * Is chronic mitral valvular disease associated with pancreatic injury in dogs?

Answer 131

* Yes. CPLI increased with increasing stage of heart disease | * cPLI correlated to LA:Ao and severity of heart failure

Question 132

Cardiac and metabolic variables in obese dogs. Tropf et al. JVIM 2017. * What metabolic derangements were identified in healthy small breed obese dogs compared to healthy controls? What was the effect of obesity on blood pressure?

Answer 132

* Increased insulin:glucose ratio, increased trig/chol, HDL, decreased adiponectin * Increased IL-8 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine like inflammatory cytokines * NSD in systolic blood pressure between groups

Question 133

Cardiac troponin I and NT-proBNP in dogs with stable CKD. Pelander et al. JVIM 2017 * What adjustments must be made in the interpretation of cTnI and NT-proBNP in dogs with stable CKD compared to dogs without CKD?

Answer 133

* cTnI and NT-proBNP were not associated with GFR à don’t accumulate in CKD dogs * No adjustments to interpretation in dogs with stable CKD

Question 134

Cell-free DNA and DNase activity in dogs with IMHA. Jeffery et al. JVIM 2017 How did plasma cell-free DNA and DNase activity compare between IMHA dogs and controls?

Answer 134

* Cell-free DNA higher in cases vs. controls (med 45 ng/ml vs. 26 ng/ml) * DNase activity not different between cases and controls

Question 135

Cell-free DNA and DNase activity in dogs with IMHA. Jeffery et al. JVIM 2017 * What association was found between plasma cell-free DNA and death in IMHA dogs? Risk of thrombosis?

Answer 135

* Upper quartile for cfDNA vs. lower 3 quartiles had 15x OR for death * No association b/w cfDNA and thrombosis

Question 136

Central hypothyroidism in Miniature Schnauzers. Voorbij et al. JVIM 2016 * What proportion of Mini Schnauzers with central hypothyroidism were normal in stature? What genes were investigated for causal mutations, and what mutations were identified?

Answer 136

* 4/7 normal in stature; 3/7 disproportionate dwarfism | * TSHB gene and TRH receptor genes investigated; no causal mutations found

Question 137

Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Phosphorylated Neurofilament Heavy as a Diagnostic Marker of Canine Degenerative Myelopathy. Toedebusch et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the sensitivity and specificity of CSF phosphorylated neurofilament heavy for detection of DM in dogs? Could serum pNF-H detect DM?

Answer 137

* Sensitivity 80%; specificity 94% | * NSD in serum pNF-H b/w control and DM affected dogs

Question 138

Changes in Serum and Urine SAA Concentrations and Qualitative and Quantitative Proteinuria in Abyssinian Cats with Familial Amyloidosis: A Five-year Longitudinal Study (2009–2014). Paltrinieri et al. JVIM 2015 * What diagnostics were potentially useful in detection of familial amyloidosis in cats? Which were not helpful?

Answer 138

* Urine amyloid A higher in the cattery with high FA prevalence, esp in late stage FA * Urine electrophoresis identified mixed proteinuria only in cats with FA * UPC occasionally increased in all cats, but more often increased in FA (not helpful) * Serum amyloid A NSD between cats with and without FA

Question 139

Changes in serum creatinine concentration and acute kidney injury grade in dogs treated with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 from 2013 to 2015. Sigrist et al. JVIM 2017 * What associations between development of AKI and administration of hydroxyethyl starch were identified in hospitalized dogs?

Answer 139

* # of days receiving HES was associated with an increase in AKI grade w/in 10 days * HES exposure, HES ml/kg/d not associated with increase in AKI grade

Question 140

Changes in systolic blood pressure over time in healthy cats and cats with chronic kidney disease. Bijsmans et al. JVIM 2015. * Describe the relationship between CKD, age, and hypertension in cats.

Answer 140

* SBP increased with age in CKD and healthy cats * Healthy cats at less risk than CKD cats to develop hypertension (HR 0.2) * Creatinine is an independent risk factor for hypertension development

Question 141

Characteristics of dogs with biofilm-forming E. coli urinary tract infections. Kern et al. JVIM 2018. What percentage of stored urinary E. coli isolates from dogs were capable of forming biofilms? How did biofilm forming isolates’ resistance patterns compare to non?

Answer 141

* 52.6% were capable of forming biofilms | Biofilm forming E. coli was less likely to be multi-drug resistant

Question 142

Characteristics of dogs with biofilm-forming E. coli urinary tract infections. Kern et al. JVIM 2018. What differences were found between dogs with biofilm-forming E. coli in the urinary tract vs. those with non-biofilm forming E. coli?

Answer 142

* No differences between population or infection characteristics (age, BCS, sex, weight)

Question 143

Characteristics of hemostasis during experimental Ehrlichia canis infection. Shropshire et al. JVIM 2018. What changes in hemostatic parameters were noted in dogs experimentally infected with E. canis?

Answer 143

* Significantly lower platelet counts & antiplatelet antibodies * Platelet aggregation, hypercoagulable and hypofibrinolytic TEG profiles

Question 144

Characterization of paroxysmal gluten-sensitive dyskinesia in Border Terriers using serological markers. Lowrie et al. JVIM 2018. * What three clinical features were common in Border Terriers with paroxysmal gluten-sensitive dyskinesia? What serological markers can be used for diagnosis, and are they sensitive and specific?

Answer 144

* Dermatopathy, paroxysmal dyskinesia, GI signs | * Anti-canine gliadin IgG; Anti transglutaminase 2 IgG; specific not sensitive

Question 145

Charalambous et al. JVIM 2019. Comparison of intranasal versus intravenous midazolam for management of status epilepticus in dogs: A multi‐center randomized parallel group clinical study. Taking into account medication preparation and IV catheter placement, was administration of 0.2 mg/kg midazolam faster at ending status epilepticus when administered intranasally or IV?

Answer 145

  Intranasally (100 s vs. 270 s)

Question 146

Chetboul et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, epidemiological, and echocardiographic features and prognostic indicators in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: A retrospective study of 92 cases (2001-2015).  MST of cats with myocardial restrictive cardiomyopathy? Factors associated with survival?

Answer 146

  MST 667 days Increasing LA:Ao, severe LA enlargement associated with shorter time to cardiac death

Question 147

Chik et al. JVIM 2019. Therapeutic use of tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution for treatment of subcutaneous ureteral bypass device mineralization in cats.    What was the effect of infusion of 1-2 ml 2% tEDTA solution into mineralized & obstructed SUB systems in cats?

Answer 147

  All cats had resolution of obstruction

Question 148

Cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis in dogs: A descriptive study of 54 cases based on histopathologic diagnosis (2004-2014). Harrison et al. JVIM 2018 * What were the most common presenting complaints & physical exam findings associated with cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis in dogs?

Answer 148

* Vomiting (73%), lethargy (70%), inappetence (65%), diarrhea (32%), fever (30%), icterus (26%)

Question 149

Cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis in dogs: A descriptive study of 54 cases based on histopathologic diagnosis (2004-2014). Harrison et al. JVIM 2018

Answer 149

* ALP increased in 97%; increased ALT, T bili, cholesterol, AST, GGT common

Question 150

Cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis in dogs: A descriptive study of 54 cases based on histopathologic diagnosis (2004-2014). Harrison et al. JVIM 2018 * What percentage of dogs with cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis had negative bacterial cultures for the liver? For the bile? What were the most common bacterial isolates in positive dogs?

Answer 150

* 56% negative liver cultures; 53% negative bile cultures | E. coli & Enterococcus (faecium > faecalis)

Question 151

Cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis in dogs: A descriptive study of 54 cases based on histopathologic diagnosis (2004-2014). Harrison et al. JVIM 2018 * What was overall median survival for dogs with cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis? What factors influenced survival?

Answer 151

* MST 671 days & 85% discharged from the hospital | Being > 13 years old and not having cholecystectomy decreased survival

Question 152

Cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis in dogs: A descriptive study of 54 cases based on histopathologic diagnosis (2004-2014). Harrison et al. JVIM 2018 * What type of inflammation was most common on histopath samples of the liver in dogs with cholangitis/cholangiohepaitis? What other histopath findings were common?

Answer 152

* 98% of dogs had neutrophilic inflammation; mild and chronic in most dogs * 85% had portal fibrosis, 43% had intrahepatic biliary obstruction

Question 153

Chronic diarrhea in dogs – retrospective study in 136 cases. Volkmann et al. JVIM 2017. * What percentage of dog with chronic diarrhea had a primary GI cause? Within those dogs, what percentage had IBD (FRE, idiopathic, ARE)? Infectious and neoplastic causes?

Answer 153

90% primary GI (EPI most common 2o GI cause) * 71% inflammatory – 66% FRE, 23% idiopathic, 11% ARE * 13% infectious * 4% neoplastic

Question 154

Chronic diarrhea in dogs – retrospective study in 136 cases. Volkmann et al. JVIM 2017. * What percentage of dogs had clinical remission? What conditions and CPC findings were associated with poor responders?

Answer 154

* 87% clinical remission * Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, neoplasia frequent in non-responders * Increased disease severity, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, severe hypocobalaminemia

Question 155

Chronic gingivostomatitis with esophagitis in cats. Kouki et al. JVIM 2017. * What proportion of cats with feline chronic gingivostomatitis had gross esophagitis on endoscopy? How did salivary and esophageal lumen pH compare to control cats?

Answer 155

* 44/58 cats had proximal and 53/58 cats had distal esophagitis on endoscopy * NSD in salivary or eosphageal luminal pH between FCG cats and healthy controls

Question 156

Chronic gingivostomatitis with esophagitis in cats. Kouki et al. JVIM 2017. * What proportion of biopsies from cats with FCG had inflammatory infiltrate noted within the lamina propria? Replacement of normal squamous epithelium with columnar?

Answer 156

* 25/25 biopsy specimens had inflammation | * 5 had columnar replacement

Question 157

Association of circulating microRNA-122 and microRNA-29a with stage of fibrosis and progression of ​chronic hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers. Sakai et al. JVIM 2019.   * What circulating micro-RNAs were associated with grade of hepatitis and stage of fibrosis in Labrador Retrievers?

Answer 157

* miR-122 and miR-29a

Question 158

Chronic kidney disease in cats and the risk of total hypercalcemia. Van den Broek et al. JVIM 2017   * Do cats with CKD have an increased risk of total hypercalcemia?

Answer 158

* Yes; HR 4.3

Question 159

Chronic kidney disease in cats and the risk of total hypercalcemia. Van den Broek et al. JVIM 2017 * What were the sensitivity and specificity of total hypercalcemia to predict ionized hypercalcemia in CKD and nonazotemic cats? What factor was associated with underestimation of ionized hypercalcemia by total hypercalcemia?

Answer 159

* CKD: Sensitivity 28%, specificity 99.6% * Nonazotemic: Sensitivity 9%, specificity 100% * Lower venous bicarbonate increased the risk that total calcium would underestimate ionized calcium

Question 160

Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in clinical canine patients. Papich, M.G. JVIM 2017. * What was the recommended breakpoint for susceptibility of a bacteria to ciprofloxacin 25 mg/kg SID in dogs?

Answer 160

* 0.06 ug/ml; this dose of cipro had a 90% probability of attaining and AUC 100x greater than this MIC

Question 161

Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in clinical canine patients. Papich, M.G. JVIM 2017. * What concerns exist about administration of ciprofloxacin to dogs?

Answer 161

* High inter-individual variability in oral bioavailability (30-98%)

Question 162

Clinical and serological effect of a gluten-free diet in Border Terriers with epileptoid cramping syndrome. Lowrie et al. JVIM 2015 * Proportion of Border Terriers with paroxysmal dyskinesia/epileptoid cramping positive for anti-gliadin antibodies at diagnosis? Anti-transglutaminase 2?

Answer 162

* 6/6 anti gliadin; 5/6 anti-transglutaminase 2

Question 163

Clinical and serological effect of a gluten-free diet in Border Terriers with epileptoid cramping syndrome. Lowrie et al. JVIM 2015 * Effect of a gluten free diet on clinical signs and serology in Border Terriers with paroxysmal dyskinesia?

Answer 163

* 5/5 BTs that adhered to a strict gluten free diet had clinical and serological improvement * 2/2 dogs that had gluten diet reintroduced relapsed

Question 164

Clinical characteristics of adult dogs more than 5 years of age at presentation for patent ductus arteriosus. Boutet et al JVIM 2017. * What is the typical median age at presentation for dogs with PDA?

Answer 164

< 6 months

Question 165

Clinical characteristics of adult dogs more than 5 years of age at presentation for patent ductus arteriosus. Boutet et al JVIM 2017. * In adult dogs diagnosed with PDA, is pulmonary hypertension a contraindication to closure? Myxomatous mitral valve degeneration?

Answer 165

* PH is not a contraindication as long as complete right-to-left shunting hasn’t occurred * MMVD is not a contraindication to closure

Question 166

Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. Lau et al. JVIM 2019 * In a recent retrospective study of SRMA in dogs, what percentage had at least one relapse? What factors were associated with relapse?

Answer 166

* 48% | * CSF TNCC; NOT TREATMENT PROTOCOL

Question 167

Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. Lau et al. jvim 2019 What was the effect of higher doses of corticosteroids on outcome in dogs with SRMA

Answer 167

* Higher CS doses associated with worse quality of life and adverse effects with no improvement in outcome

Question 168

Clinical evaluation of tavocept to decrease diuresis time and volume in dogs with bladder cancer receiving cisplatin. Henry et al. JVIM 2018. Questions * What is tavocept?

Answer 168

Promotes oxidation of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, making them inactive * TRX/GRX give cancer cells resistance to oxidative stress & apoptosis Metabolizes to mesna à binds aquated cisplatin & prevents it from entering the GGT-xenobiotic metabolism pathway * GGT-XMP normally produces a nephrotoxic platinum thiol/mercapturic acid species

Question 169

Clinical evaluation of tavocept to decrease diuresis time and volume in dogs with bladder cancer receiving cisplatin. Henry et al. JVIM 2018. * What is the standard of care for saline diuresis time for dogs receiving cisplatin chemotherapy? Why?

Answer 169

* > 6 hours * The excess chloride ions in saline prevent the cisplatin molecule from giving up all its chloride ions intracellularly and binding glutathione à GGT XMP à toxic metabolite

Question 170

Clinical evaluation of tavocept to decrease diuresis time and volume in dogs with bladder cancer receiving cisplatin. Henry et al. JVIM 2018. * How did the frequency of nephrotoxicity compare between dogs administered cisplatin for bladder cancer with a 6+ hour diuresis vs. cisplatin + tavocept & 90 min diuresis

Answer 170

* 21% became azotemic; significant reduction from historical controls

Question 171

Clinical evaluation of tavocept to decrease diuresis time and volume in dogs with bladder cancer receiving cisplatin. Henry et al. JVIM 2018. * Did the addition of tavocept to a cisplatin/diuresis protocol for bladder cancer in dogs have any effect on outcome?

Answer 171

* NSD (253 vs. 246 days)

Question 172

Clinical Features and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in 7 Dogs with Central Nervous System Aspergillosis. Taylor et al. JVIM 2015 * Clinical features of CNS aspergillosis in dogs?

Answer 172

* Only diagnosed in 7 dogs over 6 institutions… * Med age 3 years; 6/7 were GSDs Multifocal neurologic abnormalities, but 5/7 dogs had vestibular signs + other lesions * Part of disseminated disease in most dogs (cultured from urine often) * MRI ranged from normal to abnormal * Most dogs euthanized soon after diagnosis or lost to follow up; 1 treated with combo ampB, voriconazole, and terbinafine & survived at least 11 months but remained positive on EIA and ambulatory tetraparetic

Question 173

Clinical features and outcome of dogs with epiglottic retroversion with or without surgical treatment: 24 cases. Skerrett et al. JVIM 2015 * Signalment of dogs with epiglottic retroversion? MST?

Answer 173

* Mid-aged/older, small breed, overweight spayed females | * MST 875 days

Question 174

Clinical features and outcome of dogs with epiglottic retroversion with or without surgical treatment: 24 cases. Skerrett et al. JVIM 2015 * What is epiglottic retroversion? Proposed etiologies?

Answer 174

* Intermittent spontaneous retroflexion of the epiglottis into the rima glottidis * Epiglottic fracture or malacia, denevaration of the hypoglossal or glossopharyngeal nerves d/t peripheral neuropathy Secondary to other upper airway disease in 79% of cases * Elongated soft palate, trach collapse, lar sac ev, lar edema, bronchial/lar collapse, lar par

Question 175

Clinical features and outcome of dogs with epiglottic retroversion with or without surgical treatment: 24 cases. Skerrett et al. JVIM 2015 * Surgical correction for epiglottic retroversion? Medical management strategies? Comparison of efficacy?

Answer 175

Surgery: temporary or permanent epiglottopexy, subtotal epiglottectomy * Failure due to suture breakage/pullout is common * Medical: cough suppressants, corticosteroids, sedatives, antibiotics Couldn’t directly compare; only 5/24 dogs didn’t have surgical correction & most had concurrent upper airway diseases * Resp crisis incidence decreased in surgery dogs from 62.5% to 25% post-op

Question 176

Clinical features of canine pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary hemangiomatosis. Reinero et al. JVIM 2019.    Describe signalment, clinical presentation, imgaing findings, and outcome?

Answer 176

  Signalment: older dogs (med age 11y); no breed or sex predisposition History: acute respiratory distress (med < 3 days) TXR: R cardiomegaly (L heart normal); patchy-diffuse interstitial-alveolar infiltrates CT: pulmonary arterial enlargement; perivascular diffuse nodular ground glass opacity  Outcome: MST 3 days; 2/3 of dogs dead in one day Pulmonary hypertension in all dogs tested

Question 177

Clinical features of canine pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary hemangiomatosis. Reinero et al. JVIM 2019.  Describe the histopathologic findings in the lungs of dogs with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease? Pulmonary hemangiomatosis?

Answer 177

  Veno-occlusive: occlusive remodeling of the small-med sized pulmonary veins Hemangiomatosis: alveolar capillary proliferation and congestion

Question 178

Clinical features of canine pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary hemangiomatosis. Reinero et al. JVIM 2019.  What are the five groups of causes of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 178

  Group 1: pulmonary arterial diseases (veno-occlusive, hemangiomatosis) Group 2: left heart diseases Group 3: lung diseases/hypoxemia Group 4: thromboembolism Group 5: other/unclear mechanism

Question 179

Clinical findings and outcome of dogs with unilateral masticatory muscle atrophy. Milodowski et al. What were the most common underlying causes of unilateral masticatory muscle atrophy in dogs? Factors affecting outcome?

Answer 179

Presumptive trigeminal nerve sheath tumor most common * No obvious abnormality > other extra-axial mass lesions * Mass lesions were associated with likelihood of additional neuro signs & deterioration

Question 180

Clinical findings and survival time in dogs with advanced heart failure. Beaumier et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the median survival time for dogs with advanced CHF? What factor significantly prolonged survival?

Answer 180

* MST 281 days | * Receiving > 6.7 mg/kg/d furosemide lengthened survival (402 vs 129 days)

Question 181

Clinical phenotype of X-linked myotubular myopathy in Labrador Retriever puppies. Snead et al. JVIM 2015. * Differences between X-linked myotubular myopathy vs. centronuclear myopathy?

Answer 181

* Defect is in the myotubularin gene * Initial signs are similar (generalized weakness and muscle atrophy evident by 14 wks) * XLMTM is rapidly progressive and fatal, while centronuclear myopathy is not * XLMTM is x-linked, CM is autosomal recessive inheritance

Question 182

Clinical presentation and outcome of cats with circumcaval ureters associated with a ureteral obstruction. Steinhaus et al. JVIM 2015. * What is a circumcaval ureter?

Answer 182

* Embryologic malformation resulting in ventral displacement of the caudal vena cava (ureter runs dorsal to the CdVC) -> leads to ureteral stricture with chronicity

Question 183

Clinical presentation and outcome of cats with circumcaval ureters associated with a ureteral obstruction. Steinhaus et al. JVIM 2015. * Incidence of circumcaval ureters in obstructed and non-obstructed cats? Prevalence of ureteral stricture in obstructed cats with and without a circumcaval ureter?

Answer 183

* 17% of obstructed cats had CU; 14% of non-obstructed cats at necropsy had CU * Strictures more common in obstructed cats with (40%) than without (17%) CU

Question 184

Clinical presentation and outcome of cats with circumcaval ureters associated with a ureteral obstruction. Steinhaus et al. JVIM 2015. * Reobstruction rate/factors in cats with ureteral obstruction and CU?

Answer 184

* 24% reobstruction rate | * More common in cats with stents (44%) than SUBs (8%)

Question 185

Clinical presentation and outcome of cats with circumcaval ureters associated with a ureteral obstruction. Steinhaus et al. JVIM 2015. * Reobstruction rate/factors in cats with ureteral obstruction and CU?

Answer 185

* 24% reobstruction rate | * More common in cats with stents (44%) than SUBs (8%)

Question 186

Clinical presentation and outcome of cats with circumcaval ureters associated with a ureteral obstruction. Steinhaus et al. JVIM 2015. * Prognosis for cats with circumcaval ureter and ureteral obstruction after decompressive intervention?

Answer 186

* MST 923 days for all cause; > 1400 d for renal-related mortality (NSD in non CU obstructions)

Question 187

Clinical relationship between cholestatic disease and pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs: a retrospective case series. Kim et al. JVIM 2017. * What were the differences in management features, CPC findings, and patient factors between dogs with trilostane-controlled Cushing’s disease and GB mucocele vs. cholestasis vs. normal GB?

Answer 187

* GBM dogs had higher incidence of abdominal distention, alopecia, and lethargy * GBM dogs had higher pre-treatment ACTH stim cortisol & higher trilostane dose requirements (2.5x normal GB group) * 93% of dogs in the GBM group had increased cholesterol and GGT (SD)

Question 188

Clinical Risk Factors for Early Seizure Recurrence in Dogs Hospitalized for Seizure Evaluation. Kwiatkowska et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the prevalence and mean time to seizure recurrence in this population? What historical factors predicted recurrence?

Answer 188

* 50% prevalence; recurrence within 7 hours * Status epilepticus, cluster seizures 72 hours before presentation; abnormal neuro exam on presentation predicted early recurrence

Question 189

Clinical severity score system in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease. Lopez-Alvarez et al. JVIM 2015 * Clinical findings associated with outcome in dogs with MMVD?

Answer 189

* Cough, exercise intolerance, decreased appetite, difficulty breathing, syncope * Heart murmur > III/VI * Absence of respiratory sinus arrhythmia

Question 190

Clinical utility of diagnostic laboratory tests in dogs with acute pancreatitis: A retrospective investigation in a primary care hospital. Yuki et al. JVIM 2016 * Sensitivity and specificity of the Fuji Dri-Chem lipase test for diagnosing acute pancreatitis in dogs?

Answer 190

* Sensitivity 100%, specificity 89.5%

Question 191

Clinical utility of diagnostic laboratory tests in dogs with acute pancreatitis: A retrospective investigation in a primary care hospital. Yuki et al. JVIM 2016 * What CPC abnormality was associated with a longer hospital duration in this study?

Answer 191

* High ALT

Question 192

Clinical, histopathologic, cystoscopic, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of proliferative urethritis in 22 dogs. Borys et al. JVIM 2019. * In dogs with proliferative urethritis, what associations were identified (or not identified) between urine culture, tissue culture, FISH results, and type of inflammation present on histopath?

Answer 192

* No associations between urine/tissue culture & FISH with the type of inflammatory cell infiltrate (LP, LP-neutrophilic, neutrophilic, pleocellular all represented)

Question 193

Clinical, histopathologic, cystoscopic, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of proliferative urethritis in 22 dogs. Borys et al. JVIM 2019.   * What percentage of dogs with proliferative urethritis were positive for adherent/invasive mucosal bacteria on FISH? How many FISH positive dogs had negative urine and urinary mucosal tissue culture?

Answer 193

* 54% of dogs with proliferative urethritis were FISH-positive * 5/7 FISH-positive dogs had negative urine and tissue cultures

Question 194

Clinicopathologic features and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 24 cats with histopathologically confirmed neurologic feline infectious peritonitis. Crawford et al. JVIM 2017 * What is the most common infectious central nervous system disease in the cat? Median survival time? CSF findings?

Answer 194

* Feline infectious peritonitis * Always fatal; MST 14 days * Marked increase in TP (med 3.6, mean 9.4 g/dL) & TNCC (mean 196/uL) in all sampled cats

Question 195

Clinicopathologic features and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 24 cats with histopathologically confirmed neurologic feline infectious peritonitis. Crawford et al. JVIM 2017 * What three distinct clinical syndromes were identified in cats with CNS FIP?

Answer 195

* T3-L3 myelopathy * Central vestibular syndrome * Multifocal CNS disease

Question 196

Clinicopathologic features and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 24 cats with histopathologically confirmed neurologic feline infectious peritonitis. Crawford et al. JVIM 2017 * What MRI findings were identified in cats with CNS FIP?

Answer 196

* Meningeal & ependymal contrast enhancement * Ventriculomegaly * Syringomyelia * Foramen magnum herniation

Question 197

Co-infections with respiratory viruses in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. Vitanen et al. JVIM 2015. What respiratory viral co-infections were identified in dogs with opportunistic bacterial pneumonia? In dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica tracheobronchitis?

Answer 197

* Canine parainfluenza virus (7/20 dogs with opportunistic BP) * Canine respiratory coronavirus (1/20 dogs with opportunistic BP) No dogs with B. bronch had viral co-infections

Question 198

Co-infections with respiratory viruses in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. Vitanen et al. JVIM 2015. * What percentage of dogs infected with canine parainfluenza virus had been vaccinated for this agent within the last 12 months?

Answer 198

* 100%

Question 199

Co-infections with respiratory viruses in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. Vitanen et al. JVIM 2015. * What bacterial isolates were found in dogs with opportunistic bacterial pneumonia (& their characteristics)

Answer 199

Pasteurella (G- coccobacillus, facultative anaerobe) E. coli (G- rod, facultative anaerobe) Streptococcus (G+ facultative aerobe in most cases) Hemophilus (G- coccobacillus, facultative anaerobe) Mycoplasma (no cell wall, facultative anaerobic) Nocardia (acid-fast, weakly G+ filamentous rod, aerobic, might produce sulfur granules) Actinomyces (non-acid-fast, G+ filamentous rod, anaerobic, likely to produce sulfur granules)

Question 200

Co-infections with respiratory viruses in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. Vitanen et al. JVIM 2015. * Differences in BALF cytology results between dogs with bacterial pneumonia with vs. without respiratory viral coinfections?

Answer 200

* NSD in cell percentages or total cell count; 65% neutrophils

Question 201

Cognitive function, progression of age-related behavioral changes, biomarkers, and survival in dogs more than 8 years old. Schutt et al. JVIM 2015 Questions * Clinical characteristics of canine cognitive dysfunction? Effect on survival? Possible plasma biomarker?

Answer 201

* Signs: aimless wandering, anxiety, difficulty finding dropped food, staring into space, avoiding pets * Progressive in 24 months in 55% of dogs * Diagnosis of CCD did not affect survival * Plasma A beta 42 increased in the CCD group; NSD in systemic inflammatory markers (IL 2, 6, 8, TNFa)

Question 202

Cohort Study of the Success of Controlled Weight Loss Programs for Obese Dogs. German et al. JVIM 2015 * What percentage of dogs in a veterinary nutritionist weight loss program successfully completed the program? Factors positively and negatively associated with success?

Answer 202

* 61% success * Negatives: dirlotapide use (intestinal triglyceride transport inhibitor), starting body fat * Positives: faster rate, longer duration of weight loss program, feeding dry weight management diet

Question 203

Coleman et al. JVIM 2019. Safety and efficacy of orally-administered telmisartan for the treatment of systemic hypertension in cats: results of a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.  What was the effect of administration of 1.5 mg/kg PO BID x 14 days, then 2 mg/kg PO SID telmisartan on SBP in hypertensive cats at day 28? After 6 months?

Answer 203

  Mean decrease of 23 mmHg in treated cats at day 28; maintained over 6 months 53% responders at day 28 (SBP < 150 or 15% decrease from baseline); 63% at 6 months

Question 204

Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction tests for detection of feline immunodeficiency virus. Nichols et al. JVIM 2017. * What level of agreement was identified between POC ELISA FIV tests and PCR (whole blood)?

Answer 204

* All 4 cases where ELISA was – and PCR +, PCR was false + (virus isolation gold std) * In 7 cases where ELISA+, PCR-, 5/7 were ELISA false +

Question 205

Comparative Assessment of the Accuracy of Cytological and Histologic Biopsies in the Diagnosis of Canine Bone Lesions. Sabattini et al. JVIM 2017. * How did the accuracy of cytology and histopathology compare in the diagnosis of canine bone lesions?

Answer 205

* Accuracy similar, including for determination of tumor type (about 83% accurate) * No benign lesion was misclassified as malingnant on cytology

Question 206

Comparative evaluation of a novel, moderately hypofractionated radiation protocol in 56 dogs with symptomatic intracranial neoplasia. Schwarz et al. JVIM 2018. * How did progression free survival and overall survival 20 x 2.5 Gy compare with 10 x 4 Gy radiation therapy protocols compare in the treatment of dogs with primary symptomatic brain tumors?

Answer 206

* NSD in progression free survival (608 vs. 863 d) | * NSD in overall survival (610 vs. 796 d)

Question 207

Comparison between urine protein : creatinine ratios of samples obtained from dogs in home and hospital settings. Duffy et al. JVIM 2015 * Were home or hospital-acquired samples higher for UPC in dogs?

Answer 207

* Hospital samples were higher

Question 208

Comparison of 3 handling techniques for endoscopically obtained gastric and duodenal biopsy specimens: A prospective study in dogs and cats. Ruiz et al. JVIM 2016 * What handling technique produced fewer artifacts for endoscopic gastric and intestinal biopsies in dogs and cats?

Answer 208

* Mounted on moisturized synthetic sponge > cucumber slice, free in formalin

Question 209

Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of laparoscopic 3 mm and 5 mm cup biopsies to wedge biopsies of canine livers. Kimbrell et al. JVIM 2018. * What percentage of liver biopsy specimens taken with a 3 mm laparoscopic cup biopsy forceps and 5 mm laparoscopic cup biopsy forceps agreed with wedge biopsy histopath diagnosis?

Answer 209

* 67% and 69%, not significantly different

Question 210

Comparison of efficacy of long-term oral treatment with telmisartan and benazepril in cats with chronic kidney disease. Sent et al. JVIM 2015 * Comparison of 180 days of telmisartan and benazepril efficacy at lowering UPC in cats with CKD?

Answer 210

* Telmisartan “noninferior”, almost superior to benazepril | * Decrease in UPC with telmisartan small but significant; decrease with benazepril not significant

Question 211

Comparison of intestinal expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter between dogs with and without chronic inflammatory enteropathy. Giaretta et al. JVIM 2018. * How did expression of the apical sodium dependent bile-acid transporter differ in the small and large intestine of dogs with CIE vs. healthy controls?

Answer 211

CIE dogs had decreased ileal expression of the ASBT vs. controls * Correlated negatively with histopath scores

Question 212

Comparison of intestinal expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter between dogs with and without chronic inflammatory enteropathy. Giaretta et al. JVIM 2018.   * How did the percentage of fecal primary bile acids differ in dogs with CIE vs. controls? The dysbiosis index?

Answer 212

* Increased percentage of fecal primary bile acids in CIE dogs * Higher dysbiosis index in dogs with CIE vs. controls

Question 213

Comparison of Multiplate, platelet function analyzer 200, and Plateletworks in healthy dogs treated with aspirin and clopidogrel. Saati et al. JVIM 2018.   * Using a strict cutoff of > 50% decrease in baseline for MP and PW and > 300s for PFA, what platelet function test with what agonists detected all responders?

Answer 213

* Aspirin 1mg/kg: PW AA * Clopidogrel 2 mg/kg: PW AA; PFA P2Y; MP ADP * Combo: MP ADP, PFA P2Y, PW AA, and PW ADP

Question 214

Comparison of Multiplate, platelet function analyzer 200, and Plateletworks in healthy dogs treated with aspirin and clopidogrel. Saati et al. JVIM 2018. * What percentage of deaths from IMHA in dogs are thought to be the result of thromboembolism?

Answer 214

* 80%

Question 215

Comparison of serum Spec fPL and 1,2-DGGR ester assay in 60 cats using standardized assessment of pancreatic histology. Oppliger et al. JVIM 2016 * What percentage of cats euthanized for “a variety of reasons” at a tertiary veterinary hospital had nodular pancreatic hyperplasia on post-mortem? Lymphocytic inflammation? Neutrophilic? Fibrosis?

Answer 215

* Nodular hyperplasia: 95% * Lymphocytic inflammation: 93% * Fibrosis: 62% * Neutrophilic inflammation: 18%

Question 216

Comparison of serum Spec fPL and 1,2-DGGR ester assay in 60 cats using standardized assessment of pancreatic histology. Oppliger et al. JVIM 2016 * What were the sensitivity and specificity of the Spec fPLI and DGGR assays using pancreatic histopathology as the gold standard? How do they change if up to 10% lymphocytic inflammation is considered normal?

Answer 216

DGGR: sens 37%, spec 100% * If 10% lymphocytic inflammation is normal: sens 67%, spec 79% Spec fPLI: sens 42%, spec 100% * If 10% lymphocytic inflammation is normal: sens 61%, spec 55%

Question 217

Comparison of single, averaged, and pooled urine protein:creatinine ratios in proteinuric dogs undergoing medical treatment. Shropshire et al. JVIM 2018. Questions How did single, average, and pooled UPC values compare for dogs with UPC < 4? > 4? Were this differences clinically significant?

Answer 217

* Strong correlations (r > 0.95) for single vs. average and pooled in both UPC groups UPC < 4: single could be approximately 0.4 below or 0.8 above pooled/average * UPC > 4: single could be 0.2-0.4 below or 2.2-2.4 above pooled/average As long as you use a change of 80% for UPC < 4 and 35% for UPC > 4, these are not clinically significant

Question 218

Comparison of surgical and conservative treatment of hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion in dogs. Nessler et al. JVIM 2018. * How did the outcome of medical vs. surgical management of hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion in dogs compare when evaluated retrospectively?

Answer 218

* Median time to regain ambulation was similar between management groups (6.6 vs. 5.9 days, not significant)

Question 219

Comparison of the mitral valve morphologies of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and dogs of other breeds using 3D transthoracic echocardiography. Menciotti et al. JVIM 2018. * What differences in mitral valve morphologies were noted in CKCS vs other dog breeds using 3D echo?

Answer 219

* Flatter mitral valve with less tenting in CKCS vs. other breeds

Question 220

Comparison of two melphalan protocols and evaluation of outcome and prognostic factors in multiple myeloma in dogs. Fernandez et al. JVIM 2018. * Negative prognostic indicators for MM in dogs?

Answer 220

* Hypercalcemia, osteolytic lesions, Bence-Jones proteinuria

Question 221

Comparison of two melphalan protocols and evaluation of outcome and prognostic factors in multiple myeloma in dogs. Fernandez et al. JVIM 2018. * What were the pulse vs. daily protocols used to treat canine multiple myeloma? Adverse events? How did their outcomes compare?

Answer 221

* Daily: 0.1 mg/kg/d x 10 days, then 0.05 mg/kg/d * Pulse: 7 mg/m2/d x 5 days every 21 days * AE: thrombocytopenia most common which did not result in dose reductions, delays, or discontinuation; mild neutropenia and anemia also common * Overall MST 930 days; no significant difference between protocols

Question 222

Complication Rates Associated with Transvenous Pacemaker Implantation in Dogs with High-Grade Atrioventricular Block Performed During versus After Normal Business Hours. Ward et al. JVIM 2015 * Did performing pacemaker placement during or after hours affect complication rates in dogs with high-grade AV block?

Answer 222

Yes; 28% complication rate after hours vs. 9% during * All infectious complications occurred after hours * No effect on median survival time

Question 223

Complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy in dogs and cats receiving corticosteroid treatment. Aguiar et al. JVIM 2016. * What differences in complication risk were identified in dogs who received PEG tubes that were on steroids vs. those that weren’t?

Answer 223

* NSD in overall complication rate (57% control, 78% steroid) Steroid group more likely to have a major complication (18% control, 43% steroid) * Purulent stoma discharge, tube dislodgement, chewing tube at stoma * NSD in infection rate (17% overall) or dislodgement rate (12% overall)

Question 224

Computed tomographic angiography of the pancreas in cats with chronic diabetes mellitus compared to normal cats. Secrest et al. JVIM 2018. * What changes in pancreatic size and CT appearance/enhancement were noted in cats with diabetes mellitus for > 1 year vs. healthy cats?

Answer 224

* DM: larger, higher volume and volume normalized to body weight, shorter time to peak portal enhancement on CTA

Question 225

Computed tomographic angiography under sedation in the diagnosis of suspected canine pancreatitis: A pilot study. Adrian et al. JVIM 2015. * How did CT-angiography compare with AUS in identification of acute pancreatitis in dogs?

Answer 225

* CT identified more pancreatic abnormalities that AUS in dogs * Heterogeneous contrast enhancement -> poor outcome vs. homogeneous

Question 226

Computed tomographic angiography under sedation in the diagnosis of suspected canine pancreatitis: A pilot study. Adrian et al. JVIM 2015. * How did CT-angiography compare with AUS in identification of acute pancreatitis in dogs?

Answer 226

* CT identified more pancreatic abnormalities that AUS in dogs * CT identified portal vein thrombi, all of which were missed on ultrasound * Heterogeneous contrast enhancement -> poor outcome vs. homogeneous

Question 227

Computed tomographic appearance of abdominal lymph nodes in heatlhy cats. Perlini et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the utility of abdominal CT for identification of abdominal lymph nodes in healthy cats? What associations were found between signalment variables and size?

Answer 227

* Cd mesenteric, colic, hepatic, inguinal, pancreaticoduodenal LN identified in all cats * Negative correlation b/w age and length, width

Question 228

Concurrent pituitary and adrenocortical lesions on computed tomography imaging in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism. Van Bokhorst et al. JVIM 2019. * What percentage of dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism (HAC) had lesions on both the pituitary and adrenal glands? What percentage of dexamethasone resistant dogs?

Answer 228

* 5% of dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism | * 10% of non-suppressible dogs had concurrent pituitary and adrenocortical lesions

Question 229

Consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Acierno et al. JVIM 2018. * What additional tests should be performed/considered in any dog or cat diagnosed with hypertension?

Answer 229

* CBC/chem/UA, SDMA, UPC, +/- urinary, adrenal ultrasound, +/- GFR measurement * Cats: serum thyroxine * Dogs: adrenal function testing * Consider serum & urine aldosterone & catecholamine concentrations

Question 230

Consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Acierno et al. JVIM 2018. * What should prompt a clinician to evaluate BP in a dog or cat

Answer 230

Target organ damage Hypertensive retinopathy * Detachment, hemorrhage, edema, vessel tortuosity Hypertensive encephalopathy * Seizures, vestibular signs, ataxia, altered mentation/behavior * Cardiac: gallop sound, arrhythmia, systolic heart murmur * Renal disease/proteinuria Conditions, meds, toxins associated with hypertension * Conditions: Cushing’s, renal disease, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, adrenal tumor * Meds: GCs, mineralocorticoids, Proin, EPO, ephedrine/phenylephrine * Toxins: Cocaine, meth, 5-hydroxytryptophan

Question 231

Consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Acierno et al. JVIM 2018. Why are calcium channel blockers avoided as sole anti-hypertensive agents in dogs?

Answer 231

* Preferential dilation of the afferent arteriole à glomerular hypertension

Question 232

Consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Acierno et al. JVIM 2018. * What are the goals and management strategies for a hypertensive emergency (markedly increased BP with ongoing acute (TOD)

Answer 232

* Goal: 10% reduction of BP in first hour; additional 15% reduction in next few hours Management options in dogs * Fenoldopam (D1 antagonist) 0.1 ug/kg/min CRI titrated 0.1 q15 min * Labetolol, hydralazine, nitroprusside * PO options if no TOD: hydralazine, amlodipine

Question 233

CONSENSUS: Seizure management in dogs. Podell et al. JVIM 2016 * When should anti-epileptic drug treatment be started? Which drugs have good evidence for use as first-line agents?

Answer 233

* No benefit to starting treatment after a single unprovoked seizure event * BUT if recurrent seizures are going to happen, earlier treatment -> better control Initiate if: * Identifiable brain lesions or history of brain disease or injury Status (ictal > 5 mins) or > 3 generalized seizures in 24 hours * 2 or more seizures in 6 months * Prolonged, severe, or unusual post-ictal periods

Question 234

CONSENSUS: Seizure management in dogs. Podell et al. JVIM 2016 * Which anti-epileptic drugs require therapeutic drug monitoring? What side effects are possible?

Answer 234

Phenobarbital: 2 & 6 weeks after starting or 2 wks after dose change, then q 6 months * Hepatotoxicity, idiosyncratic blood dyscrasias, necrolytic dermatitis KBr: 1 and 3 months after starting or 1 month after dose change, then q 12  months * Pancreatitis, sedation, ataxia Zonisamide: 2 & 3 months or 2 weeks after dose change, then q 6 months * Idiosyncratic renal tubular acidosis and hepatic disease * Will also lower TT4 (no effect on FT4 & TSH)

Question 235

CONSENSUS: Seizure management in dogs. Podell et al. JVIM 2016 * Which drugs are affected by concurrent administration with phenobarbital? By what mechanism?

Answer 235

* Levetiracetam & zonisamide -> increased clearance & lower plasma concentrations * Induction of hepatic CYP3A4 -> faster metabolism of pheno, levet, zonisamide

Question 236

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination for the assessment of renal perfusion in cats with CKD. Stock et al. JVIM 2018. * What differences in time to peak and mean transit times were identified on contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the renal cortex and medulla of cats with CKD vs. healthy controls?

Answer 236

* Cortex: longer time to peak, shorter mean transit times consistent with increased vascular resistance * Medulla: shorter time to peak and rise times consistent with increased blood velocity

Question 237

Contreras et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of liposome toll-like receptor ligand complexes for non-specific mucosal immunoprotection from feline herpesvirus-1 infection.  What was the effect of liposome toll-like receptor ligand complexes administered nasally & oropharyngeally to kittens prior to FHV-1 inoculation on clinical signs? DNA shedding?

Answer 237

  Decreased conjunctivitis throughout study period Increased respiratory scores (mainly from nasal discharge) days 15-28 Decreased DNA shedding with time

Question 238

Covey et al. JVIM 2019. Changes in thyroid and renal function after bilateral thyroidectomy in cats.  When performed by a primary care physician, what were the percentages of cats that were hypothyroid, euthyroid, or persistently hyperthyroid within 6 months after bilateral thyroidectomy?

Answer 238

  22% hyperthyroid 29% euthyroid 49% hypothyroid

Question 239

Covey et al. JVIM 2019. Changes in thyroid and renal function after bilateral thyroidectomy in cats.  In cats that were euthyroid or hypothyroid within 6 months of bilateral thyroidectomy, what percentage of cats remained hypothyroid with long-term follow up? What percentage became recurrently hyperthyroid?

Answer 239

  17% remained hypothyroid long-term 44% developed recurrent hyperthyroidism

Question 240

Covey et al. JVIM 2019. Changes in thyroid and renal function after bilateral thyroidectomy in cats.  What was the relationship between SDMA and sCr in cats with hyperthyroidism?

Answer 240

  Hyperthyroid cats had higher SDMA relative to creatinine

Question 241

Cytological findings of 140 bile samples from dogs and cats and associated clinical pathological data. Peters et al. JVIM 2016 * What percentage of dogs that underwent cholecystocentesis had positive culture results? Inflammation on cytology? Cats? What diagnostic test result correlated with the presence of microorganisms and inflammatory cells in bile?

Answer 241

* Dogs: 30% culture positive, 5% had inflammatory cytology * Cats: 22% culture positive 19% had inflammatory cytology Increased canine pancreatic lipase

Question 242

Cytological findings of 140 bile samples from dogs and cats and associated clinical pathological data. Peters et al. JVIM 2016 * How did cytology and culture compare for detection of the presence of microorganisms in the bile of dogs and cats?

Answer 242

* Cytology detected microorganisms more often than culture (24% vs 21%)

Question 243

Cytological findings of 140 bile samples from dogs and cats and associated clinical pathological data. Peters et al. JVIM 2016 * Most common bacterial isolates from the bile of dogs and cats?

Answer 243

E coli, Enterococcus (15% and 7%)

Question 244

Cytological findings of 140 bile samples from dogs and cats and associated clinical pathological data. Peters et al. JVIM 2016 * What proportion of animals that had cholecystocentesis experienced clinically relevant complications?

Answer 244

* 2/134; both dogs; bile peritonitis in both

Question 245

Daily oral cobalamin supplementation in Beagles with hereditary cobalamin malabsorption (imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome) maintains normal clinical and cellular cobalamin status. Kook, Hersberger. JVIM 2019 What medication was found to maintain normal clinical and cellular cobalamin status in dgos with Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome? Do serum cobalamin concentrations normalize with supplementation?  

Answer 245

  1 mg oral cyanocobalamin daily Serum cobalamin doesn't improve but clinical signs do; may indicate that there's enough cobalamin intracellularly to do the job Must be passive transport of cyanocobalamin across the GI wall

Question 246

Daily oral cobalamin supplementation in Beagles with hereditary cobalamin malabsorption (imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome) maintains normal clinical and cellular cobalamin status. Kook, Hersberger. JVIM 2019 What biologic processes are metabolites of cobalamin essential for that relate to measurement of cobalamin status in dogs?

Answer 246

  Cobalamin is a cofactor for enzymes that convert methylmalonyl-COA to succinyl-COA and remethylate homocysteine Cobalamin deficiency leads to buildup of methylmalomic acid, homocysteine

Question 247

Degenerative valvular disease in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel: Results of the UK Breed Scheme 1991-2010. Swift et al. JVIM 2017. * Were GPs or cardiologists able to detect murmurs at a younger age in CKCS? Did sex play a role?

Answer 247

* Cardiologists detected murmurs at a younger age (7 vs. 8 years) * GPs detected more murmurs in female dogs with time, but not in male dogs

Question 248

Demographic characteristics, survival and prognostic factors for mortality in cats with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Swann et al. JVIM 2016 * Signalment predilections for development of primary IMHA in cats? Positive and negative prognostic indicators?

Answer 248

* Cats aged 2-5.9 y predisposed; no breed or sex predilection * NPI: higher total bilirubin, age * PPI: higher lymphocyte count and globulins

Question 249

Demographic risk factors for lymphoma in Australian dogs: 6201 cases. Bennett et al. JVIM 2018. * What signalment factors were associated with an increased risk of lymphoma?

Answer 249

* Breed, male sex, neutered status

Question 250

Desoxycorticosterone pivalate duration of action and individualized dosing intervals in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. Jaffey et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the median and range for the individualized dosing interval for DOCP in dogs with naïve Addison’s disease? With previously treated Addison’s? Median dosing interval 3 months after establishing the interval?

Answer 250

* Naïve: Med 62 days (32-94) * Previously-treated: Med 67 days (41-124) * Med after 3 months: 58 days (38-90)

Question 251

Desoxycorticosterone pivalate duration of action and individualized dosing intervals in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. Jaffey et al. JVIM 2017. * What baseline variables were significantly associated with DOCP duration of action?

Answer 251

* No variable was significantly associated | * Variables assessed: age, weight, DOCP & pred dose, duration of treatment prior to starting IDI

Question 252

Desoxycorticosterone pivalate duration of action and individualized dosing intervals in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. Jaffey et al. JVIM 2017. * What determined the individualized dosing interval for DOCP in this study?

Answer 252

* Time from DOCP administration to development of electrolyte abnormalities – 7 days

Question 253

Desoxycorticosterone pivalate duration of action and individualized dosing intervals in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. Jaffey et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the median total savings per year for dogs on the IDI vs. traditional DOCP dosing interval?

Answer 253

* 57.5% cheaper for IDI

Question 254

Detection and seroprevalence of morbillivirus and other paramyxoviruses in geriatric cats with and without evidence of azotemic chronic kidney disease. McCallum et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the association between morbillivirus and other paramyxovirus infection in cats with azotemia?

Answer 254

* No association b/w viral infection and azotemic CKD; unlikely that morbilliviruses are associated with CKD development in cats

Question 255

Determining optimal therapy of dogs with chronic enteropathy by measurement of serum citrulline. Gerou-Ferriani et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the clinical utility of serum citrulline concentrations to distinguish ARE, FRE, and SRE in dogs with CE? Could it distinguish CE dogs from healthy controls?

Answer 255

* Couldn’t do it.

Question 256

Development of a multivariate predictive model to estimate ionized calcium concentration from serum biochemical profile results in dogs. Danner et al. JVIM 2017. * What factors were included in the final predictive model for ionized calcium in dogs?

Answer 256

Creatinine, albumin, tCa, phosphorus, Na, K, Cl, ALP, age * tCa, albumin, chloride had highest impact

Question 257

Development of a multivariate predictive model to estimate ionized calcium concentration from serum biochemical profile results in dogs. Danner et al. JVIM 2017. * What were the sensitivity and specificity of the predictive model for ionized hyper and hypocalcemia in dogs? How did they compare to sensitivity & specificity of tCa by itself?

Answer 257

Hypercalcemia: sensitivity 64%, specificity 99.6% * As sensitive, more specific than tCa Hypocalcemia: sensitivity 22%, specificity 98% * More sensitive and as specific as tCa

Question 258

Development of an estimated glomerular filtration rate formula in cats. Finch et al. JVIM 2018. * What parameters were used in a proposed formula for estimated GFR in cats? How well did the eGFR formula agree with GFR as assessed by iohexol clearance?

Answer 258

* 1/creatinine, pelvic circumference | * Poor agreement b/w eGFR and GFR in cats

Question 259

Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. Lau et al. jvim 2019 * In a recent retrospective study of SRMA in dogs, what were the five most represented breeds?

Answer 259

* Golden retrievers, Bernese Mtn dogs, Wirehaired pointing griffons, Boxers, and Beagles

Question 260

Diagnostic utility of cardiac troponin I in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hori et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the sensitivity and specificity of a cTnI > 0.234 for assessing heart failure in cats with HCM?

Answer 260

* 95% sensitive, 78% specific

Question 261

Diagnostic utility of cardiac troponin I in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hori et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the sensitivity and specificity of a cTnI > 0.162 for differentiating normal cats from asymptomatic HCM cats w/o LA enlargement?

Answer 261

* 62% sensitive, 100% specific

Question 262

Diagnostic value of right pulmonary artery distensibility index in dogs with pulmonary hypertension: Comparison with Doppler echo estimates of pulmonary arterial pressure. Visser et al. JVIM 2016. What was the sensitivity and specificity of the right pulmonary artery distensibility index to detect dogs with moderate or severe pulmonary hypertension (TR pressure gradient > 50 mmHg)

Answer 262

Sensitivity 84%; specificity 95%

Question 263

Dietary management of Labrador Retrievers with Subclinical Hepatic Copper Accumulation. Fieten et al. JVIM 2015. * Response of hepatic copper concentrations to dietary copper restriction/zinc supplementation in Labs with subclinical hepatic copper accumulation?

Answer 263

* 15/28 dogs responded; mean Cu concentrations decreased from 710 to 343 after 7 months * Non-responders were more likely to come from severely-affected pedigrees -> genetic factors?

Question 264

Difference between a nonsense and missense genetic mutation?

Answer 264

Nonsense: premature stop codon Missense: amino acid change

Question 265

Differences in epidural pathology between cervical and thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusions in dogs. Zuger et al. JVIM 2018.   * What clinical differences were identified between dogs with cervical vs. thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusions? What histopath differences?

Answer 265

* Clinical: cervical more painful and had longer duration (but less severe) neuro signs; cervical had a better outcome * Histopath: Cervical epidural material less calcified & less inflammatory infiltrate

Question 266

Differentiation of cardiac from noncardiac pleural effusions in cats using second-generation quantitative and point-of-care NT-proBNP measurements. Hezzell et al. JVIM 2016 How did second generation quantitative plasma and pleural fluid ELISA and POC NT-proBNP assays perform in distinguishing cardiac from non-cardiac pleural effusions in cats?

Answer 266

Plasma: ELISA sens 95%, spec 82%; POC sens 95%, spec 88% ELISA cutoff >199 pmol/L Pleural fluid ELISA sens 100%, spec 77%; POC sens 100%, spec 65% ELISA cutoff > 240 pmol/L

Question 267

Disposition of extended-release levetiracetam in normal healthy dogs after single oral dosing. Beasley et al. JVIM 2015. * Will XR levetiracetam maintain serum concentrations above recommended concentrations for seizure management?

Answer 267

* Yes (30 mg/kg PO BID)

Question 268

Downregulation of CXCR4 Expression and Functionality After Zoledronate Exposure in Canine Osteosarcoma. Byrum et al. JVIM 2016 * What percentage of canine osteosarcoma cells express CXCR4? What was the effect of zolendronate on CXCR4 expression?

Answer 268

* 100% of OS cells expressed CXCR4 * Treatment of dogs with OS reduced CXCR4 expression by 40% in the primary tumor; decreased circulating CXCR4 in 18/20 dogs

Question 269

Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and function in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Visser et al. JVIM 2017. * Were differences noted in right ventricular size and systolic function in cats with CHF + HCM? In cats with asymptomatic HCM?

Answer 269

* Right heart size (R atrial diameter, RV free wall thickness, RVID) increased in CHF + HCM vs controls * RV function (RV fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion) decreased in CHF + HCM * In subclinical HCM, only RVFWd was significantly higher than controls (29% higher than RR)

Question 270

Echocardiographic evaluation of the right atrial area index in dogs with pulmonary hypertension. Vezzosi et al. JVIM 2018 * What pulmonary arterial pressure ranges distinguish mild, moderate, and severe pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 270

* Mild: 36-50 mmHg * Moderate: 51-75 mmHg * Severe: > 75 mmHg

Question 271

Echocardiographic evaluation of the right atrial area index in dogs with pulmonary hypertension. Vezzosi et al. JVIM 2018 What were the sensitivity and specificity of the area of the right atrium indexed to body surface area (RAA index) > 12.3 cm2/m2 for detection of R-CHF? What was the only determinant of the RAA index in dogs with PAH?

Answer 271

* Sensitivity 100%; specificity 89.5% for R-CHF | * Severity of tricuspid regurgitation was the only independent predictor of RAA index in dogs with PAH

Question 272

Echocardiographic evaluation of the right atrial area index in dogs with pulmonary hypertension. Vezzosi et al. JVIM 2018   * What differences were identified in the RAA index between dogs with different severities of pulmonary arterial hypertension?

Answer 272

* Dogs with severe or moderate PAH had higher RAA index vs. mild PAH & controls (lots of overlap)

Question 273

Echocardiographic evaluation of the right ventricular dimension and systolic function in dogs with pulmonary hypertension. Vezzosi et al. JVIM 2018 * What echocardiographic right ventricular measurement was able to predict right CHF in dogs with pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 273

* Right ventricular end diastolic area index

Question 274

Effect of a limited iodine diet on iodine uptake by thyroid glands in hyperthyroid cats. Scott-Moncrief et al. JVIM 2015 Effect of limited iodine diet on TT4, fT4, and body weight in hyperthyroid cats?

Answer 274

* TT4, fT4 decreased into the reference range in all 8 cats by 8-16 weeks; NSD in body weight

Question 275

Effect of a pheromone on stress-associated reactivation of feline herpesvirus-1 in experimentally inoculated kittens. Contreras et al. JVIM 2018. * What disease- and stress-related markers were different in kittens with FHV-1 in pheromone-treated rooms vs. placebo?

Answer 275

* Pheromone kittens had less frequent sneezing in both individual and group housing * Pheromone kittens were more frequently sleeping at the end of the observation period in both individual and group housing

Question 276

Effect of body position, exercise, and sedation on estimation of pulmonary artery pressure in dogs with degenerative AV valve disease. Rhinehart et al. JVIM 2017 * What was the effect of sedation, recumbency vs. standing, and exercise on estimation of pulmonary arterial pressure in dogs with AV valve disease?

Answer 276

* No significant effect of study period on echo-estimated pulmonary vascular resistance * Significant increase in tricuspid regurgitant flow velocity after sedation (78% of dogs)

Question 277

Effect of breed on plasma endothelin-1 concentration, plasma renin activity, and serum cortisol concentration in healthy dogs. Hoglund et al. JVIM 2016. * What breeds had the highest and loweset ET-1 and serum cortisol concentrations? Plasma renin activity?

Answer 277

* ET-1: Newfies highest @ 3x CKCS, Dobermans, Dachshunds * Cortisol: Finnish Laphunds highest @ 3x Boxers * PRA: Dachshunds, 2x Newfies & Boxers

Question 278

Effect of Chronic Administration of Phenobarbital, or Bromide, on Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam in Dogs with Epilepsy. Munana et al. JVIM 2015. * Effect of phenobarbital or phenobarbital + KBr administration on the PK of levetiracetam in dogs?

Answer 278

* PB administration increases the clearance of levetiracetam | * KBR administration did not increase levetiracetam clearance

Question 279

Effect of common storage temperatures and container types on urine protein : creatinine ratios in urine samples of proteinuric dogs. Moyle et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the effect of storage temperature and container type on UPC values in proteinuric dogs?

Answer 279

* Slight inconsistent statistically, but no clinically relevant effect * Samples can be stored in glass, homopolymer polypropylene, and propylene copolymer at 24C for 4 hours, 4C for 12 hours, and -20C for 72 hours after centrifugation without relevant decreases

Question 280

Effect of cranberry extract on the frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with acute thoracolumbar disk herniation: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Olby et al. JVIM 2017.   * Was there a benefit of administration of cranberry extract to dogs with acute thoracolumbar disk herniation in preventing bacteriuria?

Answer 280

No; no difference in bacteriuria incidence or E. coli incidence * No difference in anti-adhesion activity between groups, but dogs with anti-adhesion activity had significantly fewer positive E. coli cultures

Question 281

Effect of cross-match on packed cell volume after transfusion of packed red blood cells in transfusion naïve anemic cats. Sylvane et al JVIM 2018. * What differences in the change in PCV from baseline were noted in cats that received cross-matched blood transfusions vs. those that weren’t cross matched? Differences in transfusion reaction incidence?

Answer 281

* No difference in transfusion reaction incidence | * No difference in mean change in PCV up to 24 hours post-transfusion

Question 282

Effect of fenoldopam continuous infusion on glomerular filtration rate and fractional excretion of sodium in healthy dogs. Kelly et al. JVIM 2016. * What effect did fenoldopam 0.8 ug/kg/min x 5 hours have on GFR and FeNa in healthy dogs?

Answer 282

* Significant increase in GFR (3.33 ml/kg/min vs. 2.71 ml/kg/min) * Significant increase in FeNa vs. D5W

Question 283

Effect of insulin treatment on circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 and IGF-binding proteins in cats with diabetes mellitus. Strage et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the ability of IGF-1 levels to predict diabetic remission in cats? How did this compare to glucose, fructosamine, and insulin levels?

Answer 283

* IGF-1 2-4 weeks after starting insulin treatment predicted remission

Question 284

Effect of insulin treatment on circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 and IGF-binding proteins in cats with diabetes mellitus. Strage et al. JVIM 2018. * What were the implications from this study for the current IGF-1 cutoff for diagnosis of acromegaly in cats?

Answer 284

* Current cutoff is > 1000 mg/ml * 33% of the cats had IGF above this level at some point in the study  (3 cats) * 5/8 cats went into remission, 2/8 weren’t insulin resistant, and one had necropsy with no findings of acromegaly

Question 285

Effect of interleukin-1beta on occluding mRNA expression in the duodenal and colonic mucosa of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Ogawa et al. JVIM 2018. * What changes in interleukin expression differed in the colonic mucosa of dogs with IBD? What effect did this have on mucosal function? Was this finding present in the duodenum?

Answer 285

* Increased ratio of IL-1B to IL-1 receptor antagonist --> inflammatory * Decreased mRNA for occludin (tight junction protein) in colonic mucosa of IBD dogs * IL1B:IL1RA not evaluated in this study; occludin difference not significant in the duodenum

Question 286

Effect of intravenous or perivascular injection of synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone on stimulation test results in dogs. Johnson et al. JVIM 2017 * What was the effect on perivascular vs. IV injection of synthetic ACTH on ACTH stimulated cortisol concentrations in healthy dogs? Dogs with trilostane-treated HAC?

Answer 286

* NSD in post-ACTH injection IV vs. PV in either healthy or trilostane-treated HAC dogs

Question 287

Effect of laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy on gastrointestinal transit time in dogs. Balsa et al. JVIM 2017. * What effect did lap-assisted gastropexy have on gastric emptying time (GET), small and large bowel transit time (SLBTT) and whole-gut transit time (TTT) in healthy large breed dogs as assessed by wireless motility capsule?

Answer 287

* NSD in GET, SLBTT, and TTT before and after lap-assisted gastropexy

Question 288

Effect of ovariohysterectomy at the time of tumor removal in dogs with mammary carcinomas: A randomized controlled trial. Kristiansen et al. JVIM 2016 * What subset of dogs with mammary carcinoma is likely to benefit from OHE at time of surgery?

Answer 288

* Dogs with grade 2, estrogen-receptor positive tumors | * Dogs with increased peri-surgical serum estradiol concentration

Question 289

Effect of prophylactic calcitriol administration on serum ionized calcium concentartions after parathyroidectomy: 78 cases (2005-2015). Armstrong et al. JVIM 2018. * Was prophylactic calcitriol administration starting the day after surgery associated with a decreased risk of postoperative ionized hypocalcemia in dogs undergoing parathyroidectomy?

Answer 289

* No; no association between postop iCa or its rate of decrease * No protective value to prevent hypocalcemia in the 48 h post-op period

Question 290

Effect of prophylactic calcitriol administration on serum ionized calcium concentartions after parathyroidectomy: 78 cases (2005-2015). Armstrong et al. JVIM 2018. * What pre-operative factor was positively associated with post-op ionized calcium levels after parathyroidectomy in dogs?

Answer 290

* Pre-operative ionized hypercalcemia was strongly positively associated

Question 291

Effect of screening abdominal ultrasound examination on the decision to pursue advanced diagnostic tests and treatment in dogs with neurologic disease. Tong et al. JVIM 2015 * What percentage of dogs did not have advanced diagnostics performed for neurologic disease because of the results of screening AUS? Recommendation?

Answer 291

* 1.3% | * Low-yield diagnostic test in young dogs, dachshunds; case by case basis

Question 292

Effect of sucralfate on gastric permeability in an ex vivo model of stress‐related mucosal disease in dogs. Hill et al. JVIM 2018.   * What was the effect of sucralfate administration concurrently with and after acid injury to ex-vivo canine gastric mucosa?

Answer 292

* Accelerated recovery of barrier function

Question 293

Effect of sucralfate on relative bioavailability of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in healthy fed dogs. KuKanich et al. JVIM 2016 * Effect of concurrent sucralfate administration on the oral bioavailability of enrofloxacin? Ciprofloxacin?

Answer 293

* NSD on enrofloxacin bioavailability Overall bioavailability of cipro much more variable than enro; concurrent sucralfate administration decreased bioavailability to 48% of baseline * Delayed sucralfate administration by 2 hours à 87% bioavailability

Question 294

Effect of synthetic colloid administration on coagulation in healthy dogs and dogs with systemic inflammation. Gauthier et al. JVIM 2015. * Effects of a tetrastarch bolus compared to saline bolus (40 ml/kg) in dogs? Did experimentally-induced systemic inflammation affect the results?

Answer 294

* No difference between dogs with systemic inflammation and w/o * Tetrastarch -> decreased platelet count, R, MA, vWF Ag, vWF collagen binding activity; increased K and LY30, aPTT

Question 295

Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue exenatide extended release in cats with newly-diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Riederer et al JVIM 2016 * What was the effect of administration of exenatide ER SC once weekly on diabetic remission rates & achievement of good diabetic control in cats newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus? On body weight?

Answer 295

* NSD, but higher remission rates (40% vs. 20%) and good control % (89% vs 58%) in exenatide group * Placebo cats had significant weight gain; exenatide group did not

Question 296

Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue exenatide extended release in cats with newly-diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Riederer et al JVIM 2016 * Mechanism of exenatide?

Answer 296

Incretin hormone à increased glucose-dependent insulin release in response to food * Also induce satiation, slow gastric emptying, inhibit glucagon, promote weight loss * Exenatide is glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue; “gliptins” reduce degradation of endogenous GLP-1

Question 297

Effects of 0.5% Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Solution on Heart Rate and Selected Echocardiographic Indices in Apparently Healthy Cats. Gunther-Harrington et al. JVIM 2016. Questions * What is the advantage of using timolol in cats undergoing echo?

Answer 297

* Decreases H by 25 bpm; allows separation of the E and A waves so that diastolic function can be assessed

Question 298

Effects of 6% tetrastarch and lactated Ringer’s solution on extravascular lung water and markers of acute renal injury in hemorrhaged, isoflurane-anesthetized healthy dogs. Diniz et al JVIM 2018. * How did tetrastarch and lactated Ringer’s compare in extravascular lung water, pulmonary edema formation, and urinary NGAL/creatinine?

Answer 298

* Tetrastarch had lower EVLW at 1 and 4 hours post infusion, but neither got edema No difference in uNGAL/creat between groups * Remained below “threshold” for AKI (120000 pg/mg)

Question 299

Effects of 6% tetrastarch or lactated Ringer’s solution on blood coagulation in hemorrhaged dogs. Diniz et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the effect of 6% tetrastarch compared to LRS on BMBT, APTT, and ROTEM parameters in healthy dogs?

Answer 299

* NSD in BMBT * APTT increased 4 hours from controls after tetrastarch * CFT (like R value) increased, alpha angle decreased in both groups vs. controls (dilutional effect) from 0-4 & 0-2 hours * MCF (like MA) decreased in both groups vs. controls

Question 300

Effects of benazepril on survival of dogs with CKD: a multicenter, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. King et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the effect of administration of benazepril 0.25-0.5 mg/kg vs. placebo SID for up to two years in dogs with CKD on renal survival time? On proteinuria?

Answer 300

No effect of benazepril on renal survival time overall or in proteinuric dogs * UNDERPOWERED for subgroup analysis * Proteinuria significantly lower in benazepril-treated dogs

Question 301

Effects of benazepril on survival of dogs with CKD: a multicenter, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. King et al. JVIM 2017. hat two factors were significantly associated with risk of treatment failure in CKD dogs?

Answer 301

* Increase plasma phosphate and protein

Question 302

Effects of fenoldopam on kidney function parameters and its therapeutic efficacy in the management of acute kidney injury in dogs with heatstroke. Segev et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the effect of fenoldopam administration on UOP, FeNa, and GFR in dogs with heatstroke-induced AKI? What was the effect on death rate?

Answer 302

* No effect on UOP, FeNa, GFR | * Mortality rate overall 35%; no difference between fenoldopam and placebo

Question 303

Effects of Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4 on Serum Creatinine Concentration and Development of Acute Kidney Injury in Nonazotemic Cats. Sigrist et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the effect of a median dose of 20 ml/kg/d over median of 4 days of 6% hetastarch administered to critically ill, non-azotemic cats on % change in serum creatinine and development of AKI?

Answer 303

* NSD in % change in creatinine or AKI development in cats that received HES vs. those that did not * HES not a risk factor for AKI in multivariable logistic regression

Question 304

Effects of immunosuppressive agents on the hemostatic system in normal dogs. Thomason et al. JVIM 2018. * What immunosuppressive agent was associated with increased production of thromboxane A2 in dogs? What effect did this have on measured hemostatic parameters (PT/PTT, Sonoclot viscoelastometry, PFA-100 platelet aggregometry, platelet count)?

Answer 304

* Cyclosporine No significant effect on any measured hemostatic parameter * Possibly the result of simultaneous increases in prostacyclin synthesis with cyclosporine

Question 305

Effects of immunosuppressive agents on the hemostatic system in normal dogs. Thomason et al. JVIM 2018. * What immunosuppressive agent was associated with a decrease in platelet aggregation when administered for 7 days at therapeutic doses to dogs.

Answer 305

* Leflunomide

Question 306

Effects of leukoreduction and storage on erythrocyte phosphatidylserine expression and eicosanoid concentration in units of canine packed red blood cells. Muro et al. JVIM 2017 * What was the effect of leukoreduction, storage, and simulated transfusion on phosphatidylserine concentrations in canine pRBC units? On eicosanoids?

Answer 306

* NSD in PS concentrations after leukoreduction, storage, or simulated transfusion * LR caused immediate increase in thromboxane A2 and PGF2alpha that normalized with storage * NSD in arachidonic acid, other prostaglandins, leukotriene B4

Question 307

Effects of leukoreduction and storage on erythrocyte phosphatidylserine expression and eicosanoid concentration in units of canine packed red blood cells. Muro et al. JVIM 2017 * Significance of phosphatidylserine in stored RBCs?

Answer 307

* PS is a normal component of RBC membranes, but usu confined to the inner membrane leaflet * Aged/damaged RBCs, PS translocates to the cell surface à signals mononuclear phagocytes to remove the cell * PS expression would lead to decreased lifespan of transfused RBCs

Question 308

Effects of levothyroxine administration and withdrawal on the hypothalamic-pituatary-thyroid axis in euthyroid dogs. Ziglioli et al. JVIM 2017 * How did levothyroxine supplementation to euthyroid dogs affect TT4, FT4, T3, and TSH? How quickly did dogs’ TT4, FT4, and TSH return to baseline levels after 8 weeks of levothyroxine supplementation? After 16 weeks?

Answer 308

* Levo supplementation led to decreased TSH, increased FT4 & TT4, and no change in T3 compared to baseline * After 8 and 16 weeks of supplementation, TT4, FT4, TSH returned to baseline within 1 week

Question 309

Effects of oral prednisone administration on serum cystatin C. Munoz et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the effect of 4 mg/kg x 7d exogenous prednisone administration PO to dogs with SRMA on serum cystatin C levels? What happened when the dose was reduced to 2 mg/kg? Withdrawn? How does this compare to cystatin C levels in dogs with PDH?

Answer 309

* 4 mg/kg pred significantly increased sCys-C levels from controls (0.4 vs. 0.18) * Dose reduced to 2 mg/kg, sCys-C no longer different from controls (0.27) * Reduced to baseline after pred d/c’d one week (0.15) * PDH dogs also not significantly different from controls; similar to 2 mg/kg pred SRMA dogs (0.22)

Question 310

Effects of six weeks of parenteral cobalamin supplementation on clinical and biochemical variables in cats with GI disease. Kempf et al. JVIM 2017 * What was the effect of administration of cobalamin 250 ug IM q 7 days for 6 weeks on serum cobalamin levels and serum and urine methylmalonic acid concentrations in cats with GI disease? Were these effects maintained if administration was discontinued for 4 and 10 weeks?

Answer 310

* Med cobalamin increased (111 to 2332) during supplementation * Med serum MMA decreased (372 to 1.62) during supplementation At the end of supplementation, 12/20 cats still had increased serum MMA concentrations * Only 1 cat still had low cobalamin at that time * At 4 weeks post-d/c, cobalamin decreased (med 610), serum MMA increased (5.34) * At 10 weeks post-d/c, cobalamin decreased (180), serum MMA increased (189) * Similar pattern for urine MMA but not significant

Question 311

Effects of six weeks of parenteral cobalamin supplementation on clinical and biochemical variables in cats with GI disease. Kempf et al. JVIM 2017 * What was the effect of administration of cobalamin 250 ug IM q 7 days for 6 weeks on clinical disease activity scores in cats? What happened after discontinuation?

Answer 311

* Clinical disease activity scores decreased during supplementation; increased after d/c

Question 312

  * What medication worked synergistically with doxorubicin to potentiate apoptosis in canine osteosarcoma cells in vitro? How might it work?

Answer 312

Amiloride (potassium sparing diuretic) * Inhibits sodium-hydrogen exchangers (proton pumps) which can be upregulated in the tumor microenvironment of OSA

Question 313

Effects of toceranib phosphate on systolic blood pressure and proteinuria in dogs. Tjostheim et al. JVIM 2016 * Did the prevalence of systemic hypertension and proteinuria differ in dogs with cancer vs. healthy controls prior to treatment?

Answer 313

* NSD; 37% hypertensive, 21% proteinuric

Question 314

Effects of toceranib phosphate on systolic blood pressure and proteinuria in dogs. Tjostheim et al. JVIM 2016 * What was the effect of treatment with toceranib phosphate on systolic blood pressure and proteinuria in dogs with cancer?

Answer 314

* SBP higher after 2 weeks of treatment in non-HT dogs (136 at baseline, 152 post-Tx) 37% of treated dogs developed SBP > 160 mmHg No change in UPC in treated dogs not hypertensive at baseline * HT at baseline dogs not evaluated due to insufficient data

Question 315

Effects of toceranib phosphate on systolic blood pressure and proteinuria in dogs. Tjostheim et al. JVIM 2016 * Proposed pathophysiology of hypertension secondary to TKIs?

Answer 315

* Decreased VEGF signaling à decreased NO synth from endothelial cells

Question 316

Effects of toceranib phosphate on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in tumor-bearing dogs. Hume et al. JVIM 2018. * What changes in hormones involved with the HPT axis were identified in dogs treated with toceranib for 90 days?

Answer 316

* All hormones remained within reference intervals * FT4 decreased over time (1.22 – 1.00 ng/dL) * TSH increased over time (0.17 – 0.34 ng/mL) * TT4:TT3 decreased over time (2.57-2.02) à implies increased conversion to metabolically active T3

Question 317

Efficacy of a low-dose (2 millicurie) vs. standard-dose (4 millicurie) radioiodine treatment for cats with mild-to-moderate hyperthyroidism. Lucy et al. JVIM 2017.   * How did the incidence of persistent hyperthyroidism, azotemia, and hypothyroidism compare between cats with T4 from 4-13 ug/dl treated with 2- vs. 4-millicurie I-131 protocols?

Answer 317

* NSD in persistent hyperthyroidism (0% vs. 3.3% 6 months post) Overt & subclinical hypothyroidism incidence higher in 4-miCu cats * Overt: 18% vs. 1%; subclinical: 46% vs. 21% NSD in azotemia incidence, but high-dose cats had higher creatinine and % rise in creatinine * Also azotemia almost sig dif at 6 months (46% vs. 29%)

Question 318

Efficacy of a probiotic-prebiotic supplement on incidence of diarrhea in a dog shelter: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rose et al. JVIM 2017. What was the effect of administration of a synbiotic (E. faecium, fructo-oligosaccharide, and acacia) to shelter dogs on percentage of diarrhea days, occurrence of diarrhea w/in 1st 14 days, and occurrence of > 2 consecutive days of diarrhea?

Answer 318

* Decreased % diarrhea days (3.2 vs. 2%) Decreased occurrence of diarrhea in 1st 14 days (27% vs. 19%) Decreased occurrence of > 2 days of diarrhea (8 vs. 4.6%)

Question 319

Efficacy of azithromycin and compounded atovaquone for treatment of Babesia gibsoni in dogs. Kirk et al. JVIM 2017. * What study design was this?

Answer 319

* Prospective observational; no placebo group and did not compare compounded to commercial atovaquone

Question 320

Efficacy of azithromycin and compounded atovaquone for treatment of Babesia gibsoni in dogs. Kirk et al. JVIM 2017. What was the % success of a protocol of azithromycin (10 mg/kg PO SID) with compounded atovaquone (13 mg/kg PO TID with a fatty meal) x 10 days for treatment of Babesia gibsoni in dogs?

Answer 320

* 93% of treated dogs had two negative PCR tests 30 days apart

Question 321

Efficacy of Borrelia bergdorferi vaccine in dogs in North America: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vogt et al. JVIM 2019 What is the efficacy of Lyme vaccination in dogs?

Answer 321

  Likely reduces clinical signs of lameness, anorexia, pyrexia, depression 

Question 322

Efficacy of intravenous administration of combined acid suppressants in healthy dogs. Tolbert et al. JVIM 2015. * Does combo treatment with famotidine and pantoprazole improve acid suppression compared to pantoprazole alone in healthy dogs?

Answer 322

* Nope; MP3 ~ 75% and MPT4 ~65% for combo and pantoprazole alone

Question 323

Efficacy of minocycline in naturally occurring nonacute Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs. Jenkins et al. JVIM 2018 How did the efficacy of doxycycline 10 mg/kg SID vs. minocycline 10 mg/kg BID for 28 days compare for dogs with chronic Ehrlichia canis diagnosed via PCR?

Answer 323

* 100% treatment success (negative PCR 7 days after d/c) | * Time for all dogs to become negative: 3 weeks for doxy, 4 weeks for mino

Question 324

Efficacy of minocycline in naturally occurring nonacute Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs. Jenkins et al. JVIM 2018 * How do the pharmacokinetics of minocycline and doxycycline differ?

Answer 324

* Minocycline is more lipophilic with higher tissue concentration

Question 325

Efficacy of pentamidine analogue 6 in dogs with chronic atrial fibrillation. Szatmari et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the efficacy of pentamidine analogue 6 in dogs with chronic A-fib?

Answer 325

* PA-6 couldn’t cause cardioversion to sinus rhythm

Question 326

Efficacy of radiation therapy for the treatment of sialocele in dogs. Poirier et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the most efficacious dose of radiation for recurrent (post-surgical resection) sialocele in dogs? What percentage of dogs had a complete response vs. a partial response?

Answer 326

* Dose: cumulative 20 Gy | * Complete response: 54%; partial response: 45%

Question 327

Eivers et al. JVIM 2019. Retrospective analysis of esophageal imaging features in brachycephalic vs. nonbrachycephalic dogs based on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies.  What percentage of dogs with esophageal dysmotility were brachycephalic breeds? What esophageal abnormalities were associated with brachycephaly?

Answer 327

  77% of dogs with esophageal dysmotility were brachycephalic Hiatal hernia, GERD, prolonged esophageal transit time

Question 328

Eivers et al. JVIM 2019. Retrospective analysis of esophageal imaging features in brachycephalic vs. nonbrachycephalic dogs based on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies.  What percentage of dogs with BOAS and esophageal dysmotility improved with airway corrective surgery vs. medical management?

Answer 328

  88% improved with surgery vs. 47% with medical management

Question 329

Abdominal ultrasound examination findings in 534 hyperthyroid cats referred for radioiodine treatment between 2007-2010. Nussbaum et al. JVIM 2015. * What percentage of hyperthyroid cats had concurrent disease identified on screening AUS? * In how many cats did AUS/FNA findings alter the decision to treat with I-131 therapy?

Answer 329

36.1% of cats had concurrent disease; renal disease in 23%; neoplasia in 2.4% * 96% of cats with CKD were IRIS I Lower USG and higher BUN in cats with AUS findings consistent with CKD * NSD in creatinine * 2.2% of cats did not have treatment based on results 

Question 330

Cortisol concentrations in well-regulated dogs with hyperadrenocorticism treated with trilostane. Midence et al. JVIM 2015 In dogs with HAC treated with trilostane whose post-ACTH cortisol concentrations are < 2 3-6 hours post-trilostane, how did post-ACTH cortisol concentrations 9-12 hours post-trilostane compare?

Answer 330

* Significantly higher at the 9-12 hour post pill timeframe Supports continued trilostane administration at the same dose in dogs that are clinically controlled but post-ACTH stim 3-6 hours post pill is < 2

Question 331

Cortisol Response in Healthy and Diseased Dogs after Stimulation with a Depot Formulation of Synthetic ACTH. Sieber-Ruckstuhl et al. JVIM 2015 * If you have to use the depot (slow-release, intramuscular) form of synthetic ACTH (tetracosactide 5 ug/kg IM), when should blood be drawn to measure cortisol concentrations if testing for Addison’s? For Cushing’s?

Answer 331

* Addison’s: 1 hour  * Cushing’s: 3 hours (peak cortisol levels after injection) * Stimulatory effect gone within 24 hours – wait this timeframe for additional hormone tests

Question 332

Effect of a limited iodine diet on iodine uptake by thyroid glands in hyperthyroid cats. Scott-Moncrief et al. JVIM 2015 * Effect of limited iodine diet on uptake of radioactive iodine (I-123) by the thyroid gland in hyperthyroid cats? * Did clinical signs improve?

Answer 332

Significant, variable increase in radioactive iodine uptake by the thyroid gland * Increase ranged from 38-639% All cats: * Clinical signs of hyperT4 resolved * No significant increase in body weight  * FT4 and TT4 normalized by 8-16 weeks Further studies needed to determine if iodine restricted diet changes sensitivity of thyroid gland to I-131 treatment 

Question 333

Effect of feeding an iodine-restricted diet in cats with spontaneous hyperthyroidism. Hui et al. JVIM 2015 * What percentage of hyperthyroid cats being fed an iodine-restricted diet had TT4 normalize within 180 days?

Answer 333

83% * Cats with a high TT4 at days 21-60 had higher starting TT4 * sCr actually decreased during the study period Clinical signs of hyperT4 did not all improve * Body weight and heart rate did not significantly improve * Cats with normal TT4 at end of study period had same body weight as those still with high TT4

Question 334

Evaluation of serum thyroid stimulating hormone concentration as a diagnostic test for hyperthyroidism in cats. Peterson et al. JVIM 2015 Effect of the addition of serum canine TSH to fT4 or TT4 in the accuracy of diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in cats? * Changes to sensitivity vs specificity?

Answer 334

TSH concentrations are suppressed in 98% of hyperthyroid cats * Only 2% of hyperthyroid cats had measurable TSH concentrations vs 70% of euthyroid Combining TSH with T4 or fT4: * SENSitivity decreased from 98% to 97% * SPECificity increased from 70% to 99% * TSH is highly sensitive, poorly specific for diagnosis of hyperthyroidism

Question 335

Evaluation of the cortisol-to-ACTH ratio in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism, dogs with diseases mimicking hypoadrenocorticism, and in healthy dogs. Boretti et al. JVIM 2015   * Sensitivity and specificity of the cortisol-to-ACTH ratio, baseline cortisol, plasma ACTH, and Na/K ratio to distinguish dogs with Addison’s from dogs with diseases mimicking Addison’s?

Answer 335

CAR > 0.01 (rules out Addison’s): * Sensitivity 100%; specificity 99%   Baseline cortisol > 2 (rules out Addison’s): * Sensitivity 100%; specificity 20% ACTH > 178 (confirms Addison’s): * Sensitivity 91%, specificity 99% Na/K < 24 (confirms Addison’s): * Sensitivity 56%, specificity 99%

Question 336

Evaluation of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, Total Thyroxine, and Free Thyroxine Concentrations in Hyperthyroid Cats Receiving Methimazole Treatment. Aldridge et al. JVIM 2015. * Did evaluation of free T4 in addition to TT4 and TSH identify more cats with iatrogenic hypothyroidism than TT4 and TSH alone? * Prevalence of iatrogenic hypothyroidism (low TT4 + increased TSH)? * What does measurement of TSH indicate re: azotemia?

Answer 336

No * Low Total T4 - 68% had high TSH * Low Free T4 - 73% had high TSH * 20% * Measurement of TSH may be helpful for indicating that azotemia, if present, is related to iatrogenic hypothyroidism Overall, 33% of cats had increased TSH concentrations  Normal TSH - only 18% of cats were azotemic High TSH - 39% of cats were azotemic

Question 337

Free thyroxine concentrations by equilibrium dialysis and chemiluminescent immunoassays in 13 hypothyroid dogs positive for thyroglobulin antibody. Randolph et al. JVIM 2015. * Considerations for use of chemiluminescent assay (CLIA) free T4 vs. equilibrium dialysis (ED) free T4 for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs?

Answer 337

CLIA false negatives: * 25-38% of hypothyroid dogs with thyroglobulin antibodies had FT4 within or above ref range on chemiluminescent assay (CLIA); use caution   * Sensitivity of EDFT4 was 75% (versus 62%)

Question 338

Incidence of diabetes mellitus in insured Swedish cats in relation to age, breed, and sex. Ohlund et al. JVIM 2015 * Signalment predispositions for diabetes mellitus?

Answer 338

* Male cats had 2x incidence of female cats (not in Burmese breed) High risk breeds: domestic cats at higher risk than pure-breed cats * Burmese, Russian Blue, Norwegian Forest cat, Abyssinian * Mean age at diagnosis was 10 years

Question 339

Insulin-Like Growth Factor—Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase Signaling in Canine Cortisol-Secreting Adrenocortical Tumors. Kool et al. JVIM 2015. * What gene expression was increased in adrenal tumors vs. normal adrenal glands? What might serve as prognostic markers?

Answer 339

ERBB2 expression higher in adrenal carcinomas * Inhibitor of differentiation 1 and 2 (ID1 and ID2) were increased in carcinomas that recurred within 2.5 years Conclusion: * ID1 and ID2 might be valuable as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets * ERBB2 may represent promising therapeutic target

Question 340

Pasireotide for the medical management of feline hypersomatotropism. Scudder et al. JVIM 2015. * Effect of short-acting pasireotide (0.03 mg/kg SC q12) in diabetic cats with hypersomatotropism?

Answer 340

* Decreased IGF-1 (day 1 to day 5), decreased insulin dose, increased insulin sensitivity * No clinically relavent adverse effects in the 5 day study period

Question 341

Treatment of ionized hypercalcemia in 12 cats (2006-2008) using PO-administered alendronate. Hardy et al. JVIM 2015 * Efficacy of alendronate 5-20 mg/cat (dose adjusted based on iCa) in treating idiopathic hypercalcemia in cats?

Answer 341

Significant iCa decrease with treatment: * Decrease of 13%, 16%, and 18% at 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment * No adverse effects reported

Question 342

Urinary and Plasma Catecholamines and Metanephrines in Dogs with Pheochromocytoma, Hypercortisolism, Nonadrenal Disease and in Healthy Dogs. Salesov et al. JVIM 2015 * Preferred biochemical test to distinguish dogs with pheochromocytoma from dogs with Cushing’s and healthy controls?

Answer 342

Normetanephrine preferred biochemical test * Urine normetanephrine : creatinine had no overlapping results (BEST) * Plasma normetanephrine overlapped in only one dog with PC (out of 7) * Lots of overlap with epinephrine, norepinephrine between groups in urine and plasma

Question 343

Engel et al. JVIM 2019. Effectiveness of imepitoin fo the control of anxiety and fear associated with noise phobia in dogs.  Did it work?

Answer 343

  Yes; owners 4.7x more likely to say it had an excellent overall treatment effect than placebo

Question 344

Environmental risk factors for diabetes mellitus in cats. Ohlund et al. JVIM 2017. * What behavioral and dietary factors were associated with development of diabetes mellitus in cats?

Answer 344

* Indoor only, “greedy eater”, overweight, and eating primarily dry food (in normal weight cats)

Question 345

EPIC study. Boswood et al. JVIM 2016. * What was the median time to CHF, cardiac death, or euthanasia in pimobendan treated dogs with preclinical MMVD vs. placebo? Hazard ratio? MST?

Answer 345

* Time to endpoint: 1228 days in the treated group; 766 days in the placebo group * HR 0.64 in pimo group * MST 1059d in pimo vs. 902 in placebo

Question 346

EPIC study. Boswood et al. JVIM 2016. * Aside from pimobendan treatment, what other factors were associated with time to primary endpoint in the EPIC study?

Answer 346

Cardiac size Echo: Increased fractional shortening, LVIDDN, LA:Ao à worse outcome * Increased FS might result in worse regurgitation * Without echo: higher HR, lower SBP, higher VHS à worse outcome * Decreased appetite

Question 347

EPIC study. Boswood et al. JVIM 2018. * What three heart size parameters significantly decreased within 35 days of pimobendan therapy vs. placebo in dogs with MMVD? Functional parameters? Did this affect outcome?

Answer 347

* Normalized left ventricular inner diameter at end systole & end diastole; LA:Ao * Increased fractional shortening in the pimo group * Decreasing heart size lengthened time to primary endpoint (CHF or cardiac death)

Question 348

EPIC study. Boswood et al. JVIM 2018. * What clinicopathologic variables changed as dogs entered CHF?

Answer 348

* Creatinine, ALT increased; TP decreased

Question 349

Epidemiology of DM among 193,435 cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England. O’Neill et al. JVIM 2016 * Prevalence and risk factors for DM development in UK cats?

Answer 349

* Prevalence 0.58% * Breeds: Tonkinese, Norwegian Forest, Burmese cats at increased risk * BW > 4 kg, age > 6 years, being insured * No association with sex

Question 350

European veterinary renal pathology service: a survey over a 7-year period (2008-2015). Aresu et al. JVIM 2017. * What category of glomerular disease had higher protein loss (lower albumin, higher UPC) in dogs? What clinicopathologic variables could distinguish different disease categories?

Answer 350

ICGN had lower albumin & higher UPC than non-ICGN or unspecified disease * Particularly membranoproliferative ICGN * Amyloid also had low albumin vs. other disease categories CPC values couldn’t distinguish disease categories due to significant overlap b/w groups * ICGN had higher med BUN than non-ICGN

Question 351

European veterinary renal pathology service: a survey over a 7-year period (2008-2015). Aresu et al. JVIM 2017. * The addition of transmission electron microscopy changed the final diagnosis in what proportion of dogs?

Answer 351

* 46/162 dogs (28%)

Question 352

European veterinary renal pathology service: a survey over a 7-year period (2008-2015). Aresu et al. JVIM 2017. * What proportion of dogs undergoing renal biopsy were diagnosed as having ICGN? Non?

Answer 352

* ICGN 51% | * Non-ICGN 36%

Question 353

Evaluating quality and adequacy of GI samples collected using reusable or disposable forceps. Cartwright et al. JVIM 2016 * What were the findings?

Answer 353

* No difference in adequacy, depth, villi number, or crush artifact in stomach, duodenum, ileum, or colon with 10-15 uses of reusable forceps.

Question 354

Evaluation and diagnostic potential of serum ghrelin in feline hypersomatotropism and diabetes mellitus. Jensen et al. JVIM 2015. * Differences in ghrelin between cats with diabetes, hypersomatotropism and diabetes, and healthy controls? Effect of radiation therapy in the hypersomatotropism/diabetes group?

Answer 354

* Lower ghrelin in cats with DM & HSDM vs. controls; NSD b/w DM & HSDM RT -> ghrelin increased in HSDM cats & no longer different from controls * No effect of RT on serum IGF-1 levels despite decreased fructosamine and insulin dose in treated cats

Question 355

Evaluation of 3 serological tests for early detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in experimentally-infected dogs. Lizer et al. JVIM 2018.   * What serovars were dogs experimentally infected with in this study?

Answer 355

* Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Icterohemorragiae, Canicola

Question 356

Evaluation of 3 serological tests for early detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in experimentally-infected dogs. Lizer et al. JVIM 2018. * What major differences exist in the substances that the SNAP and WITNESS tests look for in dogs?

Answer 356

* WITNESS: IgM specific & antibodies for multiple Lepto epitopes; IgM is produced 4-6 days post infection & disappears w/in a few months, only transiently produced post-vaccination * SNAP: not IgM specific & only antibodies for LIPL32 outer membrane protein; may be positive in vaccinated or previously-exposed dogs

Question 357

Evaluation of 3 serological tests for early detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in experimentally-infected dogs. Lizer et al. JVIM 2018. * How did the performance of the WITNESS, SNAP, and MAT lepto antibody tests compare at day 7 post-inoculation? Day 10?

Answer 357

WITNESS: day 7 à 100% sensitive for Gryppotyphosa, Canicola, Pomona; 50% in Icterohemorrhagiae; positive in 87.5% of dogs overall * Day 10 à 100% sensitive in all dogs for all serovars * MAT: day 7 à positive in 66% of dogs; day 10 à positive in 100% * SNAP: positive in only 1 dog overall at day 7; 3 dogs at day 10; never positive for any dog infected with Canicola serovar

Question 358

Evaluation of 3 serological tests for early detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in experimentally-infected dogs. Lizer et al. JVIM 2018. * Can MAT reliably identify the infecting serogroup?

Answer 358

* No; high cross-reactivity for all serovars except Hardjo

Question 359

Evaluation of 3 serological tests for early detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in experimentally-infected dogs. Lizer et al. JVIM 2018. * What is the recommendation for testing for WITNESS negative dogs in which Lepto is strongly suspected?

Answer 359

* Retest with WITNESS and additional confirmatory test in 3-7 days

Question 360

Evaluation of a high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay compared to a first‐generation cardiac troponin I assay in Doberman Pinschers with and without dilated cardiomyopathy. Kluser et al. JVIM 2019. * How did the performance of the high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay compare with the conventional assay for the diagnosis of DCM in Doberman Pinschers?

Answer 360

* High sensitivity & conventional assays had similar test performances * HS test was better at identifying Dobermans who were “normal” but would develop DCM within 1.5 years

Question 361

Evaluation of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations for the diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs. Gold et al. JVIM 2016. What was the sensitivity and specificity of a cutoff of 0.8 ug/dL (< positive, > negative) for diagnosis of Addison’s in dogs? 2.0 ug/dL? What cutoff point resulted in a 99.1% specificity for Addison’s?

Answer 361

* 0.8: sens 97%, spec 95.7% (max’ed sens & spec) * 2.0: sens 99.4%, spec 67% * Cut point of 0.19 resulted in 99.1% specificity & 82% sens

Question 362

Evaluation of Body Weight, Body Condition, and Muscle Condition in Cats with Hyperthyroidism. Peterson et al. JVIM 2017. * What percentage of cats with untreated hyperthyroidism had low BCS? Loss of muscle mass? How did treatment change BCS and muscle mass?

Answer 362

* 35% low BCS, 77% decreased muscle mass prior to treatment Treatment -> increased BW (4 to 5 kg), BCS (3 to 3.5), MCS (2/3 to 3/3) * 45% of treated cats had persistent mild-mod muscle wasting (3-12 months post)

Question 363

Evaluation of canine pancreas-specific lipase activity, lipase activity, and trypsin-like immunoreactivity in an experimental model of acute kidney injury in dogs. Hulsebosch et al. JVIM 2016 * Correlation of spec CPL, serum lipase, and TLI with creatinine in dogs with experimental (gentamicin) induced AKI?

Answer 363

* None correlated; spec CPL only increased in 12% of samples

Question 364

Evaluation of cell culture-grown Bartonella antigens in immunofluorescent antibody assays for the serological diagnosis of bartonellosis in dogs. Neupane et al. JVIM 2018. An immunofluorescent assay using 8 cell culture grown Bartonella spp. isolate antigens was recently developed. What percentage of Bartonella PCR positive dogs were seroreactive to any of these 8 Bartonella IFA antigens? * What percentage of PCR/traditional IFA negative dogs were positive on the expanded IFA

Answer 364

* 62% (low sensitivity) | * 15%

Question 365

Evaluation of cell culture-grown Bartonella antigens in immunofluorescent antibody assays for the serological diagnosis of bartonellosis in dogs. Neupane et al. JVIM 2018. What Bartonella species were seroreactive dogs most likely seroreactive to?

Answer 365

Bartonella quintana and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. Berkhoffii II or both

Question 366

Evaluation of cystatin C for the detection of chronic kidney disease in cats. Ghys et al. JVIM 2016. * Is urine cystatin C a reliable marker for reduced GFR in cats?

Answer 366

No; only 22% sensitive (but 100% specific) for reduced GFR * Vs. creatinine 83% sensitive, 93% specific * Only 35/49 cats with reduced GFR had detectable uCysC levels

Question 367

Evaluation of gastric pH and serum gastrin concentrations in cats with CKD. Tolbert et al. JVIM 2017 * How did serum gastrin levels and intragastric pH compare between cats with CKD and healthy controls?

Answer 367

* NSD between gastrin levels in CKD cats vs. controls | * NSD in mean intragastric pH over 12 hours of continuous pH monitoring (1.6 vs. 1.8)

Question 368

Evaluation of hepatic tumor portal perfusion using mesenteric angiography: A pilot study in 5 dogs. Goode et al. jvim 2019 * What vessel supplies the majority of the blood flow to hepatic tumors when assessed via mesenteric angiography?

Answer 368

* Hepatic artery > portal vein

Question 369

Evaluation of individual low-dose dexamethasone suppression test patterns in naturally-occurring hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Bennaim et al. JVIM 2018. * What were the sensitivity and specificity of the LDDS overall for diagnosis of canine HAC? What patterns were most specific for HAC?

Answer 369

* Sensitivity 97%, specificity 67%; lack of suppression pattern had the highest PPV

Question 370

Evaluation of individual low-dose dexamethasone suppression test patterns in naturally-occurring hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Bennaim et al. JVIM 2018. * What were the classifications for LDDST pattern type? Which are considered “positive” for Cushing’s based on these study results?

Answer 370

Complete suppression: T4 and T8 both < 1 ug/dl (negative) Lack of suppression: Neither < 1, neither < 50% (positive) Partial suppression: Neither < 1, either < 50% (positive) Escape: T4 < 1, T8 > 1 (unclear; base Dx on other factors) Inverse: T4 > 1, T8 < 1 (unclear, base Dx on other factors) * PPV 40%

Question 371

Evaluation of iron deficiency using reticulocyte indices in dogs enrolled in a blood donor program. Foy et al. JVIM 2015   Differences in RBC indices, reticulocyte indices, and iron panel findings in blood donor dogs who gave blood > 6 x in 12 months vs. healthy controls?

Answer 371

* RBC indices: lower PCV (47%), HCT (46.4%) in donors; NSD in MCV, MCHC * Retic indices: lower retic count (16k), retic MCV, retic MCHC in donors * Iron panel: NSD in iron and ferritin; TIBC higher in controls

Question 372

Evaluation of point‐of‐care thoracic ultrasound and NT‐proBNP for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in cats with respiratory distress. Ward et al. JVIM 2018 * What findings on point of care lung and cardiac ultrasound were useful in the diagnosis of CHF in cats with respiratory distress?

Answer 372

* > 1 site strongly positive for more than 3 B-lines (78.8% sensitive, 83.3% specific) * Subjective LA enlargement (97% sensitive, 100% specific) * Pericardial effusion 100% specific, 61% sensitive

Question 373

Evaluation of point‐of‐care thoracic ultrasound and NT‐proBNP for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in cats with respiratory distress. Ward et al. JVIM 2018 * What was the sensitivity and specificity of NT-pro-BNP for diagnosis of CHF in cats with respiratory distress

Answer 373

* 94% sensitive, 72% specific

Question 374

Evaluation of potential serum biomarkers of hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity in dogs with liver disease. Raghu et al. JVIM 2018. * What were the diagnostic utility of serum IL-6, chemokine ligand 2, CRP, and AST:ALT ratio in detecting dogs with high hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammatory scores?

Answer 374

* IL 6 was higher in dogs with high vs. low fibrosis scores, but lots of overlap * CCL2 significantly higher in dogs with high necroinflammatory scores, but lots of overlap * CRP, AST:ALT not significantly different based on fibrosis or necroinflammatory scores

Question 375

Evaluation of renal perfusion in hyperthyroid cats before and after radioiodine treatment. Stock et al. JVIM 2017. * What general changes in contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation of renal perfusion were noted in cats before and one month after I-131 treatment?

Answer 375

* Higher cortical and medullary blood velocity pre-treatment | * Higher medullary blood volume pre-treatment

Question 376

Evaluation of serum 3-bromotyrosine concentrations in dogs with steroid-responsive diarrhea and food-responsive diarrhea. Sattasathuchana et al. JVIM 2017. * What associations were identified between peripheral eosinophil counts, serum 3-bromotyrosine, and type of diarrhea in dogs? How did 3-BrY correlate with clinical score

Answer 376

* No association b/w peripheral eosinophilia and FRD, SRD * No association b/w peripheral eosinophilia and serum 3-BrY * 3-BrY higher in SRE (3.27) than FRE (0.99); higher in FRE than controls (0.62) * No correlation b/w 3-BrY and clinical score

Question 377

Evaluation of serum aspergillus-specific IgA by indirect ELISA for diagnosis of feline upper respiratory tract aspergillosis. Taylor et al. JVIM 2016 * Was the addition of a test for anti-Aspergillus IgA antibodies via ELISA clinically useful compared to measurement of IgG alone?

Answer 377

* No; combined IgA and IgG sensitivity 100%, Sp 91.4% (not better than IgG alone)

Question 378

Evaluation of serum aspergillus-specific IgA by indirect ELISA for diagnosis of feline upper respiratory tract aspergillosis. Taylor et al. JVIM 2016 Sensitivity and specificity of IgG ELISA for detection of upper respiratory aspergillosis in cats?

Answer 378

  * Sens 100%, spec 92%

Question 379

Evaluation of serum SDMA as a marker for masked chronic kidney disease in cats with hyperthyroidism. Peterson et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the sensitivity and specificity of pre-I-131 SDMA for detecting a creatinine greater than 2.1 developing after treatment

Answer 379

* Sensitivity 33%; specificity 97%

Question 380

Evaluation of serum SDMA as a marker for masked chronic kidney disease in cats with hyperthyroidism. Peterson et al. JVIM 2018. * What percentage of cats developed creatinine > 2.1 after I-131 therapy in this study? How long after?

Answer 380

* 16% | * Median 6 months; max 8 months post

Question 381

Evaluation of serum thymidine kinase 1 activity as a biomarker for treatment effectiveness and prediction of relapse in dogs with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. JVM 2019 * What was the sensitivity and specificity of serum thymidine kinase 1 > 119.5 Du/L for detection of incomplete response in dogs with non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

Answer 381

* Sensitivity 76%; specificity 100%

Question 382

Evaluation of serum thymidine kinase 1 activity as a biomarker for treatment effectiveness and prediction of relapse in dogs with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. JVM 2019 * What was the sensitivity and specificity of serum thymidine kinase 5x increase at detecting relapse in dogs with complete remission of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

Answer 382

* Sensitivity 50%; specificity 94%

Question 383

Evaluation of the effect of orally administered acid suppressants on intragastric pH in cats. Parkinson et al. JVIM 2015 * Comparison of effect of fractionated omeprazole tablets, omeprazole reformulated paste, and famotidine tablets on intragastric pH in cats?

Answer 383

* Both omeprazole formulations were better than famotidine, placebo * Fractionation of the enteric coated omeprazole tablet did not reduce efficacy

Question 384

Evaluation of the live biotherapeutic product, asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli 2-12, in healthy dogs and dogs with clinical recurrent UTI. Segev et al. JVIM 2018. Out of 9 dogs with recurrent UTI, how many had complete or nearly complete clinical cures by 14 days after instillation of the E. coli therapeutic? How many had microbiological cure?

Answer 384

* 4/9 had complete or nearly complete clinical cure 3/9 had microbiological cure at day 14; one had MC at day 7 but asymptomatic bacteriuria with the therapeutic Ecoli strain at day 14 * 3 of these dogs had electrophoresis identification of the therapeutic E coli strain at day 14 even though they cultured negative

Question 385

Evaluation of weight change during carboplatin therapy in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma. Story et al. JVIM 2017. * What change in weight was identified during treatment? What factors impacted survival?

Answer 385

* NSD in weight over the course of treatment | * No factors impacted survival, including weight, sex, ALP

Question 386

Evaluation of weight loss over time in cats with CKD. Freeman et al. JVIM 2017. * What percentage of body weight was lost in the 12 months prior to CKD diagnosis? When did weight loss start relative to CKD diagnosis?

Answer 386

* Cats lost 8.9% body weight in 12 months prior to diagnosis à accelerated after Dx * Weight loss started 3 years prior to CKD diagnosis

Question 387

Evaluation of weight loss over time in cats with CKD. Freeman et al. JVIM 2017. * What effect did body weight have on survival in cats with CKD?

Answer 387

Cats < 4.2 kg at diagnosis survived shorter than cats > 4.2 kg

Question 388

* Explain the interaction between serum iron, total iron binding capacity, ferritin, transferrin?

Answer 388

* Serum iron = iron in blood bound to transferrin * Transferrin = binding protein for iron so it can’t act as a free radical Total iron binding capacity = surrogate for transferrin + apotransferrin * % saturation = serum iron/TIBC * Ferritin = intracellular but accessible storage form of iron (hemosiderin not accessible)

Question 389

Expression of Apoptosis‐regulating Proteins Bcl‐2 and Bax in Lymph Node Aspirates from Dogs with Lymphoma. Meichner et al. JVIM 2016. * Was the apoptosis resistance marker ratio Bcl-2/Bax highest in lymph node aspirates from dogs with T or B cell lymphoma?

Answer 389

* T cell

Question 390

Fabres et al. JVIM 2019. Development and validation of a novel clinical scoring system for short-term prediction of death in dogs with acute pancreatitis.  What risk factors for death within 30 days of hospital admission were identified in dogs with pancreatitis?  What was the death rate within that time frame?

Answer 390

  SIRS, coagulopathy, increased creatinine, ionized hypocalcemia 33% death rate in 30 days

Question 391

Factors affecting platelet concentration in platelet concentrates from canine blood donors. Raleigh et al. JVIM 2017. * What donor factors were associated with platelet concentrate platelet counts in dogs?

Answer 391

* Predonation platelet count, lipemic index, phosphorus all positively associated

Question 392

Factors associated with survival in dogs with chronic kidney disease. Rudinsky et al. JVIM 2018. * What physical examination and CPC factors were associated with an increased hazard ratio for death in dogs with chronic kidney disease.

Answer 392

Physical exam: BCS < 4/9, muscle atrophy * CPC: increased creat, phosphorus, calcium x phosphorus, FGF-23, UPC

Question 393

Factors associated with survival in dogs with chronic kidney disease. Rudinsky et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the median survival time of dogs with IRIS II, III, and IV CKD in this study.

Answer 393

* II: 15 months * III: 11 months * IV: 2 months

Question 394

Factors influencing the relationship between the dose of amlodipine required for blood pressure control and change in blood pressure in hypertensive cats. Bijsmans et al. JVIM 2016. * What factors influenced the decrease in SBP seen in hypertensive cats prescribed amlodipine at 0.625 or 1.25 mg/cat?

Answer 394

Cats that required a higher amlodipine dose had higher SBP at diagnosis (180 vs 200) * Also had lower potassium -> RAAS activation higher in high-dose group? SBP decrease associated with the SBP at diagnosis and plasma amlodipine concentration * Not associated with body weight, BUN/creat, Na, Cl, chol, tCa, P, alb, USG

Question 395

Comparison of 2 doses for ACTH stimulation testing in dogs suspected of or treated for hyperadrenocorticism. Aldridge et al. JVIM 2016. * When can a 1 ug/kg dose of IV cosyntropin be used in ACTH stimulation testing in dogs treated for or suspected of having Cushing’s?

Answer 395

* 1 ug/kg and 5 ug/kg doses equivalent in treated dogs * 1 ug/kg clinical interpretation differed from 5 ug/kg clinical interpretation in 23% of dogs suspected of having Cushing’s

Question 396

Fasting urinary calcium-to-creatinine and oxalate-to-creatinine ratios in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis and breed-matched controls. Furrow et al. JVIM 2015. * How did urinary calcium and oxalate excretion compare between stone-formers in predisposed breeds vs. non-stone formers? Dogs on dietary therapy vs. not? Blood ionized calcium?

Answer 396

* uCa/uCr higher in stone formers for all three breeds (Mini Schnauzer, Shih Tzu, Bichon) * uOxalate/uCr not different in any breed * Dogs on dietary therapy had higher uCa/uCr than those not on dietary therapy * Blood iCa higher in stone-formers than non in Mini Schnauzer and Bichon

Question 397

Fecal microbiota transplantation in puppies with canine parvovirus infection. Pereira et al. JVIM 2018. * What effect did fecal transplantation have on outcome for puppies infected with parvo?

Answer 397

* No effect on mortality (36% vs 21%) | * Shorter hospitalization times in FMT dogs (3 days vs. 6 days)

Question 398

Feline cystinuria caused by a missense mutation in the SLC3A1 gene. Mizukami et al. JVIM 2015. * Genetic defect associated with cystine stone formation in the cat?

Answer 398

* Missense mutation -> arginine-tryptophan substitution at highly conserved region of the rBAT protein (a subunit of the COLA transporter in the kidney) in SLC3A1 gene

Question 399

Feline differential leukocyte count with ProCyte Dx: frequency and severity of a neutrophil-lymphocyte error and how to avoid it? * What percentage of feline blood samples evaluated via ProCyte had a neutrophil-lymphocyte error? What was the error? Could the error flag reliably detect that the numbers should be rejected?

Answer 399

* 13% of feline blood samples * Increased lymphocyte % and decreased neutrophil % * No – have to look at the dot plot

Question 400

Feline exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: A retrospective study of 150 cases. Xenoulis et al. JVIM 2016. * Median age of cats with EPI? What percentage were hypocobalaminemic? Hypo/hyperfolatemic?

Answer 400

* Med age 7.7 years | * 77% hypocobalaminemic; 5% hypo but 47% hyperfolatemic

Question 401

Feline exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: A retrospective study of 150 cases. Xenoulis et al. JVIM 2016. * Clinical signs seen in cats with EPI?

Answer 401

* Weight loss – 91% * Unformed feces – 62%; watery diarrhea - 28% * Appetite changes: anorexia in 45%, increased appetite in 42% * Vomiting – 19%

Question 402

Feline exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: A retrospective study of 150 cases. Xenoulis et al. JVIM 2016. * Overall treatment response (good, partial, poor)? Factors associated with positive response?

Answer 402

* 60% good, 27% partial, 13% poor TLI < 4 ug/L associated with positive response * Cobalamin supplementation improved response to treatment

Question 403

Fibroblast growth factor 23 concentrations in dogs with CKD. Harjes et al. JVIM 2017. * What differences in plasma FGF-23 concentrations were identified in dogs with increasing IRIS CKD stage? What associations were identified between FGF-23 and serum creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, and PTH?

Answer 403

* FGF-23 was significantly higher in dogs with 3-4 CKD vs. 1-2 (2302 & 7733 vs. 338 & 336) * Strong positive correlation b/w FGF-23 and creatinine, FGF-23 and PTH * Moderate positive correlation b/w FGF-23 and phosphorus * No correlation b/w FGF-23 and total or ionized calcium * Creatinine, phosphorus were independent predictors of FGF-23

Question 404

Fluoroscopic estimation of thoracic dimensional changes in healthy dogs. Chan et al. JVIM 2017 * What imaging modality allowed a non-invasive and repeatable measure of lung area changes in healthy dogs with respiration? What patient parameter must be taken into account to determine reference ranges for this modality?

Answer 404

* Fluoroscopy à % change in thoracic dimension | * Body weight

Question 405

Focal epilepsy with fear-related behavior as the primary presentation in Boerboel dogs. Stassen et al. JVIM 2019.  What are the major signs associated with focal epilepsy with fear related behavior in Boerboel dogs? Histopath changes in the brain? Mode of inheritance?

Answer 405

* Signs: howling, trembling, fearful expression, autonomic and motor signs (3 mo onset) * Histopath: vacuolated neurons in deeper cortical regions * Mode of inheritance: likely autosomal recessive

Question 406

Fox et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term incidence and risk of non-cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.  What effect does preclinical HCM have on survival time, non-cardiac mortality, cardiac mortality, and all-cause mortality in cats?

Answer 406

  Decreased median survival time Increased cardiac & all-cause mortality  No effect on non-cardiac mortality

Question 407

Fox et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term incidence and risk of non-cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.  What were the two most common causes of non-cardiac mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical HCM?

Answer 407

  CKD Neoplasia

Question 408

Fractional excretion of electrolytes in volume-responsive and intrinsic acute kidney injury in dogs: diagnostic and prognostic implications. Troia et al. JVIM 2018 * How did the fractional excretion of various electrolytes differ between dogs with volume-responsive AKI vs. intrinsic AKI? Between survivors and non?

Answer 408

Intrinsic had higher FE Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, P, glucose than vol-resp * Ca, K, uCr/sCr performed well as distinguishing tests * Survivors had lower Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, glucose

Question 409

Fractional excretion of electrolytes in volume-responsive and intrinsic acute kidney injury in dogs: diagnostic and prognostic implications. Troia et al. JVIM 2018   * What risk factors for death were identified in a recent study comparing fractional excretion of electrolytes in dogs with volume-responsive vs. intrinsic AKI?

Answer 409

* Increasing IRIS AKI grade, FE electrolytes, UOP | * Lower frequency of death in dogs with volume-responsive vs. intrinsic AKI

Question 410

Francey et al. JVIM 2019. Membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs: prescription, anticoagulation, and metabolic response.  What clinicopathologic changes were noted in dogs receiving membrane-based TPE treatments?

Answer 410

  Decreased TP (by 25%), fibrinogen (53%), bilirubin (36%), BUN (9%), creatinine (4.5%)

Question 411

Francey et al. JVIM 2019. Membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs: prescription, anticoagulation, and metabolic response.  What organ dysfunction was associated with citrate accumulation?

Answer 411

  Renal impairment > hepatic impairment

Question 412

Francey et al. JVIM 2019. Membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs: prescription, anticoagulation, and metabolic response.  What was the complication rate in dogs receiving membrane-based TPE treatments?

Answer 412

  34%; 2 fatal complications

Question 413

Frequency and severity of neutropenia associated with food and drug administration approved and compounded formulations of lomustine in dogs with cancer. Burton et al. JVIM 2016 * Mechanism of action of lomustine as a chemotherapeutic agent? Toxicity? Neutropenia nadir?

Answer 413

* Alkylating agent -> causes crosslinking of tumor DNA, inactivates DNA synth -> cell death * Hepatotoxicity (chronic irreversible liver failure) * 1 wk nadir for neutropenia

Question 414

Frequency and severity of neutropenia associated with food and drug administration approved and compounded formulations of lomustine in dogs with cancer. Burton et al. JVIM 2016 * Potency of compounded lomustine compared with label concentration?

Answer 414

* 50-110%; only 1 sample from 5 compounding pharmacies within 10% of label concentration

Question 415

Functional phenotype and its correlation with therapeutic response and inflammatory type of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in feline lower airway disease. Lin et al. JVIM 2015 * What flow-volume loop index cutoff identifies cats with lower airway disease vs. normal cats? What flow-volume loop indices improved after treatment in cats with feline lower airway disease?

Answer 415

Peak expiratory flow/expiratory flow at 50% volume > 1.51 (sens 75%, spec 100%) * “PEF/EF50” * Cats with lower airway disease more likely to have a concave expiratory flow/volume loop

Question 416

Functional phenotype and its correlation with therapeutic response and inflammatory type of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in feline lower airway disease. Lin et al. JVIM 2015 * What flow-volume loop index cutoff identifies cats with lower airway disease vs. normal cats? What flow-volume loop indices improved after treatment in cats with feline lower airway disease?

Answer 416

Peak expiratory flow/expiratory flow at 50% volume > 1.51 (sens 75%, spec 100%) * “PEF/EF50” * Cats with lower airway disease more likely to have a concave expiratory flow/volume loop; flow is limited in mid-expiration vs. control cats * PEF/EF50 and PEF/EF25 decreased after treatment

Question 417

Functional phenotype and its correlation with therapeutic response and inflammatory type of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in feline lower airway disease. Lin et al. JVIM 2015 * Could flow/volume loop indices distinguish cats that had eosinophilic vs. non-eosinophilic inflammation in their lower airways? Correlation b/w indices and inflammation?

Answer 417

* Could not distinguish * PEF/EF25 strongly correlated with BALF granulocyte % (not neuts or eos alone) * PEF/EF50 moderately correlated with granulocyte %

Question 418

Gallbladder agenesis in 17 dogs: 2006-2016. Sato et al. Jvim 2018 * What was the most common dog breed affected by gallbladder agenesis? What histopathological abnormality was identified in the majority of dogs?

Answer 418

* Chihuahua | * Ductal plate malformation

Question 419

Gallbladder mucocele: variables associated with outcome and the utility of ultrasonography to identify gallbladder rupture in 219 dogs (2007-2016). Jaffey et al. JVIM 2018.   * What percentage of dogs with intraoperative & histopath confirmation of gallbladder mucocele did not have mucocele identified on ultrasound?

Answer 419

* 20%

Question 420

Gallbladder mucocele: variables associated with outcome and the utility of ultrasonography to identify gallbladder rupture in 219 dogs (2007-2016). Jaffey et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratio of ultrasound to detect gallbladder rupture in dogs with gall bladder mucocele?

Answer 420

* Sensitivity 56% * Specificity 92% * Positive likelihood ratio: 6.74 (dog is 6.7x more likely to have AUS evidence of rupture if it has GBM + rupture than if not) * Negative likelihood ratio: 0.44 (lack of AUS evidence of rupture is 0.44x as likely in a dog with GBM+ rupture than without)

Question 421

Gallbladder mucocele: variables associated with outcome and the utility of ultrasonography to identify gallbladder rupture in 219 dogs (2007-2016). Jaffey et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the perioperative mortality rate in this study, and what factors did/did not influence survival?

Answer 421

* 17.4% perioperative mortality rate * Dogs with GBM and rupture w/ bile peritonitis 2.7x more likely to die than dogs w/o rupture and bile peritonitis * Pre and intraoperative antibiotic administration, bacteriologic culture positivity not associated with survival (but most dogs received antibiotics prior to culture) * Time between ultrasonographic Dx of GBM or rupture and surgery did not affect survival

Question 422

Gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in meningiomas of dogs. Mandara et al. JVIM 2017. * What changes in matrix metalloproteinase and TIMP expression were noted in papillary meningioma vs. other meningioma grades?

Answer 422

* Papillary had higher MMP2 expression than all other grades * Papillary had higher TIMP expression than grades 1, 3 * Papillary had 3.5x higher MMP/TIMP ratio

Question 423

Glaus et al. JVIM 2019. Efficacy of long-term oral telmisartan treatment in cats with hypertension: results of a prospective European clinical trial.  What was the effect of telmisartan 2 mg/kg PO SID on hypertensive cats after 28 days? After 120 days?

Answer 423

  Mean 25 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure at day 28; maintained for 120 days 52% of cats had SBP < 150 mmHg at 28 days; 60% at 120 days  

Question 424

Glaus et al. JVIM 2019. Efficacy of long-term oral telmisartan treatment in cats with hypertension: results of a prospective European clinical trial.  How did response to telmisartan 2 mg/kg PO SID differ between cats with moderate (160-180) vs. severe (180-200) hypertension?

Answer 424

  NSD in mean group reduction in SBP between moderate & severe hypertensive cats

Question 425

Glomerular filtration rate, urine production, and fractional clearance of electrolytes in AKI in dogs and their association with survival. Brown et al. JVIM 2015. * What differences existed between survivors and nonsurvivors?

Answer 425

* NSD in initial GFR, but GFR increased significantly over time in survivors * Fractional clearance of sodium decreased significantly over time in survivors (20 -> 9%)

Question 426

Glomerular filtration rate, urine production, and fractional clearance of electrolytes in AKI in dogs and their association with survival. Brown et al. JVIM 2015. * Equations for fractional clearance, clearance, and excretion ratio?

Answer 426

FCNa = clearance of sodium / clearance of creatinine (timed collection) * Clearance = urine concentration x urine flow rate / plasma concentration (timed collection) ERx = (Ux/Ucr) / (Px/Pcr) (based on spot urine & blood collection) * Highly associated with fractional clearance; can likely be used as surrogate

Question 427

Glucose concentrations after insulin-induced hypoglycemia and glycemic variability in healthy and diabetic cats. Zini et al. JVIM 2018. * After an episode of insulin-induced hypoglycemia, how did glycemic variability differ between healthy cats and cats with DM? What factors increased glycemic variability after an episode?

Answer 427

* DM cats had larger glycemic variability (bigger standard deviation in BG) * Higher insulin dose, higher fructosamine, less frequency remission à higher variability

Question 428

Glutatione S-transferase theta genotypes and environmental exposures in the risk of canine transitional cell carcinoma. Luethcke et al. JVIM 2019 * What environmental exposures were positively and negatively associated with TCC?

Answer 428

* Positive: household insecticide use | * Negative: proximity to a farm

Question 429

Glutatione S-transferase theta genotypes and environmental exposures in the risk of canine transitional cell carcinoma. Luethcke et al. JVIM 2019   * What effect does genetic variation in the glutathione S transferase-theta gene have on TCC development in Scottish Terriers? In non-Scottish terriers with TCC?

Answer 429

* Genetic variants in GST-theta underrepresented in Scottish Terriers * No difference in GST-theta variants in dogs with TCC vs. unaffected

Question 430

Glycemic status and predictors of relapse for diabetic cats in remission. Gottlieb et al. JVIM 2015 * What percentage of diabetic cats in remission have impaired glucose tolerance? Risk factors for relapse?

Answer 430

* 76% had impaired glucose tolerance Fasting BG > 135, and severely impaired glucose tolerance (> 5 hrs to return to BG < 117) associated with relapse * BG > 252 at hour 3 of glucose tolerance test associated with relapse

Question 431

Golly et al. JVIM 2019. The frequency of oral famotidine administration influences its effect on gastric pH in cats over time.  What was the effect of q12 administration of therapeutic doses of famotidine to cats daily vs. every other day on intragastric pH? Serum gastrin levels? Was rebound hyperacidity noted

Answer 431

  Daily administration led to decreasing efficacy (decreased intragastric pH and decreased mean percentage time pH was above 3 and 4) with time EOD administration did not result in changes in efficacy with time No effect was seen on serum gastrin levels in the daily or EOD groups Rebound hyperacidity was not noted in either group

Question 432

Golly et al. JVIM 2019. The frequency of oral famotidine administration influences its effect on gastric pH in cats over time.  What was the range of mean percentage time that intragastric pH was greater than 3 in cats with EOD famotidine administration?

Answer 432

  40-50% on "on days" Much lower on "off days"

Question 433

Grobman et al. JVIM 2019. Mechanical dilation, botulinum toxin A injection, and surgical myotomy with fundoplication for treatment of lower esophageal achalasia-like syndrome in dogs.  What was the effect of dilation and botulinum toxin injection into the LES for dogs with megaesophagus secondary to LES-AS on clinical signs and physical exam parameters?

Answer 433

  Clinical improvement in all dogs Reduction in regurgitation frequency of 80% Median BCS improved from 3 to 5 BW increased by 20%

Question 434

Grobman et al. JVIM 2019. Mechanical dilation, botulinum toxin A injection, and surgical myotomy with fundoplication for treatment of lower esophageal achalasia-like syndrome in dogs.  What was the effect of dilation and botulinum toxin injection into the LES for dogs with megaesophagus secondary to LES-AS on esophageal dilation and dysmotility?

Answer 434

  ME and dysmotility persisted in all dogs despite clinical improvement

Question 435

Grobman et al. JVIM 2019. Videofluoroscopic swallow study features of lower esophageal achalasia like syndrome in dogs.  What is the proposed classification system for lower esophageal achalasia like syndrome in dogs?

Answer 435

  Type I: megaesophagus with acontractile primary & absent secondary peristalsis Type II: hypomotile primary peristalsis w/ or w/o megaesophagus Type III: spastic or hypermotile distal esophagus against closed LES, w/ or w/o megaesophagus Pseudo: mechanical obstruction 

Question 436

Grobman et al. JVIM 2019. Videofluoroscopic swallow study features of lower esophageal achalasia like syndrome in dogs.  What percentage of dogs with generalized megaesophagus had VFSS findings consistent with LES-AS?

Answer 436

  61% of dogs with megaesophagus

Question 437

Grobman et al. JVIM 2019. Videofluoroscopic swallow study features of lower esophageal achalasia like syndrome in dogs.  What percentage of dogs with VFSS findings consistent with LES-AS had  generalized megaesophagus?

Answer 437

  74% of dogs with LES-AS had megaesophagus

Question 438

Guard et al. JVIM 2019. Longitudinal assessment of microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acid concentrations, and disease activity in dogs with steroid-responsive chronic inflammatory enteropathy.  What are the major primary and secondary fecal bile acids in dogs?  What amino acids are conjugated to bile acids for excretion?

Answer 438

  Primary: cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid Secondary: deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid AAs: taurine, glycine

Question 439

Guard et al. JVIM 2019. Longitudinal assessment of microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acid concentrations, and disease activity in dogs with steroid-responsive chronic inflammatory enteropathy.  How did primary and secondary fecal bile acids compare in dogs with steroid-responsive CIE vs. controls? How did treatment change primary and secondary fecal bile acid concentrations?

Answer 439

  CIE dogs had decreased secondary fecal bile acids vs. controls (29% vs. 88%) 2-3 months of treatment increased secondary fecal bile acids to 94% in CIE dogs

Question 440

Guard et al. JVIM 2019. Longitudinal assessment of microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acid concentrations, and disease activity in dogs with steroid-responsive chronic inflammatory enteropathy.  How did the "dysbiosis index" compare between CIE dogs and controls? How did treatment change the dysbiosis index in CIE dogs? What specific microbiome changes were seen in CIE dogs vs. controls?

Answer 440

  Higher dysbiosis index in CIE dogs (2.5) vs. controls (-4.5)  Treatment did not significantly change dysbiosis index in CIE dogs Lower Firmicutes (Faecalibacterium), higher Streptococcus in CIE digs Lower Fusobacteriumin CIE dogs Lower Clostridium hiranonis (known BA converter) in CIE dogs

Question 441

Guglielmini et al. JVIM 2019. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study.  What was the utility of the echocardiographic myocardial performance index in identifying cardiac changes associated with hypothyroidism in dogs?

Answer 441

  MPI could not identify cardiac changes associated with hypothyroidism in dogs

Question 442

Guglielmini et al. JVIM 2019. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study.  What cardiac changes were noted in hypothyroid dogs vs. healthy controls on physical exam? ECG? Echo?

Answer 442

  Physical examination: decreased heart rate (most not bradycardic) ECG: decreased p- and R-wave amplitude Echo: decreased EPSSn (e-point to septal separation normalized to body weight), decreased trans-mitral E wave velocity 

Question 443

Guglielmini et al. JVIM 2019. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study.  What cardiac changes were noted in hypothyroid dogs after supplementation with levothyroxine?

Answer 443

  60 days after supplementing: Increased: heart rate, p-wave amplitude, trans-mitral E wave velocity, fractional shortening EPSSn and systolic diameter normalized Decreased: LV end-diastolic volume index

Question 444

GUIDELINES: Lappin et al. Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats. JVIM 2017. * Most common secondary bacterial infections in feline upper respiratory tract disease?

Answer 444

* Staph, strep, Pasteurella, E. coli, anaerobes

Question 445

GUIDELINES: Lappin et al. Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats. JVIM 2017. * What diagnostics and treatment are NOT recommended for acute bacterial respiratory tract infection in cats?

Answer 445

Nasal cytology, aerobic bacterial culture of nasal secretions, Mycoplasma culture/PCR, diagnostics for feline herpesvirus/calcicivirus/C felis Antimicrobials not recommended if discharge is serous, or if mucopurulent but < 10 days

Question 446

GUIDELINES: Lappin et al. Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats. JVIM 2017. * When should you use antimicrobials to treat suspect bacterial upper respiratory infection in a cat? What should you use? What is not recommended?

Answer 446

* Treat if: fever, lethargy, anorexia, persistent mucopurulent discharge Doxy x 7-10 days is first line; can use amoxicillin if Mycoplasma, Chlamydia not suspected * Cefovecin inferior to amoxy/doxy & not recommended

Question 447

GUIDELINES: Lappin et al. Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats. JVIM 2017. * What are the recommendations for treatment of chronic feline bacterial upper respiratory infection?

Answer 447

Work up to identify primary causes first! If 1o identified, reserve Abx for severe signs * If culturing, use nasal lavage or brush cytology, not secretions! * Antimicrobial ideally selected based on C&S; amoxy/doxy are first line empirical Fluoroquinolones, azithro only if amoxy/doxy not viable options or based on C&S Azithro only if C felis not suspected; don’t use for immunomodulation only * Pseudomonas: only believe if isolated in pure or nearly pure culture; Tx based on C&S Logistics: treat 7d; if improvement, continue 1 wk past resolution or plateau * Recurrence: treat 7-10 with same antibiotic; switch if no improvement in 48h

Question 448

GUIDELINES: Lappin et al. Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats. JVIM 2017. * Etiologic agents in the canine infectious respiratory disease complex? When to use antimicrobials and which ones?

Answer 448

* Viral: adenovirus 2, distemper, resp coronavirus, influenza, parainfluenza, herpes, pneumovirus * Bacterial: Bordetella, S. equi ssp zoo (if hemorrhagic pneumonia), Mycoplasma Antimic if: fever, lethargy, anorexia, persistent mucopurulent discharge * Doxy first line (if no pneumonia); amoxi or amoxi-clav if doxy not an option

Question 449

GUIDELINES: Lappin et al. Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats. JVIM 2017. * Recommendations for bronchitis in dogs and cats?

Answer 449

* Rule out non-infectious & non-bacterial infections: TXR, fluoro, CT, HW test, fecal/Baermann, laryngeal exam * Airway wash if no other cause found: Mycoplasma & aerobic C&S, cytology No antimicrobial therapy before C&S confirmation of bacteria unless severe signs * 7-10d of doxy if you are going to treat with Abx à 1 wk past resolution of signs

Question 450

GUIDELINES: Lappin et al. Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats. JVIM 2017. * Recommendations for bacterial pneumonia in dogs and cats?

Answer 450

Ideally C&S of airway wash, but not always feasible; start Abx quickly if sepsis * Consider blood cultures if can’t sample airway * Consult microbiologist/pulmonologist for interpretation of wash samples Empiric therapy while waiting for C&S results recommended * Doxy if suspected Bordetella or Mycoplasma (boarding, shelter) Beta-lactam or 1st gen cephalosporin for asp pneum (or no Abx) * Sepsis: fluoroquinolone + drug w/ gram+ & anaerobic coverage * NO empiric azithromycin for uncomplicated pneumonias * De-escalate based on C&S if possible; continue successful drugs if no sampling * Re-eval 10-14 days & extend or d/c based on signs, CBC, TXR

Question 451

GUIDELINES: Lappin et al. Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats. JVIM 2017. * Bacteria in canine and feline pyothorax?

Answer 451

* Cats: oropharyngeal anaerobes -> Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, Peptostrep, Clostridium, Actinomyces * Dogs: anaerobes: Prevotella, Peptostrep, Propionibacterium, Clost, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium

Question 452

GUIDELINES: Lappin et al. Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats. JVIM 2017. * Treatment recommendation for canine and feline pyothorax?

Answer 452

* Continuous chest tube drainage +/- surgical lavage/debride Parenteral fluoroquinolone + penicillin or clindamycin pending C&S * MUST HAVE ANAEROBIC COVERAGE * Tx 4-6 weeks

Question 453

Guidetti et al. JVIM 2019. Alloimmunization of a dog erythrocyte antigen 1 negative dog transfused with weakly dog erythrocyte antigen 1 positive blood. Was weakly DEA1+ canine blood able to induce alloantibody production when transfused to a DEA1- dog? What strength of incompatibility occurred & for how long?

Answer 453

  Yes Strong crossmatch incompatibilities with DEA1+ blood Weak-moderate crossmatch incompatibilities with DEA1- blood Incompatibilities persisted for more than 4.5 years

Question 454

Harcourt-Brown et al. JVIM 2019. Electrodiagnostic findings in dogs with apparently painful LS foraminal stenosis.  What electrodiagnostic findings were associated with MRI-confirmed LS foraminal stenosis?

Answer 454

  Increased F wave latency Increased cord dorsum potential onset latency Increased F ratio

Question 455

Harro et al. JVIM 2019. Hepatic copper and other trace mineral concentrations in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma.  How did concentrations of copper and zinc from non-neoplastic liver tissue compare in dogs with HCC vs. w/o?

Answer 455

  Dogs with HCC had higher copper and zinc concentrations in non-neoplastic liver tissue compared to dogs without HCC

Question 456

Harro et al. JVIM 2019. Hepatic copper and other trace mineral concentrations in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma.  How did trace mineral concentrations compare in HCC tissue vs. non-neoplastic liver tissue in dogs with HCC?

Answer 456

  HCC tissue had decreases in all trace mineral concentrations vs. non-neoplastic tissue

Question 457

Hedges et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of the effect of a famotidine CRI on intragastric pH in healthy dogs.  Was administration of famotidine as a bolus (1 mg/kg IV q 12h) or CRI (1 mg/kg load + 8 mg/kg/d) superior at maintaining an intragastric pH > 3 in healthy dogs?

Answer 457

  CRI administration was superior Mean % time pH > 3 for CRI: Day 1 --> 92.1%, Day 2 --> 96.3%, Day 3 --> 90% For bolus: Day 1 --> 49.3%, Day 2 --> 42.2%, Day 3 --> 45.8%

Question 458

Heilmann et al. JVIM 2019. Association of serum calprotectin (S100A8/A9) concentrations and idiopathic hyperlipidemia in Mini Schnauzers.  In hyperlipidemic Mini Schnauzers, what was the association of calprotectin with lipid levels? How did lipid levels and calprotectin change with a switch to an ultra-low-fat diet?

Answer 458

  Calprotectin was higher in Mini Schnauzers with high triglycerides or combined hyperlipidemia vs. hypercholesterolemia alone Presence & severity of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia decreased with switch to ultra-low-fat diet w/in 14-26 weeks Calprotectin did not change with switch to ultra-low-fat diet

Question 459

Hemorrhagic, hemostatic, and thromboelastometric disorders in 35 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis: A prospective study. Barthelemy et al. JVIM 2017. How many dogs were classified as hyper-, hypo-, and normocoagulable on TEM? How were TEM profiles associated with clinical parameters and survival?

Answer 459

* 14/35 normo, 14/35 hyper, 7/35 hypo; hypo had more hemorrhagic diatheses & higher mortality rate (21% in hyper, 57% in hypo) * DIC not a prognostic factor

Question 460

Hemorrhagic, hemostatic, and thromboelastometric disorders in 35 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis: A prospective study. Barthelemy et al. JVIM 2017. * What CBC/hemostatic differences were identified between dogs with leptospirosis with bleeding diatheses vs. those without bleeding diatheses?

Answer 460

* Lower platelet counts, increased D dimers

Question 461

Hemostatic findings in ascitic fluid: a cross-sectional study in 70 dogs. Zola et al. JVIM 2017. * Did the type of ascites (hemorrhagic, effusive, decr. oncotic pressure, incr. hydrostatic pressure) influence fibrinogen, FDPs, and D-dimer content?

Answer 461

* No

Question 462

Hemostatic findings in ascitic fluid: a cross-sectional study in 70 dogs. Zola et al. JVIM 2017. * What hemostatic differences were identified in ascitic fluid compared to plasma in dogs? Significance?

Answer 462

* Ascitic fluid had lower fibrinogen, higher FDPs, and higher D-dimers than plasma * Evidence of coagulation and fibrinolysis in almost all canine ascitic fluid

Question 463

Hepatic and plasma endothelin-1 in dogs with chronic hepatitis. Sakamoto et al. JVIM 2017. * How did plasma and hepatic ET-1 mRNA expression and concentrations differ in dogs with chronic hepatitis compared with controls? What association was found between plasma ET-1 and splenic pulp pressure?

Answer 463

* Hepatic mRNA expression 3.7x higher in CH dogs * CH dogs had higher median hepatic [ET-1] (13.2 vs 3.4) and plasmat [ET-1] (0.99 vs. 0.71) * Weak positive correlation b/w plasma ET-1 and splenic pulp pressure

Question 464

Hepatic copper concentrations in 546 dogs (1982-2015). Strickland et al. JVIM 2018. * How did hepatic copper concentrations in predisposed and non-predisposed breeds differ from the time period 1982-1988 vs. 2009-2015? How did the proportion of dogs with hepatic coper > 300 ug/g change?

Answer 464

Predisposed breeds: median hepatic copper 313 ug/g greater in 2009-2015 * Proportion of dogs w/ Cu > 300 rose from 48% to 71% Nonpredisposed breeds: median hepatic copper 101 ug/g greater in 2009-2015 * Proportion of dogs w/ Cu > 300 rose from 28% to 49%

Question 465

Hepatic copper concentrations in 546 dogs (1982-2015). Strickland et al. JVIM 2018. * In dogs with chronic hepatitis, how did median hepatic copper concentrations change from 1982-1988 vs. 2009-2015 in predisposed and non predisposed breeds?

Answer 465

* Median hepatic copper increased 3x in predisposed and nonpredisposed hepatitis dogs

Question 466

Hepatic leptospiral infections in dogs without obvious renal involvement. McCallum et al. JVIM 2019. What type of inflammatory infiltrate was associated with chronic leptospiral hepatic infection in dogs? Were they symptomatic? Did infection resolve with doxycycline treatment?

Answer 466

* Granulomatous hepatitis (no renal involvement) * 7/10 dogs symptomatic, med 1 week of clinical signs prior to presentation * Infection failed to resolve in ¾ dogs

Question 467

Hepatocyte expression and prognostic importance of senescence marker p21 in liver histopathology samples from dogs with chronic hepatitis. Kortum et al. JVIM 2018. * How did the percentage of positive hepatocytes for p21 senescence markers compare in dogs with chronic hepatitis vs. dogs without? What was the prognostic value of p21?

Answer 467

* CH dogs had a med 90% positive hepatocytes & no association with age Non-CH had < 15% positive hepatocytes in 12/15 cases & association with age Increasing hepatocyte p21 positivity correlated negatively with survival * Dogs in highest tercile MST 218; lowest tercile 874 days

Question 468

Histiocytic sarcoma with central nervous system involvement in dogs: 19 cases (2006-2012). Mariani et al. JVIM 2015. * Overrepresented breeds? How many dogs had confined CNS HS? MST?

Answer 468

* Retrievers and Pembroke Welsh Corgis * Confined to the CNS in 15/19 * MST 3 days

Question 469

Histopathologic characteristics of intestinal biopsy samples from dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy with and without hypoalbuminemia. Wennogle et al. JVIM 2017. * What differences in intestinal histopathologic findings were identified in dogs with CIE with vs. without hypoalbuminemia?

Answer 469

* Hypo dogs more likely to have villous blunting, lacteal dilation, epithelial injury, and crypt distension; more likely to have intraepithelial lymphs, lamina propria neuts * Higher scores for each of these histopath criteria associated with lower serum albumin

Question 470

Histopathologic variation between liver lobes in dogs. Kemp et al. JVIM 2015. * Recommendations?

Answer 470

* Biopsy of at least two liver lobes identified the predominant histopath lesion (necropsy gold standard) in 98% of cases

Question 471

Hodgson et al. JVIM 2019. Development and validation of a multivariate predictive model to estimate serum ionized calcium from serum biochemical profile results in cats.  What were the sensitivity and specificity for detecting hypercalcemia of a predictive model for calculating ionized calcium from total calcium & other biochemical/signalment parameters in cats? 

Answer 471

  Sensitivity: 42.5% Specificity: 97%

Question 472

Hodgson et al. JVIM 2019. Development and validation of a multivariate predictive model to estimate serum ionized calcium from serum biochemical profile results in cats.  What were the sensitivity and specificity for detecting hypocalcemia of a predictive model for calculating ionized calcium from total calcium & other biochemical/signalment parameters in cats? 

Answer 472

  Sensitivity: 0% Specificity: 99.6%

Question 473

Hospital-acquired anemia in critically ill dogs and cats: a multi-institutional study. Lynch et al. JVIM 2016   * Prevalence of anemia on admission and prior to discharge for critically ill dogs and cats? Risk factors for hospital acquired anemia in dogs and cats? Effect on survival?

Answer 473

* Admission prevalence: 32%; overall prevalence during hospitalization 56% * More blood samples, cats, surgical (vs. medical) more likely to develop * Anemic dogs less likely to survive to discharge

Question 474

How might sex hormones impact epileptic seizures?

Answer 474

* Estrogen = pro-convulsive | * Progesterone = protective effect against seizures

Question 475

How to interpret an iron panel?

Answer 475

Question 476

Hunprasit et al. JVIM 2019. Epidemiologic evaluation of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs in the United States: 2010-2015.  Other than breed, what risk factors were identified for CaOx stone formation?

Answer 476

  Age, being male, neutered status

Question 477

Hunprasit et al. JVIM 2019. Epidemiologic evaluation of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs in the United States: 2010-2015.    What management recommendation was made based on the results?

Answer 477

  Screening in high-risk breeds with annual radiographs starting at 5-6 years Screening Pomeranians, Yorkies, Brussels even earlier

Question 478

Hunprasit et al. JVIM 2019. Epidemiologic evaluation of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs in the United States: 2010-2015.    What three new high-risk breeds were identified? What characteristic was shared among high risk breeds? Low risk?

Answer 478

  All high risk breeds were small breed dogs   Japanese Chin, Brussels Griffon, Miniature Pinscher

Question 479

Hypercoagulability in dogs with blastomycosis. McMichael et al. JVIM 2015. * How did measures of coagulation compare in dogs with blastomycosis vs. healthy controls?

Answer 479

* Blasto dogs hyperfibrinogenemic, increased thrombin-antithrombin complexes * Blasto dogs hypercoagulable on TEM & increased in vitro thrombin generation

Question 480

Hyperfibrinolysis and hypofibrinogenemia diagnosed with ROTEM in dogs naturally infected with Angiostrongylus vasorum. Sigrist et al. JVIM 2017. What percentage of dogs infected with Angiostrongylus vasorum had ROTEM evidence of hyperfibrinolysis and severe hypofibrinogenemia? What treatments were effective in improving coagulopathy? % survival, and was survival affected by bleeding diathesis?

Answer 480

* Hyperfibrinolysis in 67%; severe hypofibrinogenemia in 60% * TXA and fresh frozen plasma * 67% survival to discharge; survival not affected by clinical signs of bleeding.

Question 481

Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its association with hypofolatemia and other clinicopathologic variables. Heilmann et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in healthy Greyhounds and Greyhounds with chronic diarrhea? With thrombosis? What associations were identified between hyperhomocysteinemia and serum folate and albumin?

Answer 481

Healthy: 100%; chronic diarrhea: 70%; thrombosis: 75% * Mean homocysteine in heatlhy > chronic diarrhea > thrombosis Hyperhomocysteinemia more common in hypofolatemic Greyhounds (88% vs 59%) * Homocysteine inversely correlated with serum folate, positively with albumin

Question 482

Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its association with hypofolatemia and other clinicopathologic variables. Heilmann et al. JVIM 2017. * What is the prevalence of hypofolatemia and hypocobalaminemia in Greyhounds?

Answer 482

* 41% hypofolatemic, 40% hypocobalaminemic

Question 483

Hypothermia in uremic dogs and cats. Kabatchnick et al. JVIM 2016. * What was the prevalence of hypothermia in azotemic dogs and cats? Was temperature significantly different in uremic animals?

Answer 483

* 38% in azotemic cats, 21% in azotemic dogs * Mean temp about 1 degree lower in azotemic dogs and cats vs. non (SD) * Body weight a more important predictor of temperature in dogs

Question 484

Immediate, short‐, and long‐term changes in tracheal stent diameter, length, and positioning after placement in dogs with tracheal collapse syndrome. Raske et al. JVIM 2018. * What amount of stent shortening and stent migration occurred in a cohort of dogs with tracheal stents that were followed long-term?

Answer 484

* Stent shortening was minimal (10% mean long-term shortening) * No clinically relevant migration occurred

Question 485

Immune function in critically ill dogs. Hoffman et al. JVIM 2018. * What cytokines and respiratory-burst capacity markers were different between dogs with critical illness vs. healthy controls?

Answer 485

* Decreased TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 * Decreased E.coli and PMA stimulated respiratory burst capacity * Increased percentage of monocytes expressing TLR4

Question 486

Immunophenotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Galler et al. JVIM 2017. * What differences in peripheral lymphocyte cell surface markers were identified between dogs with IBD vs. healthy controls prior to treatment?

Answer 486

IBD dogs had decreased % TCR delta gamma + T lymphocytes (3.32 vs. 0.97) * If cause à loss of possible regulatory function of delta/gamma T lymphs * If effect à delta/gamma are inflammatory and are homing to GI in larger #s IBD dogs had decreased CD21+ B cells (27.6 vs. 17.3) * Inflammatory & homing to the gut in larger #s

Question 487

Immunophenotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Galler et al. JVIM 2017. * What differences in peripheral lymphocyte cell surface markers were identified in dogs with IBD before and after treatment?

Answer 487

* NSD in peripheral blood lymphocytes pre- and post-treatment

Question 488

Immunotherapy of Canine Osteosarcoma: A Historical and Systematic Review. Wycislo et al. JVIM 2015 * Age distribution for osteosarcoma in dogs? Metastatic rate?

Answer 488

* Bimodal; 18-24 months & med 7 y | * 90% develop distant metastasis within 1 year

Question 489

Impact of pretreatment neutrophil count on chemotherapy administration and toxicity in dogs with lymphoma treated with CHOP therapy. Fournier et al. JVIM 2018. * What cutoff for absolute neutrophil count prevented delays in chemo administration without association with increased toxicity? What cutoff should be evaluated for prophylactic antibiotic administration?

Answer 489

1. 5 x 103/uL | 0. 75 x 103; all dogs with abs neuts 0.75-1.5 recovered spontaneously w/o intervention

Question 490

In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Fully Felinized Therapeutic Anti‐Nerve Growth Factor Monoclonal Antibody for the Treatment of Pain in Cats. Gearing et al. JVIM 2016 * What was the plasma half life and analgesic efficacy of 2 mg/kg SC anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibody in cats?

Answer 490

* 7-15 day half life; well tolerated at 14x therapeutic dose | * Reduced signs of lameness (experimental pain model) days 2-7 after induction of inflammation

Question 491

In vitro inhibition of canine complement-mediated hemolysis. Hernandez et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the effect of the C3 inhibitor compstatin and human recombinant C1-esterase inhibitor on complement-mediated hemolysis of canine blood cells in vitro?

Answer 491

* Compstatin minimally and variably effective (50% in initial experiments but lost after new batch purchased) * C1-INH dose-dependent; highest decreased >80%, lowest decreased >60%

Question 492

In vitro inhibition of canine complement-mediated hemolysis. Hernandez et al. JVIM 2018. * What type of hypersensitivity reaction is IMHA?

Answer 492

Type II: IgM, IgG, or IgA bind antigens on erythrocyte membranes * Extravascular hemolysis: macros in the spleen/liver * Intravascular: complement fixation & MAC à osmotic lysis

Question 493

In vitro inhibition of canine complement-mediated hemolysis. Hernandez et al. JVIM 2018. * What parts of the complement cascade are inhibited by C1-INH? By C3 inhibitors?

Answer 493

What parts of the complement cascade are inhibited by C1-INH? By C3 inhibitors? * C1-INH: Binds C1 (classical, adaptive immunity pathway) and MASP-1 & MASP-2 (Lectin pathway) * C3: prevents cleavage to C3a and C3b by C3 convertases (C4b2b & C3bBb)

Question 494

In vivo and in vitro assessment of mirtazapine pharmacokinetics in cats with liver disease. Fitzpatrick et al. JVIM 2018.   * How did liver disease affect the half life of mirtazapine after oral administration of 1.88 mg mirtazapine to cats.

Answer 494

* Median half life doubled in cats with liver disease (13.8 vs. 7.4) * Half life strongly positively correlated to ALT, ALP, total bili

Question 495

Incidence and risk factors associated with development of clinical cardiotoxicity in dogs receiving doxorubicin. Hallman et al. JVIM 2019 * What ECG & echo findings should raise concern for doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in dogs?

Answer 495

* VPCs, decreased fractional shortening

Question 496

Incidence and risk factors associated with development of clinical cardiotoxicity in dogs receiving doxorubicin. Hallman et al. JVIM 2019 * What risk factors were identified for the development of cardiotoxicity in dogs receiving doxorubicin?

Answer 496

* Cumulative dose, higher body weight

Question 497

Incidence of and associated factors for bacterial colonization of intravenous catheters removed from dogs in response to clinical complications. Ramos et al. JVIM 2018. * What percent of IV catheters removed from dogs due to complications were colonized by bacteria? What was the most common isolate? Hazards for bacterial colonization?

Answer 497

* 40%; Acinetobacter most common | * Junior staff or student performing catheterization, steroid use associated

Question 498

Incidence, timing, and risk factors of azathioprine hepatotoxicosis in dogs. Wallisch et al. JVIM 2015 * What percentage of dogs developed hepatoxicosis? In what timeframe? Risk factors? Outcome?

Answer 498

* 15%; median 14 days (max 22 days) of therapy * GSDs over-represented in hepatotoxicosis group * 9x increase in ALT, 8x increase in ALP which stabilized or resolved with discontinuation or dose reduction

Question 499

Incidence, timing, and risk factors of azathioprine hepatotoxicosis in dogs. Wallisch et al. JVIM 2015 * What percentage of dogs developed cytopenias? Did this occur concurrently with hepatotoxicity?

Answer 499

* 8%; thrombocytopenia and neutropenia | * Occurred later in treatment than hepatotoxicity (med 53 days, max 196 days)

Question 500

Incidence, timing, and risk factors of azathioprine hepatotoxicosis in dogs. Wallisch et al. JVIM 2015 * Recommendations for monitoring azathioprine therapy based on this study?

Answer 500

* Liver enzymes for first 4 weeks | * Continuous monitoring of CBC during the course of treatment

Question 501

Increased leptin and leptin receptor expression in dogs with gallbladder mucocele. Lee et al. JVIM 2017. * What differences in serum and tissue leptin and leptin receptor expression were identified between dogs with GB mucocele vs. those without? Dogs with GMB that went to surgery vs. those that didn’t?

Answer 501

* Serum leptin higher in dogs with GBM (med 7) vs. w/o (2.2); higher in dogs that went to surgery (12) vs. not (5) * mRNA expression for leptin and its receptor higher in tissues of dogs with GBM * No difference in serum leptin in dogs with GBM with and without endocrinopathy

Question 502

Ineson et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical and laboratory findings and survival time associated with cardiac cachexia in dogs with congestive heart failure.  What was the prevalence of cachexia in dogs with CHF as assessed by muscle loss on physical exam? Prevalence as assessed by weight loss > 5% in 12 months?

Answer 502

  Muscle loss: 48.3% Weight loss: 42.1%

Question 503

Ineson et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical and laboratory findings and survival time associated with cardiac cachexia in dogs with congestive heart failure.  What clinical and laboratory factors were associated with shorter survival in dogs with CHF?

Answer 503

  Cachexia Being over- or under-weight Azotemia Clinically important tachyarrhythmias

Question 504

Ineson et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical and laboratory findings and survival time associated with cardiac cachexia in dogs with congestive heart failure.  What clinical and laboratory factors were more likely in dogs with CHF and cachexia vs. dogs with CHF that were not cachectic?

Answer 504

  Lower albumin Older Arrhythmias Lower BCS Higher chloride Lower hematocrit  

Question 505

Influence of breed size, age, fecal quality, and enteropathogen shedding on fecal calprotectin and IgA concentrations in puppies during the weaning period. Grellet et al. JVIM 2016 What percentage of puppies were infected with an enteropathogen (Parvo, coronavirus, Giardia, other parasites)

Answer 505

* 76%

Question 506

Influence of breed size, age, fecal quality, and enteropathogen shedding on fecal calprotectin and IgA concentrations in puppies during the weaning period. Grellet et al. JVIM 2016 * What was the effect of age and enteropathogen exposure/infection on fecal calprotectin and fecal IgA in puppies?

Answer 506

* Younger puppies had higher calprotectin; not influenced by enteropathogen status * Fecal IgA concentration not influenced by age; lower in puppies with 1+ enteropathogen than in puppies w/o enteropathogens (lots of overlap)

Question 507

Influence of canine donor plasma hemostatic protein concentration on quality of cryoprecipitate. Drinkhouse et al. JVIM 2019. * What donor factors influenced the potency of cryoprecipitate in dogs?

Answer 507

* Factor VIII, vWF, fibrinogen content

Question 508

Influence of various factors on circulating 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations in dogs with cancer and healthy dogs. Weidner et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the relationship between plasma iCa and 25(OH)D in dogs with OSA, LSA, or MCT? How did this differ for healthy dogs? What role did PTH play in this relationship?

Answer 508

* As iCa increased, 25(OH)D increased in dogs with OSA, LSA, or MCT. * As iCa increased, 25(OH)D decreased in healthy controls * Plasma PTH did not correlate to 25(OH)D

Question 509

Influence of various factors on circulating 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations in dogs with cancer and healthy dogs. Weidner et al. JVIM 2017.   What signalment factors were associated with plasma 25(OH)D concentrations in dogs?

Answer 509

* No association of age, sex, neuter status, body weight, BCS, MCS

Question 510

Influence of various factors on circulating 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations in dogs with cancer and healthy dogs. Weidner et al. JVIM 2017. * How did type of cancer (OSA, LSA, MCT) change the relationship b/w 25(OH)D and iCa in dogs?

Answer 510

At high-normal iCa values, OSA dogs had higher 25(OH)D than dogs with LSA, MCT * Correlation still positive for all cancer types and negative for controls

Question 511

Infrared thermography in dogs with mammary tumors and healthy dogs. Pavelski et al. JVIM 2015 * Difference in temperature of neoplastic mammary glands vs. controls?

Answer 511

* Higher temperature in mammary tumors compared with unaffected glands, regardless of tumor size & location

Question 512

Innocent cardiac murmur in puppies: Prevalence, correlation with hematocrit, and auscultation characteristics. Szatmari et al JVIM 2015 * Characteristics of innocent cardiac murmurs in puppies? Effect of hematocrit? Prevalence?

Answer 512

Systolic, usu L heart base; < 2/6 intensity; musical character * Hematocrit significantly lower in puppies with innocent murmurs than without * 28% of 195 puppies evaluated had an innocent murmur

Question 513

Interleukin-13 and interleukin-33 mRNA are underexpressed in the duodenal mucosa of German Shepherd dogs with chronic enteropathy. Kathrani et al. JVIM 2019.  What differences in mRNA expression in the duodenal mucosa were found between GSDs with CE vs. non-GSDs with CE and healthy controls?

Answer 513

  Decreased mRNA for IL-33, IL-13 Th2 related cytokines Non-GSDs had increased IL-13 vs. healthy controls

Question 514

International collaborative study to assess cardiovascular risk and evaluate long-term health in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and apparently healthy cats: the REVEAL study. Fox et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the risk of CHF, ATE, and death in one year in cats with preclinical HCM/HOCM? Five years? Ten years?

Answer 514

What was the risk of CHF, ATE, and death in one year in cats with preclinical HCM/HOCM? Five years? Ten years? * 1 year: 7% CHF; 3.5% ATE; 7% death * 5 years: 20% CHF; 10% ATE; 23% death * 10 years: 24% CHF; 11% ATE; 28% death * No differences in survival for HCM vs. HOCM

Question 515

Interobserver agreement using histological scoring of the canine liver. Lidbury et al. JVIM 2017. * What levels of interobserver agreement were found between pathologists evaluating fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity in H&E stained sections of canine liver? Did picosirius red staining change mean fibrosis score assigned?

Answer 515

* Fair agreement for fibrosis; poor agreement for necroinflammatory activity * No difference in assigned fibrosis scores b/w H&E and picosirius red stained sections

Question 516

Intestinal leiomyositis: A cause of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in 6 dogs. Zacuto et al. JVIM 2016. * Differential diagnosis/rare cause of intestinal pseudo-obstruction in middle-aged dogs? Response to therapy & outcome?

Answer 516

* Intestinal leiomyositis à mononuclear inflammation, myofiber degeneration/necrosis, fibrosis in muscularis layer * Lack of response to prokinetic, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anti-emetic therapy * MST 19 days from diagnosis

Question 517

Intracranial pressure monitoring in normal dogs using subdural and intraparenchymal miniature strain-gauge transducers. Struges et al. JVIM 2019 What was the success of using an intracranial miniature subdural and intraparenchymal strain-gauge transducer in healthy dogs?

Answer 517

  * Pathological sequelae worse after intraparenchymal placement * Significant variation with normal behaviors, physiologic maneuvers, esp head movement

Question 518

Intranasal Midazolam versus Rectal Diazepam for the Management of Canine Status Epilepticus: A Multicenter Randomized Parallel‐Group Clinical Trial. Charalambous et al. JVIM 2017 * Which was better at terminating status epilepticus in dogs: intranasal or rectal midazolam?

Answer 518

* Intranasal (stopped it in 70% vs. 20% of dogs)

Question 519

Investigation of a novel variable dosing protocol for radioiodine treatment of feline hyperthyroidism. Morre et al. JVIM 2018.   * What was the effect on outcome of I-131 therapy using a variable-dose protocol based on scintigraphy results vs. a fixed dose of 4.5 mCi? What % were hypothyroid, euthyroid, and hyperthyroid post Tx?

Answer 519

* No difference in outcome * Variable: Euthyroid 61%, Hypo 30%, Hyper 9% * Fixed: Euthyroid 58%, Hypo 26%, Hyper 16%

Question 520

Investigation of an NT-proBNP point-of-care ELISA in clinically normal cats and cats with cardiac disease. Harris et al. JVIM 2017 * What was the sensitivity and specificity of a POC ELISA for NT-proBNP in distinguishing cats with and without heart failure?

Answer 520

* Sensitivity 65%; specificity 100%

Question 521

Investigation of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism as a novel treatment for chronic bronchitis in dogs. Grobman, Reinero. JVIM 2016. * What was the effect of 2 mg/kg maropitant q 48 hours x 14 days on client perception of clinical signs and BAL % neutrophils/eos in dogs with chronic bronchitis?

Answer 521

* Decreased cough frequency and VAS scores | * No differences in BAL% neutrophils, % eos

Question 522

Investigation of the role of campylobacter infection in suspected acute polyradiculoneuritis in dogs. Martinez-Anton et al. JVIM 2018. What association was found between fecal Campylobacter culture positivity and acute polyradiculoneuritis in dogs? Risk factors? Most common Campy species

Answer 522

When fecal sample obtained w/in 7 days of onset of signs, APN dogs 9.4x more likely to be Campy positive vs. controls * Significant association b/w raw chicken consumption (96% of APN cases vs. 26% controls) Campylobacter upsaliensis

Question 523

Iron status of cats with chronic kidney disease. Gest et al. JVIM 2015. * How did serum iron, ferritin, TIBC, and transferrin saturation compare between cats with CKD and controls? Between anemic and nonanemic cats with CKD? Interpretation?

Answer 523

CKD vs. controls: NSD in serum iron, ferritin, or TSAT; lower TIBC (neg acute phase) * NSD in TIBC b/w CKD and nonrenal illness cats Anemic CKD vs. nonanemic CKD: lower TSAT in anemic; NSD in ferritin, iron, or TIBC * Anemic had lower MCV -> might indicate absolute deficiency Iron deficiency exists in anemic CKD cats; likely functional rather than absolute TSAT < 20% with normal ferritin levels -> iron is trapped in the cells

Question 524

Jambhekar et al. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Systematic review & meta-analyses of the association between 4 mycoplasma species & lower respiratory tract disease in dogs.  In a recent meta-analysis evaluating the association of Mycoplasma spp. with clinical lower respiratory tract disease in dogs, what species were suspected to be primary pathogens? 

Answer 524

  M. cynos suspected to be a primary pathogen (sialidase & hemagluttinin HapA virulence factors) M. spumans role unclear M. canis, M. edwardii suspected to be commensal 

Question 525

Jambhekar et al. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Systematic review & meta-analyses of the association between 4 mycoplasma species & lower respiratory tract disease in dogs.  In a recent meta-analysis evaluating the role of Mycoplasma spp in clinical lower respiratory disease in dogs, what recommendation was made for testing of samples from the lower respiratory tract? 

Answer 525

  Perform species-specific PCR for M. cynos Avoid nonspecific Mycoplasma species primers as they may amplify commensals

Question 526

Jambhekar et al. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Systematic review & meta-analyses of the association between 4 mycoplasma species & lower respiratory tract disease in dogs.    What Mycoplasma species was associated with development of clinical upper respiratory disease in non-shelter cats?

Answer 526

  Mycoplasma felis

Question 527

Jenson, Bjornvad. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Clinical effect of probiotics in prevention or treatment of GI disease in dogs: A systematic review.  What evidence is there for the use of probiotics in acute GI disease in dogs?

Answer 527

  Available studies not robust enough to make valid claim  Overall effects appear clinically unimportant

Question 528

Jenson, Bjornvad. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Clinical effect of probiotics in prevention or treatment of GI disease in dogs: A systematic review.  What evidence is there for the use of probiotics in chronic GI disease in dogs?

Answer 528

  Meta-analysis underpowered, but no effect for most probiotics Dietary intervention most important VSL#3 achieved remission as a single treatment in dogs with IBD, but not as quickly as pred/metronidazole combo

Question 529

Jenson, Bjornvad. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Clinical effect of probiotics in prevention or treatment of GI disease in dogs: A systematic review.  What was the effect of probiotic administration on hospitalized puppies with parvoviral infections?

Answer 529

  No effect on length of hospitalization or case fatality

Question 530

Jenson, Bjornvad. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Clinical effect of probiotics in prevention or treatment of GI disease in dogs: A systematic review.  What 6 bacterial strains have been evaluated for safety and efficacy as probiotics by the European Food Safety Administration?

Answer 530

  Enterococcus faecium 1705 & 1707 Lactobacillus acidophilus 25 and D2/CSL Bifidobacterium animalis Bacillus subtilis

Question 531

Johnson et al. JVIM 2019. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytosis in 104 dogs (2006-2016).  What was the prevalence and proposed pathogenesis of BAL lymphocytosis in dogs undergoing bronchoscopy

Answer 531

  BAL lymphocytosis in 20% of dogs Likely a nonspecific response to airway injury from multiple etiologies May be associated with airway collapse

Question 532

Johnson et al. JVIM 2019. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytosis in 104 dogs (2006-2016).  What are normal BAL fluid cytology cell percentages in dogs?

Answer 532

  Macrophages: 80% Lymphocytes: 7% Eosinophils: 6% Neutrophils: 5% Basos, epi cells: 1%  

Question 533

Johnson et al. JVIM 2019. Eosinophilic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in 75 dogs (2005-2016).  What radiographic, clinicopathologic, and BAL cytologic differences were identified between dogs with EB, EG, and EBP?

Answer 533

  EB dogs were less likely to have peripheral eosinophilia, radographic bronchiectasis, lower mean % eos on BAL cytology (21% vs. 55% EG, 61% EBP) Dogs with EBP more likely to have peripheral leukocytosis

Question 534

Johnson et al. JVIM 2019. Eosinophilic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in 75 dogs (2005-2016).  Among dogs with >14% eos on BAL cytology, what was the prevelance of EB? EG? EBP? What ws the prognosis of EG in this study?

Answer 534

  EB: 41% EG: 12% EBP: 47% Prognosis of EG: 9/9 dogs with follow up info improved or resolved with GCs and mucolytics (NAC or nebulized saline)

Question 535

Juvenile-onset polyneuropathy in American Staffordshire Terriers. Vandenberghe et al. JVIM 2018. * Describe the clinical features, nerve biopsy findings, and outcome? Likely mode of inheritance?

Answer 535

* Neuromuscular disease with generalized motor & sensory involvement; 10/14 had lar par * Bx: degenerative polyneuropathy * Outcome: disease slowly progressive; animals maintained QOL and ability to walk * Autosomal recessive

Question 536

JVIM 2019. Association of chronic enteropathy activity index, BUN, and risk of death in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy.  What factors were associated with a higher risk of death in PLE dogs?

Answer 536

  Increased CCEAI scores (> 8) Increased BUN (> 7) Dogs with CCEAI scores < 8 survived 256 days longer Dogs with BUN < 7 survived 279 days longer

Question 537

JVIM 2019. Evaluation of angiopoietin 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in healthy dogs and dogs with SIRS/sepsis.  What differences were identified in plasma levels of ang-2 and VEGF in healthy dogs vs. dogs with sepsis and SIRS? Survivors vs. nonsurvivors?  

Answer 537

  Ang-2 higher in dogs with sepsis and SIRS than healthy dogs, higher in non-survivors VEGF higher in dogs with sepsis than dogs with SIRS & healthy dogs, higher in non-survivors

Question 538

JVIM 2019. Evaluation of angiopoietin 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in healthy dogs and dogs with SIRS/sepsis.  Between plasma angiopoietin 2 and VEGF, which had a better ability to predict outcome in dogs with sepsis and SIRS?

Answer 538

  Ang-2 sensitivity 50%, specificity 87% for distinguishing survivors from non-survivors VEGF could not distinguish

Question 539

Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.  Staging system for dogs with MMVD?

Answer 539

  Stage A: at risk dogs (CKCS, Mini Dachshunds, Mini & Toy Poodles) Stage B1: structural heart disease without clinical signs, evidence of significant cardiac remodeling or failure Stage B2: structural heart disease with cardiac remodeling (LA, LV enlargement), without clinical signs or failure Stage C: congestive heart failure (current or past signs) Stage D: refractory failure

Question 540

Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.  What findings classify a dog as stage B2

Answer 540

  LA:Ao > 1.6, LVID in diastole > 1.7 VHS > 10.5 (breed normalized) or 11.5 (absolute) Murmur > 3/6

Question 541

Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.  Recommended treatments for stage B2?

Answer 541

  Pimobendan 0.25 mg/kg PO q12h +/- ACEi Diet: mild sodium restriction w/ adequate protein & calories to maintain MCS

Question 542

Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.  Recommendations for A fib + MMVD?

Answer 542

  Digoxin + diltiazem for rate control

Question 543

Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.  Findings that classify a dog as stage D? Treatment additions above those for stage C?

Answer 543

  Persistent clinical signs despite daily furosemide > 8 mg/kg, pimobendan, ACEi, spironolactone Can increase to TID pimobendan, add hydrocholorothiazide, switch to 5-10% dose of torsemide Add sildenafil if pulmonary hypertension

Question 544

Keene et al. JVIM 2019. Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.  Recommendations for stage C?

Answer 544

  Furosemide up to 8 mg/kg/d, ACEi, spironolactone, continue pimo Beta blockers not recommended for CHF

Question 545

Kim et al. JVIM 2019. Urinary NGAL in dogs with stable or progressive CKD.  What was the ability of urinary NGAL to creatinine ratio to distinguish between dogs with pre-renal azotemia, stable CKD, progressive CKD, and AKI?

Answer 545

  Could distinguish between progressive CKD and stable CKD with 80% sensitivity & 78% specificity  Couldn't distinguish stable CKD from prerenal azotemia Couldn't distinguish progressive CKD from AKI

Question 546

Kinetics of plasma cell-free DNA and creatine kinase in a canine model of tissue injury. Wilson et al. JVIM 2018. * What were the biological half lives of plasma cfDNA and CK in dogs?

Answer 546

* cfDNA: 5.64 hours | * CK: 28.7 hours

Question 547

King et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of benazepril in cats with heart disease in a prospecitve, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.  What benefit did benazepril (0.5-1 mg/kg PO SID) provide in cats with heart disease compared to placebo?  

Answer 547

  No significant difference over time Parameters assessed: LA diameter, LV wall thickness, time to heart-related treatment failure

Question 548

King et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of benazepril in cats with heart disease in a prospecitve, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.  What adverse effects were associated with benazepril (0.5-1 mg/kg PO SID) in cats with heart disease compared to placebo?

Answer 548

  No significant difference in adverse effects, QOL scores, or CPC parameters compared to placebo

Question 549

Rosenthal, Labato. JVIM 2019. Use of therapeutic plasma exchange to treat nonsteroidal anti-inflamamtory drug overdose in dogs. In dogs with NSAID ingestion treated with TPE, what percent were successfully discharged from the hospital? What percentage developed AKI prior to hospital discharge? Complication rate? What factors were associated with AKI development?

Answer 549

  100% discharged 27% developed AKI 54% complication rate Higher initial NSAID dose associated with higher max creatinine & change in creatinine from baseline

Question 550

Lamoureux et al. Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with CKD: a retrospective study of 201 cases.  What was the prevlance of bacteriuria (based on positive urine culture) in dogs with CKD? What percentage of dogs with bacteriuria showed clinical signs of UTI?

Answer 550

  32% of dogs with CKD had positive urine culture 8% showed clinical signs

Question 551

Lamoureux et al. Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with CKD: a retrospective study of 201 cases.  What was the most common bacterial isolate cultured from the urine in dogs with CKD?

Answer 551

  E. coli in 67% of cases

Question 552

Lamoureux et al. Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with CKD: a retrospective study of 201 cases.  What risk factors for positive urine culture were found in dogs with CKD

Answer 552

  Isosthenuria > 1.013-1.024 Being female

Question 553

Langlois et al. JVIM 2019. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate treatment of copper-associated hepatopathy in dogs.  What was the effect of TTM on hepatic copper concentrations in dogs with CAH after 6 weeks? from 6 to 12 weeks? Effect on histopathology scores?

Answer 553

  TTM decreased hepatic copper concentrations (med 1606 to 1033) in the first 6 weeks of therapy NSD between week 6 and week 12 of therapy (1033 to 931)

Question 554

Langlois et al. JVIM 2019. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate treatment of copper-associated hepatopathy in dogs.  What was the effect of PO TTM on ALT over 12 weeks?  Pseudofunction parameters? Histopathology scores?

Answer 554

  5/10 dogs had decreases in ALT over 1st 6 wks, but overall ALT change was not significant All pseudofunction parameters were normal at baseline and remained normal over 12 weeks NSD in rhodanine copper staining, fibrosis or necroinflammatory scores

Question 555

Larouche-Lebel et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease.  In the expanded RAAS, which angiotensin peptides are vasoconstrictive/maladaptive? Which are vasodilatory/beneficial? What receptors do they bind?

Answer 555

  Maladaptive: AT1(1-10), AT2(1-8), AT3(2-8) Ang(2-7), Ang(3-7) Beneficial: Ang(1-9), Ang(1-7), Ang(1-5), AT4(3-8), Ang(2-10) Maladaptive receptor: AT2 receptor type 1 Beneficial receptors: AT2 receptor type 2, MasR, AT4(3-8) receptor

Question 556

Larouche-Lebel et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease.  What differences in angiotensin peptide concentrations were foudnb etween dogs with CHF vs. dogs without?

Answer 556

  CHF (all dogs receiving ACEis): Increased maladaptive Ang(2-7), Ang(3-7) Increased beneficial Ang(2-10), Ang(1-9), Ang(1-7) No change in AT2, AT3(2-8)

Question 557

Larouche-Lebel et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease.  What effect did incubation of plasma from dogs with CHF with human recombinant ACE2 have on angiotensin peptide concentrations?

Answer 557

  Increased beneficial Ang(1-9), Ang(1-7), Ang(1-5) Decreased AT1, AT2

Question 558

Lawrence et al. JVIM 2019. Untargeted metabolomic profiling of serum from dogs with chronic hepatic disease.  What metabolomic differences were identified between dogs with congenital portosystemic shunt vs. healthy controls, & why are they clinically significant?

Answer 558

  CPSS dogs had decreased branched-chain to aromatic amino acid ratios Aromatic: tyrosin, phenylalanine Branched-chain: leucine, isoleucine, valine Clinical significance: lower BCAA/AAA ratio means lower ability to detoxify ammonia, lower hepatic albumin synthesis

Question 559

Layer‐specific myocardial function in asymptomatic cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy assessed using 2‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography. Suzuki et al. JVIM 2019.  * What was the main point?

Answer 559

* Speckle tracking looking separately at the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium identified strain differences between cats with preclinical HOCM which may indicate occult systolic dysfunction which was missed on conventional echo.

Question 560

Le Sueur et al. JVIM 2019. SDMA concentrations in dogs with IRIS 4 CKD undergoing IHD.   What was the effect of intermittent hemodialysis on serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in dogs with IRIS IV CKD?  

Answer 560

  For every 0.1 increase in urea reduction ratio, investigators saw a 6.2 ug/dL decrease in serum SDMA 

Question 561

Le Sueur et al. JVIM 2019. SDMA concentrations in dogs with IRIS 4 CKD undergoing IHD.   In dogs with IRIS IV CKD undergoing intermittent hemodialysis, what was the percentage rebound in serum SDMA in the inter-dialytic period?

Answer 561

  25% rebound between sessions every 48 hours

Question 562

Le Sueur et al. JVIM 2019. SDMA concentrations in dogs with IRIS 4 CKD undergoing IHD.   What is the origin of symmetric dimethylarginine in the body? 

Answer 562

  Within the cell nucleus, L-arginine is methylated by protein-arginine methyltransferase enzymes --> symmetric & asymmetric dimethylarginine SDMA then released across cell membrane into circulation 

Question 563

Le Sueur et al. JVIM 2019. SDMA concentrations in dogs with IRIS 4 CKD undergoing IHD.   What percentage GFR decrease is detected by an increase in serum creatinine? Serum SDMA?

Answer 563

  Creatinine: 75% GFR loss SDMA: 40% GFR loss (or as little as 20% depending on study)

Question 564

Liao et al. The association of indoxyl sulfate with fibroblast growth factor 23 in cats with CKD.  What was the sensitivity and specificity of plasma indoxyl sulfate for distinguishing progressive from stable CKD in cats? What correlations between IS, FGF-23, and phosphate were identified?

Answer 564

  93% sensitive, 77% specific Faster progression of CKD in cats with high FGF-23 and high IS FGF-23 and IS both correlated positively with serum phosphate; IS correlation was greater than FGF-23

Question 565

Long-term intrinsic rhythm evaluation in dogs with atrioventricular block. Santilli et al. JVIM 2016 * Was the degree of AV block at time of pacemaker implantation static in dogs with third or advanced second-degree AV block?

Answer 565

* More than 1/3 of dogs had AV block either progress or regress

Question 566

Long-term outcome of Irish Wolfhound Dogs with preclinical cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, or both treated with pimobendan, benazepril hydrochloride, or methyldigoxin monotherapy. Vollmar et al. JVIM 2016 What was the effect of treatment with pimobendan vs. benazepril vs. methyldigoxin monotherapies in Irish Wolfhounds with preclinical DCM on time to onset of CHF or cardiac death?

Answer 566

Pimobendan longest (1991 d) > methyldigoxin (1263 d) > benazepril (997 d)

Question 567

Longitudinal evaluation of serum pancreatic enzymes and ultrasonographic findings in diabetic cats without clinically relevant pancreatitis at diagnosis. Zini et al. JVIM 2015 * What percentage of cats were suspected to have subclinical pancreatitis at time of diabetes diagnosis based on high specFPL? PSL? 2+ abnormal AUS findings?

Answer 567

* SpecFPL: 33% * PSL/DGGR: 50% * AUS: 33% * Combined: 60%

Question 568

Longitudinal evaluation of serum pancreatic enzymes and ultrasonographic findings in diabetic cats without clinically relevant pancreatitis at diagnosis. Zini et al. JVIM 2015 * Did specFPL, PSL/DGGR, and AUS findings consistent with pancreatitis affect diabetic control in cats?

Answer 568

* specFPL 2 months post-Dx was higher in cats that did not achieve remission vs. those that did

Question 569

Longitudinal Study of the Relationship among Craniocervical Morphology, Clinical Progression, and Syringomyelia in a Cohort of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Cerda-Gonzales et al. JVIM 2016 * Was morphology of the craniocervical junction at initial imaging able to predict the development of new or worsening signs of syringomyelia at re-evaluation in CKCS?

Answer 569

* Nope

Question 570

Loughran et al. JVIM 2019. The use of focused cardiac ultrasound to screen for occult heart disease in asymptomatic cats.  What was a non-specialist practitioner's ability to detect mild occult heart disease in non-clinical cats using focused cardiac ultrasound? Moderate and severe disease?

Answer 570

  Mild: 45.6% Moderate: 93.1% Severe: 100%

Question 571

Low-dose ACTH stimulation testing in dogs suspected of hypoadrenocorticism. Botsford et al. JVIM 2018. * How did a cosyntropin dose of 1 ug/kg compare to 5 ug/kg for ACTH stimulation tests for diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs? What considerations must be made if using the low dose?

Answer 571

* ACTH stimulated cortisol concentrations were equivalent after both doses * Post sample must be collected at EXACTLY 60 mins

Question 572

Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Multislice Computed Tomography for the Detection of Cervical Syringomyelia in Dogs. Kromhout et al. JVIM 2015 * Utility of CT vs. MRI for detection/measurement of syrinx in dogs?

Answer 572

* CT can be used to detect syrinx; midsagittal views can be used to measure * Can’t replace MRI as the standard for detection of SM in CKCS for breeding

Question 573

Lucena et al. JVIM 2019. Effect of probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 on liver function in healthy dogs.  What was the effect of 14 days of E. faecium SF68 on liver values in healthy dogs?

Answer 573

  No effect on ALT, ALP Did not evaluate other liver parameters, pseudofunction tests, bile acids, ammonia

Question 574

Lucena et al. JVIM 2019. Effect of probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 on liver function in healthy dogs.  What was the effect of 14 days of E. faecium SF68 on serum lipids in healthy dogs?

Answer 574

  Significant decrease in cholesterol at day 28 (14 d after discontinued) Progressive increases in triglycerides which became significant on day 28 One dog became hypertriglyceridemic

Question 575

Lymphatic endothelial cell immunohistochemical markers for evaluation of the intestinal lymphatic vasculature in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. Wennogle et al. JVIM 2019.  What differences in GI lymphatics were identified between dogs with CIE and PLE vs. dogs with CIE w/o PLE when evaluated with lymphatic IHC markers?

Answer 575

  Moderate negative correlation between serum albumin and ileal villous (-0.46) and proprial (-0.65) lacteal width PLE dogs ahd wider duodenal proprial and ileal villous and proprial lacteal width vs. dogs without PLE

Question 576

Lymphatic endothelial cell immunohistochemical markers for evaluation of the intestinal lymphatic vasculature in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. Wennogle et al. JVIM 2019.  How did IHC evaluation of GI lymphatics compare to H&E staining?

Answer 576

  IHC identified lymphangiectasia in some dogs that H&E staining missed H&E lacteal dilation scores correlated weakly w/ ileal and duodenal villous lacteal width, but not with proprial lacteal width

Question 577

Mabry et al. JVIM 2019. Use of video capsule endoscopy to identify gastrointestinal lesions in dogs with microcytosis or GI hemorrhage.  What percentage of dogs with microcytosis, low MCV, or clinical GI bleeding had gastric lesions identified via capsule endoscopy? Intestinal lesions?

Answer 577

  Gastric lesions: 14/16 (87.5%) SI lesions: 12/14 (85.7%) 2 capsules failed to leave the stomach (13%)

Question 578

Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs.  Class, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action of tylosin?

Question 579

Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs.  What was the effect of 7 days of tylosin administration (20 mg/kg PO BID) on diversity indices in the GI microbiota of healthy dogs?

Answer 579

  Day 7: decreased bacterial diversity (alpha & beta; Chao1, Shannon, observed spp) Variable return to normal diversity within two  months

Question 580

Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs What bacterial species increased, and what bacterial families decreased in the GI microbiome after 7 days of tylosin administration (20 mg/kg PO BID) to healthy dogs?

Answer 580

  Increased: Enterococcaceae, Peptosptreptococcaceae Decreased: Veilonellaceae, Fusobacteriaceae

Question 581

Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs What was the effect of 7 days of tylosin (20 mg/kg PO BID) on primary and secondary unconjugated bile acids in the GI tract of healthy dogs?

Answer 581

  Absolute increase in primary bile acids on days 7 and 63 Relative increase (>10% primary BA) at day 21

Question 582

Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs Describe the physiology and significance of GI primary vs. secondary bile acids

Answer 582

  Primary bile acids synthesized by liver, conjugated to taurine, glycine & excreted into GI thru bile Secondary bile acids formed from conversion of primary bile acids via 7-alpha-dehydroxylation by Clostridial spp.  In healthy humans, secondary bile acids predominate in the feces Increase in primary bile acids --> dysbiosis

Question 583

Manchester et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term impact of tylosin on the fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs Describe the difference between alpha and beta diversity? Richness and evenness? Which experimental indices measure richness vs. evenness?

Answer 583

  Alpha diversity: within-subject diversity Beta diversity: between-subject diversity  Richness: how many different categories are there within the subject (Chao1) Evenness: how similar are the amounts within the different categories (Shannon)

Question 584

Mari et al. JVIM 2019. Predictors of urinary and fecal incontinence in dogs with thoracolumbar acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion.  Risk factors for development of urinary and fecal incontinence after ANCNPE? Just fecal incontinence?

Answer 584

  Urinary and fecal: >40% of the spinal cord affected on T2 weighted MRI, paraplegia Just fecal: withholding NSAIDs, spinal shock signs 

Question 585

Mari et al. JVIM 2019. Predictors of urinary and fecal incontinence in dogs with thoracolumbar acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion.  Prevalence of urinary and fecal incontinence after ANCNPE?

Answer 585

  Urinary: 9.1% Fecal: 23.5%

Question 586

Mariani et al. JVIM 2019. CSF lactate in dogs with inflammatory CNS disorders.    What are normal cell counts and protein levels for CSF in cats and dogs?

Answer 586

  Cats: TNCC < 8/uL Dogs: TNCC < 5/uL Protein: 25-30 mg/dL (up to 45 if lumbar tap) Cytology: small #s of small lymphocytes & large mononuclear cells

Question 587

Mariani et al. JVIM 2019. CSF lactate in dogs with inflammatory CNS disorders.  What was the prevalence and association with survival of high CSF lactate in dogs?

Answer 587

  Prevalence: 47% of dogs with inflammatory CNS disorders had high CSF lactate - couldn't differentiate between different types of disease No association with survival

Question 588

Markers of oxidative stress in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease are influenced by sex, neuter status, and serum cholesterol concentration. Reimann et al. JVIM 2017. * What associations between plasma oxidative stress markers and stage of MMVD were identified in dogs? What other associations were identified?

Answer 588

* No association between any marker of oxidative stress and MMVD stage All markers positively associated with serum cholesterol * Malondialdehyde, oxidized LDL, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol * Plasma g-tocopherol higher in neutered dogs; oxLDL lower in females

Question 589

Marsilio et al. JVIM 2019. Results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing of small intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats.  What percentage of apparently healthy cats were diagnosed with small cell lymphoma based on IHC, PARR, and histopathology of endoscopic biopsy samples from the stomach & duodenum? LP enteritis? Most common histopath finding?

Answer 589

  60% diagnosed with small cell lymphoma (15% went on to develop CE signs) 30% diagnosed with LP enteritis (16% went on to develop CE signs) Fibrosis most common finding

Question 590

Mattin et al. JVIM 2019. Factors associated with disease progression in dogs with presumed preclinical degenerative mitral valve disease attending primary care veterinary practices in the UK. What factors were associated with clinical progression of presumed preclinical degenerative mitral valve disease to a negative outcomes (requirement of a potent diuretic, cardiac death) in dogs presented to primary care vets in the UK?

Answer 590

  * Higher NT-proBNP, heart rates, heart murmur intensity * Cough * Being a CKCS * Being prescribed pimobendan

Question 591

Mattin et al. JVIM 2019. Prognostic factors in dogs with presumed degenerative mitral valve disease attending primary care veterinary practices in the UK.   What prognostic factors were associated with a higher risk of cardiac death in dogs with presumed MMVD presenting to primary care practices in the UK?

Answer 591

* Potent diuretic use (furo/torsemide, hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride) * Higher NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin I * Higher heart rate * Exercise intolerance

Question 592

McBride et al. JVIM 2019. Primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury.  What hematologic differences were identified between dogs with IRIS III AKI or greater compared to healthy controls?

Answer 592

  Dogs with AKI had higher platelet count, lower hematocrit Platelets: AKI 350, controls 241 HCT: AKI 34.7%, controls 46.1%

Question 593

McBride et al. JVIM 2019. Primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury.  What functional primary hemostatic differences were noted in dogs with grade III AKI or greater compared to healthy controls? 

Answer 593

  Decreased collagen-induced platelet aggregation  Decreased von Willbrand factor - collagen binding 

Question 594

McBride et al. JVIM 2019. Primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury.  What are the classifications of von Willebrand's disease?

Answer 594

  Type I: partial vWF deficiency  Type II: qualitative vWF defect Type III: complete absence of vWF

Question 595

Measurement variation and repeatability of echocardiographic variables used to estimate pulmonary artery pressure in dogs. Abbot & Gentile-Solomon. JVIM 2017 * What change in peak velocity of tricuspid valve regurgitation could be a cutoff for expected variation if the same person is doing the echo? If different people are doing the echo?

Answer 595

* 0.3 m/s for within-operator | * 0.6 m/s for between-operator

Question 596

Measurement variation and repeatability of echocardiographic variables used to estimate pulmonary artery pressure in dogs. Abbot & Gentile-Solomon. JVIM 2017 * Which echo estimate of pulmonary arterial pressure was most repeatable in dogs?

Answer 596

* Peak velocity of tricuspid valve regurgitation

Question 597

* Mechanism of action of bezafibrate?

Answer 597

* Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist * Increase lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipolysis, cellular FA uptake, beta oxidation * Induces synthesis of major HDL lipoproteins, apoA-1 and apoA-2 * Lowers apoC-III production & reduces VLDL secretion

Question 598

Mechanism of action of pimobendan? 

Answer 598

Sensitization of cardiac troponin C for calcium * Calcium binding à activation of myofibrillar protein interaction & force generation PDE3 inhibitor -> increased cytosolic cAMP in cardiac myocytes * Phosphorylation of phospholamban -> increased Ca sequestration in the SR * Phosphorylation of Ca channels in the SR -> increased Ca release during contraction * Phosphorylation of L-type calcium channels à increased extracellular Ca influx * Vasodilation of venous and arterial, systemic & pulmonary vascular beds

Question 599

* Mechanism of action of vancomycin? Class?

Answer 599

* Class: glycopeptide * MOA: binds D-Ala-D-Ala terminal of peptide chain during cell wall synthesis, inhibiting transpeptidase and preventing peptidoglycan cross-linking

Question 600

* Mechanism of cisplatin?

Answer 600

Binds DNA at purine-purine bonds & roadblocks DNA replication machinery * Prevents DNA repair, mRNA transcription

Question 601

Mehrkens et al. JVIM 2016. Clinicopathologic and histopathologic renal abnormalities in dogs with coccidioidomycosis.  What percentage of dogs with coccidioidomycosis were found to have 3+ or 4+ protein (clinically relevant proteinuria) on urine dipstick?

Answer 601

  63%

Question 602

Mehrkens et al. JVIM 2016. Clinicopathologic and histopathologic renal abnormalities in dogs with coccidioidomycosis.  What percentage of dogs with coccidioidomycosis with renal histopathology available had lesions consistent with ICGN on light microscopy?

Answer 602

  54%

Question 603

Metabolic and hormonal response to a feed-challenge test in lean and overweight dogs. Soder et al. JVIM 2016 * What differences in triglycerides, UCCR, glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations were identified in lean vs. slightly overweight and overweight dogs after a feed challenge?

Answer 603

* Slightly overweight and overweight had higher triglyceride response * Overweight dogs had higher fasting UCCR

Question 604

Metagenomic investigation of idiopathic meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs. Hoon-Hanks et al. JVIM 2018 Questions * In a metagenomic analysis of brain and CSF from dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin, genetic material from what etiologic agents was identified?

Answer 604

* No etiologic agents were identified in any dogs

Question 605

Minamoto et al. JVIM 2019. Fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations and dysbiosis in dogs with chronic enteropathy.  What changes in fecal SCFA concentrations were identified in dogs with CE vs. healthy controls? Why are SCFAs important in CE?

Answer 605

  CE dogs: lower acetate and proprionate; no change in butyrate SCFA decrease may indicate dysbiosis, as SCFAs are metabolic by-products of indigestible fiber fermentation by GI bacteria SCFAs increase anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGFb) SCFAs decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNFa) SCFAs keep pH low and prevent overgrowth of pH sensitive bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridia)

Question 606

Minamoto et al. JVIM 2019. Fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations and dysbiosis in dogs with chronic enteropathy.  What changes in fecal microbiota were identified in dogs with chronic enteropathy vs. healthy controls?

Answer 606

  CE dogs had increased pathogenic E. coli, Strep, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium CE dogs had decreased Firmicutes (Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Turicibacter) CE dogs had decreased bacterial diversity (richness, CHAO1; evenness, Shannon) CE dogs had increased dysbiosis index

Question 607

Minamoto et al. JVIM 2019. Fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and dysbiosis in dogs with chronic enteropathy.  What changes in fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations were identified in dogs with chronic enteropathy vs. healthy controls? Why are SCFAs important in CE?

Answer 607

  CE dogs had decreased acetate and prioprionate vs. controls; no change in butyrate   SCFAs can decrease with intestinal dysbiosis (product of bacterial fiber fermentation) SCFAs can be anti-inflammatory (promote secretion of IL-10 & TGFB; decrease secretion of IL-8, IL6, TNFa

Question 608

Minamoto et al. JVIM 2019. Fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and dysbiosis in dogs with chronic enteropathy.  What changes in the fecal microbiome were identified in dogs with chronic enteropathy vs. healthy controls?

Answer 608

  Decreased bacterial diversity, richness (Chao1) and evenness (Shannon) Increased dysbiosis index Increased Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Strep, pathogenic E. coli in CE Decreased Faecalibacterium, Turicibacter, Blautia (Firmicutes phylum)

Question 609

Mitral annular plane systolic excursion and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in cat with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Spalla et al. JVIM 2017   * What are the MAPSE and TAPSE measures of?

Answer 609

* Measures of L and R heart longitudinal systolic dysfunction

Question 610

Mitral annular plane systolic excursion and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in cat with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Spalla et al. JVIM 2017 * How did the MAPSE and TAPSE change in cats with HCM? Association with survival?

Answer 610

* MAPSE, TAPSE highest in controls, lower in asymptomatic HCM, lowest in HCM-CHF * Shorter survival in cats with lower MAPSE (both IVS and FW) and TAPSE

Question 611

Morphometric analysis of spinal cord termination in CKCS. Sparks et al. JVIM 2019.  What pathologic condition should be investigated for its association with thoracolumbar syringomyelia in CKCS?

Answer 611

* Spinal cord tethering à cord terminated more caudally in CKCS than controls

Question 612

Murakami et al. Ultrasonographic features of presumed gastric wall edema in 14 dogs with pancreatitis.  Describe the ultrasonographic features of gastric wall edema in dogs with pancreatitis?

Answer 612

  Focal thickening (med 9.9 mm) adjacent to pancreas Thickening in submucosa --> hyperechoic or lacy appearance

Question 613

Mutation of the p53 gene and its correlation with the clinical outcome in dogs with lymphoma. Koshino et al. JVIM 2016. Relevance of mutations in the p53 gene?

Answer 613

* Plays a key role in chemotherapy-induced apoptosis; mutations may confer resistance & poor prognosis

Question 614

Mutation of the p53 gene and its correlation with the clinical outcome in dogs with lymphoma. Koshino et al. JVIM 2016. Effect of p53 mutation on survival time in dogs with lymphoma?

Answer 614

Shorter in dogs with p53 mutation (67 vs. 264 days)

Question 615

Nathanson et al. JVIM 2019. Esophagostomy tube complications in dogs and cats: Retrospective review of 225 cases.  What was the complication rate in dogs and cats after E-tube placement?

Answer 615

  Dogs: 43% Cats: 45.5%

Question 616

Nathanson et al. JVIM 2019. Esophagostomy tube complications in dogs and cats: Retrospective review of 225 cases.  What was the infection rate in dogs and cats after E-tube placement?

Answer 616

  Dogs: 13.7% Cats: 17.8% 23% of cats and 36% of dogs with infections required surgical debridement

Question 617

Naturally Occurring Adrenocortical Insufficiency – An Epidemiological Study Based on a Swedish‐Insured Dog Population of 525,028 Dogs. Hanson et al. JVIM 2016 * What breeds & sexes were found to have higher relative risk of Addison’s disease compared with all dog breeds combined?

Answer 617

* Std Poodle, Cairn Terrier, Portuguese Water Dog, Bearded Collie, Cocker Spaniel * Female dogs at higher risk

Question 618

Naturally Occurring Adrenocortical Insufficiency – An Epidemiological Study Based on a Swedish‐Insured Dog Population of 525,028 Dogs. Hanson et al. JVIM 2016 * What effect did Addison’s have on relative risk of death in dogs?

Answer 618

* 1.9 x higher in dogs with Addison’s than in dogs overall

Question 619

Neutrophil extracellular traps in plasma from dogs with IMHA. Lawson et al. JVIM 2018. * What is a neutrophil extracellular trap, and what is the significance of cell-free DNA, hisDNA, and citrullinated histone H3 as it relates to NET formation?

Answer 619

NET: extrusion of nuclear (cell death) or mitochondrial (no cell death) chromatin mesh à physical trap for microbes which are then killed by histones & bactericidal substances associated with the chromatin * Response to IL-8, endotoxin * Elastase migration to the nucleus à chromatin condensation * Histone arginine residues are citrullinated by PAD4 (unique to NETosis) * Cell free and hisDNA can go up due to pathogen DNA, necrosis/apoptosis, or NET * Citrullinated histone H3 only increases as a result of NET formation

Question 620

Neutrophil extracellular traps in plasma from dogs with IMHA. Lawson et al. JVIM 2018. * What differences were found in cell-free DNA, hisDNA, and citrullinated histone H3 in dogs with IMHA vs. established reference ranges? Did these three assays correlate to neutrophil counts?

Answer 620

* 17% of IMHA dogs had increased cell-free DNA, 94% increased hisDNA * 84% of dogs had detectable citrullinated histone H3 * None correlated to neutrophil count

Question 621

Neutrophil extracellular traps in plasma from dogs with IMHA. Lawson et al. JVIM 2018. * Did cell-free DNA, hisDNA, or citrullinated histone H3 correlate to survival in this study

Answer 621

* All were higher in nonsurvivors but difference not significant

Question 622

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in cats with naturally-occurring chronic kidney disease. Wang et al. JVIM 2017.   * What differences between cats with CKD and healthy controls were identified in urinary NGAL concentrations were identified? Sensitivity and specificity of NGAL to predict CKD progression?

Answer 622

* CKD had higher uNGAL and uNGAL/uCr vs. controls * Sensitivity for detection of progression was 77% for both uNGAL and uNGAL/uCr Specificity for detection of progression 75% for uNGAL, 79% for uNGAL/uCr Cutoffs: 2.06 ng/ml uNGAL, 4.08 x 10-6 uNGAL/uCr

Question 623

New insights in the functional zonation of the canine adrenal cortex. Sanders et al. JVIM 2016. * What genetic factor is responsible for the zone-specific production of aldosterone vs. cortisol in the adrenal cortex of dogs?

Answer 623

* The expression of CYP17 (17-alpha hydroxylase) is higher in the zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids) than the zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids) * Both zones had equal expression of CYP11B2 (11beta hydroxylase) * The reason the fasciculata makes cortisol is because 17-alpha hydroxylase shifts production into the cortisol “column”, not because there are different forms of 11 beta hydroxylase that act on 11-deoxycorticosterone or 11-deoxycortisol

Question 624

NGAL in dogs with sepsis undergoing emergency laparotomy: A prospective case-control study. Cortellini et al. JVIM 2015 * How did serum NGAL and uNGAL/uCr compare b/w dogs with sepsis at adminission, during anesthesia, and 24 and 48 hours after laparotomy vs. controls?

Answer 624

* Serum NGAL and uNGAL/uCr higher at all timepoints in cases vs. controls * NSD in uNGAL/uCr b/w survivors and non * Dogs receiving HES had higher uNGAL/uCr at all timepoints

Question 625

Nisa et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of duodenal perfusion by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and intestinal lymphoma.  What was the clinical utility of contrast enhanced duodenal ultrasonography in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and intestinal lymphoma?

Answer 625

  Peak intensity and area under the curve were higher in symptomatic CIE dogs vs. controls; correlated with clinical score AUC higher in symptomatic CIE vs. dogs in remission (PI was not different in remission vs. clinical) Did not distinguish dogs with intestinal lymphoma from CIE or control dogs

Question 626

Nivy et al. JVIM 2019. A prospective randomized study of 2 treatment protocols in preventing recurrence of clinical signs in 51 male cats with obstructive idiopathic cystitis.  What was the effect of adding meloxicam to a treatment protocol for FIC with UO in male cats (alprazolam + phenoxybenzamine) on recurrence of UO within 6 months?

Answer 626

  No effect

Question 627

Nivy et al. JVIM 2019. A prospective randomized study of 2 treatment protocols in preventing recurrence of clinical signs in 51 male cats with obstructive idiopathic cystitis.  What percentage of male cats with FIC that develop urinary obstruction will re-obstruct within 6 months? What percentage will develop recurrent FIC signs with or without obstruction?

Answer 627

  16% reobstruct 24% developed recurrent FIC signs

Question 628

Nivy et al. JVIM 2019. Time course of serum cobalamin, folate, and total iron binding capacity concentrations in pregnant bitches and association with hematological variables and survival.  What changes associated with pregnancy-related anemia were noted in bitches in late pregnancy compared to mid pregnancy?

Answer 628

  Late-pregnant bitches had lower serum cobalamin, RBC counts BUT higher serum iron and transferrin saturation

Question 629

Nixon et al. JVIM 2019. Efficacy of an orally-administered anti-diarrheal probiotic paste (Pro-Kolin Advanced) in dogs with acute diarrhea: a randomized, placeb-controlled, double-blinded clinical study.  What was the effect on duration and need for additional medications?

Answer 629

  Significantly shorter diarrhea duration (32 vs. 47 h) Lower % needed additional medications for diarrhea management (3.5% vs. 15%)

Question 630

Noninvasive Assessment of Neuromuscular Disease in Dogs: Use of the 6‐minute Walk Test to Assess Submaximal Exercise Tolerance in Dogs with Centronuclear Myopathy. Cerda-Gonzales et al. JVIM 2016 * Was the six-minute walk test able to differentiate between dogs affected with centronuclear myopathy vs. controls? Was a pedometer?

Answer 630

* 6MWT could differentiate (affected dogs covered less distance) * Pedometer could not differentiate

Question 631

Noninvasive Assessment of Neuromuscular Disease in Dogs: Use of the 6‐minute Walk Test to Assess Submaximal Exercise Tolerance in Dogs with Centronuclear Myopathy. Cerda-Gonzales et al. JVIM 2016 * Genetic mutation associated with centronuclear myopathy in dogs?

Answer 631

* PTPLA (protein tyrosine phosphatase-like A)

Question 632

* Normal residual urine volume in dogs? Normal bladder capacity?

Answer 632

* RV: 0.2-0.4 ml/kg | * Capacity: 18 ml/kg

Question 633

NT-proBNP and phonocardiography in differentiating innocent cardiac murmurs from congenital cardiac anomalies in asymptomatic puppies. Marinus et al. JVIM 2017 * What differences in NT-proBNP were found between healthy puppies and puppies with innocent murmurs? Between puppies with cardiac anomalies and innocent murmurs?

Answer 633

* NSD b/w puppies without murmurs and with innocent murmurs NT-proBNP significantly higher in puppies with cardiac anomalies (med 1102 vs. 326) but lots of overlap * Some puppies with severe PS did not have high NT-proBNP levels

Question 634

NT-proBNP and phonocardiography in differentiating innocent cardiac murmurs from congenital cardiac anomalies in asymptomatic puppies. Marinus et al. JVIM 2017 * What changes in phonocardiography were noted in puppies with cardiac anomalies?

Answer 634

* Longer murmur to systole ratio (> 80% very likely to be anomalous) * Higher murmur to S1 amplitude ratio * Anomalous murmurs longer and louder than innocent ones

Question 635

Oh et al. JVIM 2019. Circulating neurohormone imbalances in canine sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome and canine pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.  What neurohormonal differences were noted in dogs with SARDS compared to dogs with PDH and normal dogs?

Answer 635

  Dogs with PDH had higher urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin:uCr compared to dogs with SARDS urine MT6s represent accumulated amounts of systemic melatonin over several hours, thus less affected by fluctuations in circulating concentrations Retina contains receptors for melatonin No differences in serum melatonin, serotonin, dopamine

Question 636

Open-label clinical trial of rectally administered levetiracetam as supplemental treatment in dogs with cluster seizures. Cagnotti et al. jivm 2019 * What effect did ventriculoperitoneal shunting have on clinical signs in dogs with internal hydrocephalus?

Answer 636

* Resolution of 1 or more clinical signs, regardless of age or duration of signs * Resolution of ataxia and obtundation

Question 637

Opportunistic invasive cutaneous fungal infections associated with administration of cyclosporine to dogs with immune-mediated disease. McAtee et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the incidence of opportunistic invasive fungal infection in dogs with immune-mediated disease treated with immunosuppressive drugs?

Answer 637

* 13%

Question 638

Opportunistic invasive cutaneous fungal infections associated with administration of cyclosporine to dogs with immune-mediated disease. McAtee et al. JVIM 2017. * What risk factors were identified for developing an opportunistic invasive fungal infection in dogs with immune-mediated disease on immunosuppressives?

Answer 638

* Being male (OR 5) | * Being treated with cyclosporine (OR 7)

Question 639

Oral cobalamin supplementation in dogs with chronic enteropathies and hypocobalaminemia. Toresson et al. JVIM 2016 What was the effect of administration of oral cobalamin supplementation to dogs with signs of chronic enteropathy and initial serum cobabalmin < 270?

Answer 639

* All dogs became normocobalaminemic; mean increase of 794

Question 640

* Paclitaxel has conditional FDA approval for use in which canine cancers?

Answer 640

* Resectable and non-resectable SCC | * Nonresectable stage III, IV, and V mammary cancer

Question 641

Pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in serum of dogs with diabetic ketoacidosis. Bolton et al. JVIM 2016. * What percentage of dogs with DKA had evidence of concurrent pancreatic injury (based on increased PLI)? What proportion had AUS evidence of pancreatitis? Effect of increased PLI on outcomes?

Answer 641

* 71% of DKA dogs had increased PLI 28/57 had AUS evidence of acute pancreatitis; 3/57 chronic pancreatitis * AUS agreed with PLI in 70% of PLI pos, 47% of PLI negative dogs (fair agreement) * NSD in length of hospitalization (6d pos, 4d neg); NSD in survival to discharge (24% & 12%)

Question 642

Parachini-Winter et al. JVIM 2019. Cutaneous and subcutaneous metastasis of appendicular osteosarcoma in dogs: 20 cases.  Prognosis for dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma that develop cutaneous or subcutaneous metastasis? How does chemo/surgery affect outcome?

Answer 642

  Grave prognosis: MST 55 days Outcome better with chemo+surgery (94 d) vs. chemo alone (64 d) or nothing (11 d)

Question 643

Parkanzky et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both.  What was the 14-day mortality rate for dogs with GBM treated with cholecystectomy in a recent retrospective study & how does this compare to previous reports?

Answer 643

  14-day mortality rate 19.6% Lower than previously-reported (22-40%)

Question 644

Parkanzky et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both.  What breeds are predisposed to GBM formation?

Answer 644

  Shelties, Cocker Spaniels, MIni Schnauzers MBD most commonly affected in this study

Question 645

Parkanzky et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both. How did long-term survival compare between dogs with GBM treated surgically, medically, or both?

Answer 645

  Surgical: MST 1802 d Medical: MST 1240 d Both: 203 d

Question 646

Parkanzky et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both.  What factors were associated with decreased survival in dogs with GBM regardless of management strategy?

Answer 646

  Increasingly severe mucocele type increased serum ALP increased serum creatinine

Question 647

Parkanzky et al. JVIM 2019. Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both.  What factor was associated with increased survival in dogs with GBM treated surgically?

Answer 647

  Evidence of rupture on AUS (may prompt more aggressive management)

Question 648

Paroxysmal dyskinesia in Border Terriers: Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic investigations. Stassen et al. JVIM 2017. * What were characteristic clinical signs of paroxysmal dyskinesia in Border terriers? What therapy(ies) were beneficial? What genes were involved?

Answer 648

* Falling over, dystonia, muscle fasciculations (NOT loss of consciousness) * Dystonia: disturbance in muscle relaxation after voluntary contraction of percussion which improves with continued activity * Anti-epileptic therapy beneficial in 29/43; hypoallergenic gluten-free diet in 15/15 * No genetic mutations identified in GWAS

Question 649

Pasireotide long-acting release treatment for diabetic cats with underlying hypersomatotropism. Gostelow et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the effect of pasireotide 6-8 mg/kg SC q 1 month in cats with diabetic hypersomatotropism (acromegaly) x 6 months on IGF-1 concentrations? Insulin resistance Index? Insulin dose? Mean fructosamine and mean blood glucose?

Answer 649

* 3/8 cats entered diabetic remission * Significant decreases in IGF-1, insulin resistance index (fructosamine x insulin dose), and insulin dose * NSD in mean fructosamine or mean blood glucose

Question 650

Pasireotide long-acting release treatment for diabetic cats with underlying hypersomatotropism. Gostelow et al. JVIM 2017. * What adverse events were associated with pasireotide in cats with diabetic hypersomatotropism?

Answer 650

* Diarrhea, hypoglycemia, worsening polyphagia

Question 651

Pasireotide long-acting release treatment for diabetic cats with underlying hypersomatotropism. Gostelow et al. JVIM 2017. * Mechanism of action of pasireotide?

Answer 651

Somatostatin analogue à inhibits basal & GHRH-stimulated GH secretion * Also inhibits TSH, insulin, glucagon, gastrin secretion

Question 652

Pathophysiology, Clinical Importance, and Management of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Caused by Suprasacral Spinal Cord Injury. Hu et al. JVIM 2016. * What antimicrobials have pH dependent activity?

Answer 652

* Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides -> alkaline * Tetracyclines, many beta-lactams -> acidic * Clinda, amoxy, Clavamox pH independent

Question 653

Pelander et al. JVIM 2019. Comparison of the diagnostic value of SDMA, cystatin C, and creatinine for detection of decreased glomerular filtration rate in dogs. Using a creatinine cutoff of 1.3 mg/dl, what were the sensitivities and specificities of SDMA and creatinine for decreased GFR in dogs? How did cystatin C (cutoff 0.49 mg/L) compare?

Answer 653

  Creat: sensitivity 90%, specificity 90% SDMA: sensitivity 90%, specificity 87% Cystatin C: sensitivity 90%, specificity 74%

Question 654

Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis and bile analysis for the detection of Platynosomum spp.-induced cholangitis in cats. Koster et al. JVIM 2016. What proportion of Playtnosomum-infected cats were co-infected with E. coli in the bile?              

Answer 654

* 6/28 cats

Question 655

Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis and bile analysis for the detection of Platynosomum spp.-induced cholangitis in cats. Koster et al. JVIM 2016. How did fecal and bile egg counts compare in Platynosomum-infected cats? What proportion of cats experienced complications from AUS-guided percutaneous cholecystocentesis?

Answer 655

* Significantly higher egg count in bile compared to feces | * No cats experienced clinically-relevant complications

Question 656

Perez-Lopez et al. JVIM 2019. Assessment of the association between diabetes mellitus and CKD in cats.  What association exists between diabetes mellitus and diagnosis of CKD in cats? What other factors were associated with CKD diagnosis?

Answer 656

  OR of 4.47 for cat with DM to have CKD Other factors: age, mixed breed

Question 657

Performance of 4 point of care screening tests for feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus. Levy et al. JVIM 2017. * Considering the assumed prevalence of 1-5% for FELV/FIV in the population, what concerns exist about POC assays for FELV/FIV? Which performed best?

Answer 657

* Even though all tests except the VetScan had specificity > 90% for both, prevalence is low enough that most positives on POC assays will be false positives * SNAP test performed best for FELV (sens & spec 100%) (VetScan was worst, sens & spec 85%); NSD for FIV

Question 658

Perfusion and Volume Response of Canine Brain Tumors to Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy. Zwingenberger et al. JVIM 2016. * Were stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiation effective at reducing tumor volume, blood flow, and blood volume in dogs with brain tumors? MST?

Answer 658

* Yes | * MST 324 days

Question 659

Persistent Ehrlichia ewingii infection in dogs after natural tick infestation. Starkey et al. JVIM 2015 Length of persistence of E. chaffensis & E. ewingii in naturally infected research Beagles (via blood PCR)? What clinical signs were noted?

Answer 659

E. chaffensis: 55 days E. ewingii: 3/4 Beagles positive for 460-733+ days * Dog that cleared quickly (D61) was titer negative by day 70 (approx.) Dogs that cleared by day 460 had Ab 8 months past PCR clearance * Cross reactivity b/w chaffensis & ewingii likely * No dog developed clinical signs during the course of the study

Question 660

Pharmacokinetics and acid suppressant efficacy of esomeprazole after intravenous, oral , and subcutaneous administration to healthy Beagle dogs. Hwang et al. JVIM 2017 * What was the effect of esomeprazole 1 mg/kg SC, PO, and IV on MPT3 and MPT4 in healthy dogs?

Answer 660

* IV: MPT3 59%, MPT4 41% * SC MPT3 76%, MPT4 63% * PO: MPT3 88%, MPT4 83% * Baseline: MPT3 12%, MPT4 4%

Question 661

Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability of Orally Administered Innovator‐Formulated Itraconazole Capsules and Solution in Healthy Dogs. Hasbach et al. JVIM 2017 * How did ADME compare between commercially available capsule and solution formulations of itraconazole in healthy dogs? What dose recommendation was made?

Answer 661

* Capsule 85% bioavailable compared to solution; variable absorption * Overall drug concentrations similar; half lives both 33h * Dose recommendation: 20 mg/kg load, then 10 mg/kg SID for both formulations

Question 662

Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid after intravenous administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats. Slovak et al. JVIM 2017. In cats administered mycophenolate mofetil 20 mg/kg IV as a 2-hour infusion every 12 hours, what range in AUC0-14h­ was observed? What clinical consequences might this have?

Answer 662

* AUC ranged from 6 to 50 h*mg/L after IV dosing | * Implies that clinical efficacy and toxicity risk might have high interindividual variability

Question 663

Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid after intravenous administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats. Slovak et al. JVIM 2017 * In cats administered mycophenolate mofetil 20 mg/kg IV as a 2-hour infusion every 12 hours, what adverse effects were noted?

Answer 663

* 2/6 cats developed transient large bowel diarrhea

Question 664

Phillips et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment outcome in cats with hiatal hernia: 31 cases (1995-2018) What were the most common clinical signs associated with hiatal hernia in cats? What percent had regurgitation?

Answer 664

  Weight loss, vomiting, anorexia most common  Only 10% had regurgitation as a clinical sign

Question 665

Phillips et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment outcome in cats with hiatal hernia: 31 cases (1995-2018) Is type I hiatal hernia more likely congenital or acquired in cats? Why? How does this differ from dogs?

Answer 665

  More likely acquired - 65% of cats were > 3 y old at diagnosis - 29% had upper airway obstruction --> possible cause Dogs: 75% of sliding hiatal hernias congenital

Question 666

Phillips et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment outcome in cats with hiatal hernia: 31 cases (1995-2018) What are the classifications of hiatal hernia? Which type is most common in cats?

Answer 666

  Type I: sliding Type II: Paraesophageal (cranial stomach "flips" up alongside esophagus) Type III: displacement of LES and fundus into thorax Type IV: liver, stomach, SI herniate into thorax Type I present in 85.7% of cats

Question 667

Phillips et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment outcome in cats with hiatal hernia: 31 cases (1995-2018) How many cats with hiatal hernia were diagnosed via plain radiographs? Videofluoroscopic swallow study? CT?

Answer 667

  TXR: 38% VFSS: 100% CT: 100%

Question 668

Plasma cytokeratin‐18 concentrations as noninvasive biomarker of early gastrointestinal toxicosis in dogs receiving toceranib. Kovac et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the ability of plasma cytokeratin-18 concentrations to predict development of GI toxicosis in dogs treated with toceranib?

Answer 668

* Not a significant predictor

Question 669

Plasma free amino acid profiles in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma. Leela-arporn et al. JVIM 2019 * What differences were identified in plasma free amino acid profiles in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma vs. healthy controls and dogs with benign liver diseases?

Answer 669

* Glutamic acid higher in dogs with liver disease and HCC compared to controls * No difference in amino acid profiles between dogs with HCC and benign liver disease * No difference in amino acid profiles pre- and post-resection in dogs with HCC

Question 670

Plasma NT-proBNP and cell-free DNA concentrations after prolonged strenuous exercise in working farm dogs. Hunt et al. JVIM 2018.   * What was the effect of 4 days of strenuous exercise on NT-proBNP and cfDNA plasma concentrations in 6 healthy working dogs?

Answer 670

* First day increased NT-proBNP by 101%; each subsequent day decreased by 16% * cfDNA increased by 138 ng/mL after work

Question 671

Plasma NT-proBNP, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cardiac troponin I as novel biomarkers of hypertensive disease and target organ damage in cats. Bijsmans et al. .JVIM 2017.   * What was the clinical utility of NT-proBNP, VEGF, and cTnI in detecting hypertension in cats? What recommendation was made?

Answer 671

* Although VEGF and NTproBNP increased in cats with ocular TOD, no test had sufficient AUC to function as a diagnostic test. * Continue to use persistent increases in systolic blood pressure and fundoscopy, rather than NT-proBNP, VEGF, or cTnI to diagnose feline hypertension

Question 672

Plasma SDMA concentration in dogs with acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Dahlem et al. JVIM 2017 * What differences were found between AKI and CKD dogs in SDMA and creatinine?

Answer 672

* SDMA could not differentiate between AKI and CKD, but was higher in AKI & CKD vs. controls * SDMA/creatinine was higher in AKI dogs, but with significant overlap

Question 673

Plasma vasoprotective eicosanoid concentrations in healthy Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound dogs. Martinez et al. JVIM 2016. Questions * How did systolic blood pressure and mean urine albumin concentration differ between Greyhounds and non-Greyhound dogs?

Answer 673

* Greyhounds: SBP 152; 50% had urine albumin > 1 mg/dl | * Non-Greyhounds: SBP 143; 10% had urine albumin > 1 mg/dl

Question 674

Plasma vasoprotective eicosanoid concentrations in healthy Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound dogs. Martinez et al. JVIM 2016. * What AA metabolites are endothelium protective & promote vasodilation, inhibit platelet aggregation, and are anti-inflammatory? What AA metabolites measured in this study are associated with loss of vasoprotective effect?

Answer 674

* Protective: EETS (epoxyeicosatrienoic acid); produced from AA by CYP450 epoxygenases * Loss of vasoprotection: EETS à DHETS via soluble epoxide hydrolase enzyme

Question 675

Plasma vasoprotective eicosanoid concentrations in healthy Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound dogs. Martinez et al. JVIM 2016. * What changes in arachidonic acid metabolites were noted in Greyhounds vs. non-Greyhounds?

Answer 675

Higher 5, 8, 9, & 12 (S)-HETEs (produced by lipoxygenase action on AA) * Inhibit PG-induced vasodilation -> vasoconstriction * 12(S)-HETE proinflammatory & mediates hypertrophic effects of AngII * 15(S)-HETE -> vascular remodeling Higher 8,9, 11,12, and 14,15DHET; higher 11,12DHET/EET ratio * DHETS -> loss of vasoprotective effect of the EETS * Also had higher 14,15EET than non-Greyhounds, unclear significance

Question 676

Plasma vasoprotective eicosanoid concentrations in healthy Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound dogs. Martinez et al. JVIM 2016. * What is cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy?

Answer 676

* Form of thrombotic microangiopathy in Greyhounds * Endothelial cell swelling, detachment, microthrombosis * -> cutaneous ulcers, thrombocytopenia, proteinuria, hypertension, progressive renal dysfunction or AKI

Question 677

Plasma vitamin D metabolites and CRP in stage-stop racing endurance sled dogs. Spoo et al. JVIM 2015   * Effect of strenuous endurance exercise on vit D metabolites and CRP in dogs?

Answer 677

* Increased 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)D; NSD in 1,25(OH)D | * Increased CRP

Question 678

Platelet activation and clopidogrel effects on ADP-induced platelet activation in cats with or without A31P mutation in MYBPC3. Li et al. JVIM 2016 * What differences in baseline platelet aggregation were identified in cats with the A31P mutation in MYBPC3 vs. those without? Was clopidogrel effective in cats with the mutation?

Answer 678

* Platelet activation in response to ADP was  higher in cats with the A31P MYBPC3 mutation Clopidogrel attenuated platelet activation in 11/13 cats * High inter-individual variation in percent activation %

Question 679

Polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement: Benchmarking performance of a lymphoid clonality assay in diverse canine sample types. Ehrhart et al. JVIM 2019 * What was the sensitivity and specificity of a benchmarked PARR protocol for detection of lymphoma vs. non in canine formalin-fixed tissue? FNA?

Answer 679

* 92% sensitive and specific for formalin fixed tissue | * 100% sensitive and specific for FNA

Question 680

Population pharmacokinetics of extended‐release levetiracetam in epileptic dogs when administered alone, with phenobarbital or zonisamide. Munana et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the effect of concurrent administration of levetiracetam and phenobarbital on the PK of levetiracetam in dogs? Levetiracetam and zonisamide?

Answer 680

* Lev-pheno à lower Cmax, AUC, higher clearance than lev alone, lev-zonisamide * Half life still comparable to previous reports (5hr)

Question 681

Portal vein/aorta ratio in dogs with acquired portosystemic collaterals. Sakamoto et al. JVIM 2017. * What differences in PV/Ao assessed via abdominal CT scan were found between healthy controls vs. dogs with portosystemic shunts secondary to chronic hepatitis, primary hypoplasia of the portal vein, and congenital EHPSS?

Answer 681

* PV/Ao similar b/w healthy controls and chronic hepatitis group (0.95 vs. 1.35) * PV/Ao significantly smaller in dogs with PHPV (0.4) and C-EHPSS (0.3)

Question 682

Portal vein/aorta ratio in dogs with acquired portosystemic collaterals. Sakamoto et al. JVIM 2017. * Did PV/Ao correlate with splenic pulp pressure, another method for assessing portal hypertension in dogs?

Answer 682

* PV/Ao correlated moderately and positively with SPP overall, but not within diagnosis groups

Question 683

Posaconazole pharmacokinetics in healthy cats after oral and intravenous administration. Mawby et al. JVIM 2016. * Recommended dosing strategies to maintain targeted trough concentrations 0.7-0.5 ug/ml in cats with oral posaconazole?

Answer 683

* 30 mg/kg PO load, 15 mg/kg PO q 48h | * 15 mg/kg PO load, 7.5 mg/kg PO q 24h

Question 684

Pre- and post-transfusion alloimmunization in dogs characterized by 2 antiglobulin-enhanced crossmatch tests. Goy-Thallot et al. JVIM 2017 * What percentage of dogs were found to have alloantibodies against RBC antigens before transfusion of DEA-1 type-matched blood? After transfusion of type-matched blood?

Answer 684

* 0% had naturally-occurring alloantibodies against canine RBC Ag before transfusion * 44% became crossmatch-incompatible to DEA1 type-matched blood after transfusion

Question 685

Pre- and post-transfusion alloimmunization in dogs characterized by 2 antiglobulin-enhanced crossmatch tests. Goy-Thallot et al. JVIM 2017 * What recommendation was made based on study results?

Answer 685

* Cross-match any dog that has been previously transfused, regardless of DEA-1 typing

Question 686

Predicting outcome in dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: results of a multicenter case registry. Goggs et al. JVIM 2015 * What factors were independently associated with death in hospital or by 30 days in dogs with IMHA? What percentage survived to discharge? Still alive at 30 days post?

Answer 686

ASA classification, bilirubin, urea, creatinine independent predictors of death in hospital * Urea not predictive of death in 30 days; the rest were * 74% survived to discharge, 67% survived to 30 days post admission

Question 687

Predicting outcome in dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: results of a multicenter case registry. Goggs et al. JVIM 2015 * What scoring system was predictive of death in hospital or within 30 days of admission?

Answer 687

CHAOS score > 3

Question 688

Predictors of sudden cardiac death in Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy. Kluser et al. JVIM 2016. * What was the most important variable to predict sudden cardiac death in Dobermans with DCM? What other variables were important?

Answer 688

* Volume overload of the left ventricle (LV end-diastolic volume/BSA) OR 8.5 * V tach, cardiac tropoinin I, VPCs > 260 bpm

Question 689

Preliminary investigation of cardiovascular-renal disorders in dogs with chronic mitral valve disease. Martinelli et al. JVIM 2016   * What associations were identified between chronic mitral valve disease and CKD in dogs? B/w mitral valve disease and anemia?

Answer 689

Direct correlation between ACVIM MMVD class and IRIS CKD stage * Higher prevalence of CKD in CMVD vs. controls; in CHF-treated vs. non

Question 690

Preliminary investigation of cardiovascular-renal disorders in dogs with chronic mitral valve disease. Martinelli et al. JVIM 2016 * What factors affected survival in dogs with cardiovascular-renal disorders/CMVD?

Answer 690

Severe heart and/or renal disease, furosemide administration, age -> shorter survival * Dogs with cardiovascular-renal disease had shorter survival than just CMVD

Question 691

Presence of Clostridium perfringens netE and netF toxin genes in the feces of dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. Sindern et al. JVIM 2019. * What was the prevalence of netE and netF toxin gene positivity in the feces of dogs with AHDS compared to dogs with parvo and healthy controls?

Answer 691

* AHDS: 48%; parvo: 0%; healthy: 12% (SD) | * Presence of C. perfringens was similar among groups; AHDS may be due to proliferation of netE and netF forming strains

Question 692

Presence of Clostridium perfringens netE and netF toxin genes in the feces of dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome. Sindern et al. JVIM 2019. * What differences in clinical course and labwork parameters were identified between dogs with AHDS who were positive for netE and netF genes in their feces vs. negative?

Answer 692

* No difference in duration of hospitalization or time to recovery * No difference in any CBC or chemistry parameter

Question 693

Prevalence and Clinical Relevance of Exon 2 Deletion of COMMD1 in Bedlington Terriers in Korea. Kim et al. JVIM 2016. * In Korean Bedlington Terriers, what is the survival probability of mutants homozygous for COMMD1 mutation for 2.5 years? 4 years? At what age was ALT increased in mutant homozygotes?

Answer 693

* 2/3 and ½ probability | * > 2 years

Question 694

Prevalence and clinicopathological features of triaditis in a prospective case series of symptomatic and asymptomatic cats. Fragkou et al. JVIM 2016 * Describe the population of cats found to have inflammatory lesions of IBD, cholangitis, pancreatitis, or combination?

Answer 694

* 57% of cats had inflammation involving more than one organ (34% IBD + ch, 17% triaditis) * 27/47 asymptomatic, 20/47 symptomatic; all cats with triaditis and pancreatitis symptomatic * IBD lesions in triaditis cats more severe than in cats with IBD alone

Question 695

Prevalence and mode of inheritance of the Dal blood group in dogs in North America. Goulet et al. JVIM 2017. What percentage of canine blood donors were found to be Dal-?

Answer 695

* 2.4%

Question 696

Prevalence and mode of inheritance of the Dal blood group in dogs in North America. Goulet et al. JVIM 2017. What is the mode of inheritance of the Dal+ phenotype?

Answer 696

* Autosomal dominant

Question 697

Prevalence and mode of inheritance of the Dal blood group in dogs in North America. Goulet et al. JVIM 2017. Most dogs are DAL+, and the danger lies in infusing DAL+ blood to a sensitized DAL- dog. What breeds had a high prevalence of DAL- dogs? Did DAL­- dogs have Dal+ alloantibodies if they did not have a transfusion history?

Answer 697

Dalmatians: 12%; Dobermanns: 42%; Shih Tzus: 57% * Sporadically in MBDs, Lhasa Apso, Bichon Frise No Dal- dogs without a transfusion history had Dal alloantibodies

Question 698

Prevalence and prognostic importance of pulmonary hypertension in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Borgarelli et al. JVIM 2015. * Does PH affect outcome in dogs with MMVD?

Answer 698

* Yes; mod-severe PH (TRPG > 55 mmHg) and LA:Ao independent predictors of worse outcome

Question 699

Prevalence of and risk factors for degenerative mitral valve disease in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. Mattin et al. JVIM 2015.   * Prevalence of DMVD (confirmed)? Signalment risk factors?

Answer 699

* 0.36% * Males > females Dogs >20 kg had half the risk compared with dogs < 20 kg * At risk breeds: CKCS, KCS, Whippet, Poodle, Yorkie, Shih Tzu, Chi, Mini Schnauzer, Border Collie

Question 700

Prevalence of congenital sensorineural deafness in a population of client-owned purebred kittens in the UK. Mari et al. JVIM 2019 What risk factors exist for congenital sensorineural deafness in purebred cats?

Answer 700

  * Solid white coat (prevalence 30%) * Blue irises – 1 blue iris 44%; both blue 50% * Turkish Van, Maine Coon, Norwegian Forest cat breeds

Question 701

Prevalence of Enteropathogens in Dogs Attending 3 Regional Dog Parks in Northern California. Hascall et al. JVIM 2017. What percentage of dogs with Giardia cysts detected on fecal flotation or direct fluorescence assay were PCR negative for Giardia? Was Giardia infection associated with diarrhea?

Answer 701

* 46% PCR negative | * Yes, Giardia infection was associated with increasing fecal score

Question 702

Prevalence of Enteropathogens in Dogs Attending 3 Regional Dog Parks in Northern California. Hascall et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the overall prevalence of Giardia infection in dogs attending dog parks? Overall prevalence of enteropathogens? What percentage of enteropathogen-infected dogs were diarrheic?

Answer 702

* 9% Giardia prevalence | * 38% overall enteropathogen prevalence; only 54% diarrheic

Question 703

Prevalence of Enteropathogens in Dogs Attending 3 Regional Dog Parks in Northern California. Hascall et al. JVIM 2017. * What factors were associated with fecal consistency in dogs attending dog parks?

Answer 703

Presence and number of enteropathogens * Younger dogs more likely to be infected * Frequency of dog park attendance correlated with fecal consistency but NOT with enteropathogen detection C perfringens alpha toxin, cpe, Giardia NOT: PCR positivity for C. diff, Salmonella, Circovirus, Campylobacter jejuni

Question 704

Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in cats during anesthesia and effect of omeprazole on gastric pH. Garcia et al. JVIM 2017 * What was the effect of 1.45-2.2 mg/kg PO omeprazole 18-24 h and 4h pre-anesthesia on mean gastric pH in cats undergoing anesthesia? On serum gastrin levels?

Answer 704

* Mean gastric pH higher in omeprazole (7.2) vs. placebo (2.8) * NSD in serum gastrin

Question 705

Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in cats during anesthesia and effect of omeprazole on gastric pH. Garcia et al. JVIM 2017 * What percentage of cats experienced one or more episodes of gastro-esophageal reflux during general anesthesia?

Answer 705

* 33%

Question 706

Prevalence of naturally-occurring non-AB blood type incompatibilities in cats and influence of crossmatch on transfusion outcomes. McClosky et al. JVIM 2018. * What percentage of naïve cats and previously-transfused cats had major crossmatch incompatibilities with type-matched blood?

Answer 706

* 15% of naïve cats; 27% of previously-transfused cats

Question 707

Prevalence of naturally-occurring non-AB blood type incompatibilities in cats and influence of crossmatch on transfusion outcomes. McClosky et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the incidence of febrile transfusion reactions in crossmatched vs. non-crossmatched cats? Did crossmatch have an effect on outcome?

Answer 707

* 10% of non-crossmatched and 2.5% of crossmatched transfusions led to febrile transfusion reactions (SD) * No effect on outcomes (survival to discharge, survival 30 or 60 days post-transfusion)

Question 708

Prevalence of naturally-occurring non-AB blood type incompatibilities in cats and influence of crossmatch on transfusion outcomes. McClosky et al. JVIM 2018. * What clinical recommendation was made based on study results?

Answer 708

* Crossmatch before all (including the first) RBC transfusions in cats

Question 709

Prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in SoCal dogs with clinical and laboratory abnormalities consistent with immune-mediated disease. Kidd et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the prevalence of vector-borne pathogen exposure or infection in dogs with suggestive clinical signs in southern California? What species were most common? What testing modifications increased detection?

Answer 709

* 33% Ehrlichia, Babesia * Convalescent serology, repeating PCR, and using novel PCR gene targets

Question 710

Prevalence, distribution, and clinical characteristics of hemangiosarcoma-associated skeletal muscle metastases in 61 dogs: A whole-body computed tomographic study. JVIM 2019 * What percentage of dogs with HSA undergoing whole-body CT scan had skeletal muscle metastases identified? What clinical signs were associated with skeletal muscle mets?

Answer 710

* 25%; never the only metastatic site | * Lameness or reluctance to move (60% of affected dogs)

Question 711

Procoagulant microparticles in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Kidd et al. JVIM 2015 * What microparticle procoagulant activities are increased in dogs with IMHA?

Answer 711

* Phosphatidylserine + and tissue factor + procoagulant microparticle activity * NSD in overall numbers of either microparticle

Question 712

Procoagulant microparticles in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Kidd et al. JVIM 2015 * What is a procoagulant microparticle?

Answer 712

* Derived from “blebbing” of membranes of many cell types | * Released on activation or cell injury; cleared by RES

Question 713

Prognostic factors associated with recovery of ambulation and urinary continence in dogs with acute lumbosacral spinal cord injury. Shaw et al. JVIM 2017. * How did prognosis for regaining urinary continence and ambulation compare in dogs with L4-S3 lesions compared with T3-L3 lesions?

Answer 713

* Fewer dogs with LS lesions regained urinary continence; NSD in regaining ambulation

Question 714

Prognostic factors associated with recovery of ambulation and urinary continence in dogs with acute lumbosacral spinal cord injury. Shaw et al. JVIM 2017. * What were negative prognostic indicators for regaining urinary continence in dogs with L4-S3 lesions?

Answer 714

* Absent deep pain, lower motor neuron incontinence, and noncompressive lesions

Question 715

Prognostic factors associated with recovery of ambulation and urinary continence in dogs with acute lumbosacral spinal cord injury. Shaw et al. JVIM 2017. * What were negative prognostic indicators for regaining ambulation in dogs with acute L4-S3 lesions?

Answer 715

* Absent deep pain and being a large nonchondrodystrophic breed

Question 716

Prognostic importance of plasma total magnesium in a cohort of cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease. Van den Broek et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the effect on outcome of hypo- and hypermagnesemia in cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease? Association with FGF-23?

Answer 716

* Hypomagnesemia was independently associated with FGF-23 and increased risk of death. * Hypermagnesemia was not associated with survival on multivariate * Hypomagnesemia was not associated with CKD progression on multivariate

Question 717

Prognostic importance of plasma total magnesium in a cohort of cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease. Van den Broek et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the effect on outcome of hypo- and hypermagnesemia in cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease? Association with FGF-23?

Answer 717

* Hypomagnesemia was independently associated with increasing FGF-23 and increased risk of death. * Hypermagnesemia was not associated with survival on multivariate * Hypomagnesemia was not associated with CKD progression on multivariate

Question 718

Prognostic importance of plasma total magnesium in a cohort of cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease. Van den Broek et al. JVIM 2018.   * How did magnesium status affect phosphorus’s affect on outcome in CKD cats?

Answer 718

* Hyperphosphatemia only increased risk of death in hypomagnesemic cats

Question 719

Prognostic value of echocardiographic indices of left atrial morphology and function in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Toaldo et al. JVIM 2018. * What echocardiographic left atrial measurement was the strongest predictor of cardiac death in dogs with MMVD?

Answer 719

* Left atrial maximal volume (outperformed LA:Ao)

Question 720

Prognostic Value of Right Ventricular Tei Index in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valvular Heart Disease. Nakamura et al. JVIM 2016. How did the Tei index (aka myocardial performance index) perform compared to LA:Ao, peak early diastolic mitral inflow velocity, and Doppler estimates of systolic pulmonary artery pressure at distinguishing dogs with MMVD who would die within 1 year of first echo?

Answer 720

* AUC for Tei index > LA:Ao > peak early diastolic mitral inflow velocity > Doppler PAP

Question 721

REVIEW: Classification of involuntary movements in dogs: myoclonus and myotonia. Lowrie, Garosi. JVIM 2017. ​ Proposed veterinary classification scheme for myoclonus in dogs?

Answer 721

Epileptic myoclonus Lafora’s disease: Mini Wirehaired Dachshunds (EPM2B or NHLRC1) Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: 9 different genes FFS PPT1, TPP1, CLN2, 5, 6, 8, CTSD, ATP13A2, ARSG * Myoclonic epilepsy of unknown origin Nonepileptic myoclonus * Canine distemper virus Startle disease: Irish Wolfhound & Lab puppies * Microdeletions in GlyT2 gene (SLC6A5); autosomal recessive * Hemifacial spasm

Question 722

Prospective evaluation of an indwelling esophageal balloon dilatation feeding tube for treatment of benign esophageal strictures in dogs and cats.   * What percentage of animals had improved dysphagia scores after use of the B-tube? What percentage had no dysphagia?

Answer 722

* 92% improved, 67% had no dysphagia

Question 723

Prospective long‐term evaluation of parenteral hydroxocobalamin supplementation in juvenile beagles with selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption (Imerslund‐Gräsbeck syndrome). Kook et al. JVIM 2018. * What parenteral medication was sufficient to maintain clinical health in dogs with Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome?

Answer 723

* 1 mg hydroxocobalamin monthly or bimonthly

Question 724

Prospective long‐term evaluation of parenteral hydroxocobalamin supplementation in juvenile beagles with selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption (Imerslund‐Gräsbeck syndrome). Kook et al. JVIM 2018. * Clinical signs associated with Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome?

Answer 724

* Failure to thrive, anorexia, lethargy, intermittent pyrexia, glossitis/stomatitis, paresthesia

Question 725

Proteinuria in apparently healthy elderly dogs: persistency and comparison between free catch and cystocentesis urine. Marynissen et al. JVIM 2017. * What percentage of apparently healthy elderly dogs (classification based on body weight) had persistent proteinuria (either borderline or overt)?

Answer 725

* 19% had persistent UPC > 0.2; persistent overt proteinuria in 8%

Question 726

Proteinuria in apparently healthy elderly dogs: persistency and comparison between free catch and cystocentesis urine. Marynissen et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the agreement between free-catch and cystocentesis UPC in apparently healthy elderly dogs?

Answer 726

* NSD between the two methods, but variability increases with magnitude of UPC

Question 727

Pulmonary vein-to-pulmonary artery ratio is an echocardiographic index of congestive heart failure in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease. Merveille et al. JVIM 2015 * PV/PA cutoff for CHF, and sensitivity and specificity?

Answer 727

* Cutoff 1.7 | * Specificity 96%, sensitivity 91%

Question 728

Pulse-administered toceranib phosphate plus lomustine for treatment of unresectable mast cell tumors in dogs. Burton et al. JVIM 2015 * Response rate & PFI for pulse toceranib + lomustine for unresectable canine mast cell tumor?

Answer 728

* 46% response rate; 53 day PFI -> better if complete response, no bets, no previous chemo

Question 729

Pyelonephritis in dogs: retrospective study of 47 histologically diagnosed cases (2005 – 2015). Bouillon et al. JVIM 2018.   What percentage of dogs had ultrasound evidence of pyelonephritis? In what percentage did AUS find a likely predisposing cause for pyelonephritis?

Answer 729

72% of cases had ultrasound evidence of pyelo 47% had AUS that suggested a predisposing cause (uroliths, obstruction not from a urolith, cystitis)

Question 730

Pyelonephritis in dogs: retrospective study of 47 histologically diagnosed cases (2005 – 2015). Bouillon et al. JVIM 2018.   What percentage of dogs showed no clinical signs of pyelonephritis? Only lower urinary tract signs?

Answer 730

17% showed only lower urinary tract signs 38% of dogs showed only nonspecific signs

Question 731

Pyelonephritis in dogs: retrospective study of 47 histologically diagnosed cases (2005 – 2015). Bouillon et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the prevalence of pyelonephritis in dogs at necropsy? What associations were found between histopathologic stage and severity of pyelonephritis and clinical signs?

Answer 731

* Prevalence 0.4-1.3% * No association between severity & stage and lumbar pain, clinical signs of UTI * Association between subacute histopath changes and fever; no association b/w severity and fever

Question 732

Quantification of urine elimination behaviors in cats with a video recording system. Dulaney et al. JVIM 2017. * Were caregiver impressions and video quantification similar for number of urinations per day, urination time, and cover-up time in cats?

Answer 732

* Caregivers underestimated # of urinations per day and mean cover up time, but did not underestimate urination time * Cats with abnormal urinary behavior had higher # of urinations per day, which was not detected by caregivers * Cats with abnormal urinary behavior had a shorter mean cover-up time which was not detected by caregivers

Question 733

Quantitation of the regional lymph node metastatic burden and prognosis in malignant mammary tumors of dogs. Araujo et al. JVIM 2015 * Effect of lymph node metastasis on survival in dogs with malignant mammary tumors?

Answer 733

* Higher number of affected lymph nodes -> shorter survival Histopath: lower survival if macromets, larger metastatic area and diameter * 20 mm^2, 7 mm

Question 734

Quantitative Accuracy of the Simplified Strong Ion Equation to Predict Serum pH in Dogs. Cave, Koo. JVIM 2015. * Did the simplified strong ion equation approximate measured pH in dogs?

Answer 734

* Nope

Question 735

Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic assessment of naturally occurring pancreatitis in dogs. Lim et al JVIM 2015 * Differences in contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic measures between dogs with pancreatitis and healthy controls?

Answer 735

* Pancreatitis dogs had longer time to peak, greater AUC, and higher peak intensity than in the pancreas dogs without pancreatitis * Duodenum had greater AUC and higher peak intensity in pancreatitis group

Question 736

Quantitative PCR and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. Cannone et al. JVIM 2016. What was the diagnostic utility of qPCR and bacterial culture of BALF in dogs infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica? How many healthy dogs were positive for B. bronch on qPCR of BALF?

Answer 736

* qPCR identified 18/18 dogs; culture 14/24 | 1/10 healthy controls had low levels of B. bronch on qPCR

Question 737

Quantitative PCR and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. Cannone et al. JVIM 2016. How many B. bronchiseptica infected dogs had cytological evidence of coccobacilli adhering to ciliated epithelial cells?

Answer 737

* 20/21 in BALF cytospin, 2/3 on bronchial brushing fluid cytospin

Question 738

Quantitative PCR and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. Cannone et al. JVIM 2016. How did B. bronch infection affect the frequency of detection of M. cynos in dogs?

Answer 738

NSD in frequency of Mycoplasma cynos infection in dogs infected with B. bronch vs. controls

Question 739

Radioactive iodine uptake in hyperthyroid cats after administration of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone. Oberstadt et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the effect of administration of 50 and 100 ug recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone on thyroidal uptake of I-123 8- and 24 hours post-injection?

Answer 739

* Thyroidal percent iodine uptakes were not different between cats that received TSH at either dose at either timepoint vs. placebo

Question 740

Randomized Phase III Trial of Piroxicam in Combination with Mitoxantrone or Carboplatin for First-Line Treatment of Urogenital Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Dogs. Allstadt et al. JVIM 2015. * Efficacy of piroxicam + carboplatin vs piroxicam + mitoxantrone for treatment of canine TCC? Patient factors affecting survival?

Answer 740

* NSD in outcome; no dogs had complete response * PFI 106 vs 74 days * MST shorter in dogs with prostatic involvement (109 d) vs. urethral, trigonal, or apical (190-645 days)

Question 741

Randomized placebo controlled clinical trial of an enteric coated micro-pelleted formulation of a pancreatic enzyme supplement in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Parambeth et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the difference between efficacy of an enteric-coated vs. uncoated pancreatic enzyme tablet for treatment of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

Answer 741

* No difference in % hydrolysis fecal fat or any other measured variable

Question 742

Randomized placebo controlled clinical trial of an enteric coated micro-pelleted formulation of a pancreatic enzyme supplement in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Parambeth et al. JVIM 2018. * What is the diagnostic cutoff for TLI to diagnose canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

Answer 742

* 2.5 ug/L

Question 743

Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of a Chewable Formulation of Amlodipine for the Treatment of Hypertension in Client-Owned Cats. Huhtinen et al. JVIM 2015 * Voluntary acceptance rate and response rate for chewable amlodipine in hypertensive cats compared to placebo?

Answer 743

* Voluntary acceptance in 73% of cats | * 63% response rate for amlodipine; amlodipine grp 8x more likely to be responders than placebo

Question 744

Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of prevention of clindamycin-induced gastrointestinal signs using a synbiotic in healthy research cats. Stokes et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the effect of administration of a synbiotic (Proviable DC) 1 hour after PO clindamycin to healthy research cats on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal signs?

Answer 744

* Cats that received the synbiotic had less vomiting, less anorexia than placebo * Beneficial effects lasted at least 6 weeks after discontinuation * No effect to decrease antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Question 745

Rapid diagnosis of Babesia gibsoni by point-of-need testing by insulated isothermal PCR in dogs at high risk of infection. Cooke et al. JVIM 2018 What was the sensitivity and specificity of an insulated isothermal PCR test for B. gibsoni in dogs seized during dogfighting investigations? For Babesia spp. in general?

Answer 745

B. gibsoni: sensitivity 90%, specificity 99% | Babesia spp.: sensitivity 87%, specificity 98%

Question 746

Reagan et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of the clinical performance of 2 point of care cryptococcal antigen tests in dogs and cats.  What was the sensitivity, specificity, and PPV of the CryptoPS lateral flow assay for diagnosis of cryptococcosis in dogs and cats?

Answer 746

  Sensitivity: 80% Specificity: 95% PPV: 73%

Question 747

Reagan et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of the clinical performance of 2 point of care cryptococcal antigen tests in dogs and cats.  What fungal organism has apparent cross-reactivity with the cryptococcosis POC assays CrAg and CryptoPS?

Answer 747

  Coccidiodes

Question 748

Reagan et al. JVIM 2019. Risk factors for Candida urinary tract infection in dogs and cats.  What risk factors were identified for development of candida urinary tract infection in dogs? In cats? What were NOT found to be risk factors?

Answer 748

  Antimicrobials within 30 days (dogs & cats) Immunosuppressive agents (dogs) Other lower urinary tract disease (cats) Diabetes mellitus, hospitalization history were NOT risk factors

Question 749

Reagan et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of the clinical performance of 2 point of care cryptococcal antigen tests in dogs and cats.  What was the sensitivity, specificity, and PPV of the CrAg lateral flow assay for diagnosis of cryptococcosis in dogs and cats?

Answer 749

  Sensitivity: 92% Specificity: 93% PPV: 83%

Question 750

Recurrent bacterial pneumonia of Irish Wolfhounds: Clinical findings and etiological studies. Viitanen et al. JVIM 2019.    What was the median age of onset?

Answer 750

  5 years

Question 751

Recurrent bacterial pneumonia of Irish Wolfhounds: Clinical findings and etiological studies. Viitanen et al. JVIM 2019.  What predisposing factors were and were not identified

Answer 751

  Common: focal bronchiectasis (10/11) Less common: laryngeal paralysis (3 dogs), esophageal dysmotility (2 dogs) Not identified in any dog: ciliary defects, local immunoglobulin deficiencies

Question 752

Red blood cell distribution width, hematology, and serum biochemistry in dogs with echocardiographically estimated precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary arterial hypertension. Mazzotta et al. JVIM 2016. * What findings were significantly associated with red cell distribution width in this study?

Answer 752

* Peak tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, sUrea, HCT, age, WBC count * RDW higher in dogs with pre- and post-cap PH vs. healthy dogs * RDW higher in dogs with severe PH vs. dogs with MMVD w/o PH

Question 753

Reflux aspiration in lungs of dogs with respiratory disease and in healthy West Highland White Terriers. Merita Maatta et al. JVIM 2018. * What percentages of Westies with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis had a bile acids concentration in BAL fluid above the limit of quantification? What about healthy Westies vs. healthy Beagles? Chronic bronchitis? Laryngeal dysfunction? What other conditions were found to have high BALF bile acids?

Answer 753

* 78% of Westies with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; 10/13 healthy Westies, 0% of healthy Beagles * Chronic bronchitis 62% * Laryngeal dysfunction 68% * Bacterial pneumonia, eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy, Wolfhounds w/ previous bacterial pneumonia

Question 754

Reinero et al. Perspectives in vet med: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats.  What is the proposed classification scheme for feline bronchiolar diseases?

Answer 754

  Primary disorders of just the bronchioles * constrictive/obliterative bronchiolitis ``` * mineral dust airway disease infectious bronchiolitis (fungal, mycobacteriosis, influenza, herpes, Mycoplasma) ``` Secondary  - Extension from large airways * Asthma * Chronic bronchitis * Parasitic bronchitis * Bronchiectasis - Extension from interstitial lung disease * Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia * Bronchiolocentric interstitial pneumonia/airway-centered interstitial fibrosis

Question 755

Reinero et al. Perspectives in vet med: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats.  What are defined as "direct signs" and "indirect signs" of bronchiolar disease on high-resolution thoracic CT in cats?

Answer 755

  Direct signs: changes that allow you to actually see the bronchioles themselves * Tree in bud, peribronchiolar ground glass opacity, dilatation  Indirect signs: changes in the surrounding parenchyma distal to diseased bronchiole * Mosaic attenuation, mosaic perfusion (constrictive bronchiolitis w/ fibrosis of the bronchiolar wall)  

Question 756

Relationship b/w plasma fibroblast growth factor-23 concentration and survival time in cats with chronic kidney disease. Geddes et al. JVIM 2015 * What parameters were positively and negatively correlated with survival in cats with CKD? Predictors for CKD progression?

Answer 756

* Survival: creat, FGF-23, UPC, age negatively correlated; PCV positively correlated Progression: logFGF-23, age negatively correlated * 10x increase in FGF-23 -> 290% increase in odds of CKD progression * PTH, phosphate not found to be independent predictor of survival time or progression

Question 757

Relationship between lean body mass and serum renal biomarkers in healthy dogs. Hall et al. JVIM 2015 * In a study evaluating LBM (measured by DXA), sCr, and SDMA in 41 healthy research beagles eating one of three formulated diets, what patient factors were associated with serum creatinine? SDMA?

Answer 757

* sCr associated with lean body mass and age | * Time on food was only variable associated with SDMA

Question 758

Relationship between total homocysteine, folic acid, and thyroid hormones in hypothyroid dogs. Golynski et al. JVIM 2017. * Normal homocysteine metabolism in dogs?

Answer 758

Homocysteine = endogenous sulfur-containing AA * Created from conversion of methionine Most homocysteine is remethylated back to methionine or transsulfurated to cysteine * Folic acid is a necessary substrate of the methylation reaction * Cobalamin also necessary cofactor of methylation reaction

Question 759

Relationship between total homocysteine, folic acid, and thyroid hormones in hypothyroid dogs. Golynski et al. JVIM 2017. * How did levels of homocysteine and folic acid compare b/w dogs with hypothyroidism and healthy controls? Did a correlation exist between homocysteine and thyroid hormones?

Answer 759

* HypoT had increased homocysteine (med 20) vs. controls (11.5) * HypoT had decreased folate (med 20) vs. controls (med 30) * In hypoT dogs, total homocysteine correlated negatively with folate, TT4, FT4

Question 760

Relationship of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentrations to heart failure classification and cause of respiratory distress in dogs using a 2nd generation ELISA assay. * Sensitivity and specificity of NT-proBNP to distinguish cardiac vs. noncardiac respiratory distress in dogs?

Answer 760

* 81% sensitive, 73% specific | * NT-proBNP correlated with heart disease severity in dogs with heart disease as the cause of their respiratory distress

Question 761

Relationship of the mucosal microbiota to gastrointestinal inflammation and small cell intestinal lymphoma in cats. Garraway et al. JVIM 2018. * What bacterial genii were different (as assessed by biopsy FISH) b/w cats with intestinal small cell lymphoma vs. cats with IBD?

Answer 761

Lymphoma à increased Fusobacterium spp. in ileal & colonic adherent mucus, combined colonic (free & adherent mucus & attached to epi) Fusobacterium significantly correlated to CD11b+ cells and NF-kB expression Lymphoma à increased Bacteroides in ileal adherent mucus & 3 combined compartments

Question 762

Relationships among urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio, urine specific gravity, and bacteriuria in canine urine samples. Meindl et al. JVIM 2019. * Can UPC be accurately predicted from a dog’s USG and urine dipstick protein category? What associations were found between positive urine culture and abnormal UPC?

Answer 762

* Weak negative correlations between UPC and USG for all protein urine dipstick categories, but accurate prediction of UPC wasn’t possible * No agreement between positive urine culture and abnormal UPC

Question 763

Relationshp between cobalamin and folate deficiencies and anemia in dogs. Stanely et al. JVIM 2019. * What associations were identified between cobalamin and folate deficiency and anemia & abnormal RBC morphology in dogs?

Answer 763

* NSD in prevalence of anemia b/w dogs low & normal in folate, low & normal in cobalamin * NSD in prevalence of nonregenerative anemia, macrocytosis, anisocytosis b/w hypo and normocobalaminemic dogs

Question 764

Repeated cross‐sectional study of Trypanosoma cruzi in shelter dogs in Texas, in the context of Dirofilaria immitis and tick‐borne pathogen prevalence. Hodo et al. JVIM 2019. What was the prevalence of seropositivity and PCR positivity in shelter dogs in Texas? How did this compare to D. immitis Ag prevalence?

Answer 764

18.1% prevalence of seropositivity, 1.1% for PCR+ for T. cruzi in shelter dogs in Texas Higher than D. immitis Ag positivity prevalence (16%)

Question 765

Repeated famotidine administration results in a diminished effect on intragastric pH in dogs. Tolbert et al. JVIM 2017. * What effect did famotidine 1 mg/kg PO BID x 14 days have on canine intragastric pH?

Answer 765

Significant decrease in mean pH, MPT3, MPT4 on days 12 & 13 vs. days 1 & 2 * Mean pH 1.63 lower on days 12 & 13 * MPT3 33% lower, MPT4 45% lower on days 12 & 13

Question 766

Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs. Willems et al. JVIM 2017. * Mean systolic blood pressure in clinically healthy senior and geriatric dogs? Frequency of borderline and overt proteinuria?

Answer 766

* 170 mmHg | * 13/97 borderline, 18/97 overtly proteinuric

Question 767

Retrospective evaluation of the effect of heart rate on survival in dogs with atrial fibrillation. Pedro et al. JVIM 2018. * Per 10 bpm increase in mean heart rate, what was the change in risk of all-cause mortality in dogs with atrial fibrillation? How did mean heart rate affect median survival time?

Answer 767

* For every 10 bpm increase in heart rate, risk of death increased 35% Dogs with mean HR < 125 MST 1037 vs. mean HR > 125 MST 105 days

Question 768

Retrospective evaluation of toceranib phosphate use in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of dogs. Berger et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the median progression free interval of dogs with gross vs. microscopic GIST treated with Palladia? What percentage of dogs with gross disease experienced clinical benefit? What factors were associated with shorter survival in toceranib treated dogs?

Answer 768

* Gross disease: 110 weeks; microscopic disease: 67 weeks * 71% of dogs with gross disease experienced clinical benefit from Palladia treatment * High mitotix index & presence of metastasis at diagnosis associated with shorter survival

Question 769

REVIEW Feline temporal lobe epilepsy: Review of the experimental literature. Kitz et al. JVIM 2017 * What is the sequential progression in temporal lobe epilepsy in cats?

Answer 769

Attention response -> arrest -> salivation/licking -> facial twitching -> head turning/nodding -> generalized clonic convulsions

Question 770

REVIEW: Classification of involuntary movements in dogs: myoclonus and myotonia. Lowrie, Garosi. JVIM 2017. * Proposed veterinary classification scheme for myotonia in dogs?

Answer 770

Nondystrophic myotonia – chloride channel * Myotonia congenita of the Mini Schnauzer: autosomal recessive CLC-1 mutation Myotonia congenita of other breeds * Aus Cattle Dog, Jack Russel; also CLC-1 mutation Nondystrophic myotonia – sodium channel * Paramyotonia congenita & HYPP not well described in dogs * Potassium aggravated myotonia: cats Myotonic dystrophy * Unknown mutation * Treat with class I antiarrhythmic drugs

Question 771

Review: Effect of intravenously administered crystalloid solutions on acid-base balance in domestic animals. Muir, W. JVIM 2017. * How do you calculate the anion gap?

Answer 771

* AG = Na + K – (Cl + HCO3-)

Question 772

Review: Effect of intravenously administered crystalloid solutions on acid-base balance in domestic animals. Muir, W. JVIM 2017. * How do you calculate serum osmolality?

Answer 772

* Osm = 2*Na + glucose/18 + BUN /2.8

Question 773

Review: Effect of intravenously administered crystalloid solutions on acid-base balance in domestic animals. Muir, W. JVIM 2017. * How do you calculate the apparent and effective strong ion difference?

Answer 773

* SIDa = (Na + K + Mg + Ca) – (Cl + lactate) | SIDe = (HCO3 + Atot); Atot = albumin + phosphate

Question 774

Review: Effect of intravenously administered crystalloid solutions on acid-base balance in domestic animals. Muir, W. JVIM 2017. * In the Stewart/physiochemical approach to acid base, what independent variables determine pH?

Answer 774

PCO2 (lungs) * More acidifies, less alkalinizes Strong ion difference (kidneys) * More alkalinizes, less acidifies Total weak acids (liver & metabolism; albumin and phosphate) * More acidifies, less alkalinizes

Question 775

Review: Effect of intravenously administered crystalloid solutions on acid-base balance in domestic animals. Muir, W. JVIM 2017. * Why can an IV fluid’s in vitro SID change in vivo? How does in vivo SID determine the change in the patient’s pH?

Answer 775

* Buffered crystalloids contain metabolizable anions à disappear and increase SID SID < plasma [HCO3] à acidifying (pH decreases) * SID > plasma [HCO3] à alkalinizing (pH increases)

Question 776

Review: Effect of intravenously administered crystalloid solutions on acid-base balance in domestic animals. Muir, W. JVIM 2017. * What are the sodium, chloride, potassium, pH and SID of 0.9% NaCl, LRS, and NormR/Plyte-A?

Answer 776

Question 777

Review: Paclitaxel and novel formulations including those suitable for use in dogs. Khanna et al. JVIM 2015 * Mechanism of paclitaxel? Why is it not widely used in canine cancer currently? Other chemotherapeutics that work similarly?

Answer 777

* Anti-microtubule & inhibition of mitosis -> apoptosis; antiproliferative/antiangiogenic * Hypersensitivity reactions -> not as big an issue with new formulations * Vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine)

Question 778

Review: Systematic Review of Brain Tumor Treatment in Dogs. Hu et al. JVIM 2016. * What chemotherapeutic agent is not recommended for treatment of canine brain tumors? What had the better outcome, radiotherapy vs. surgery?

Answer 778

* Lomustine * No clear difference in outcome b/w radiotherapy vs. surgery, but studies had too much variation in design to draw definitive conclusions

Question 779

REVIEW: The GI microbiome. Barko et al. JVIM 2018. * What are the predominant bacterial phyla in the intestinal tracts of dogs and cats?

Answer 779

Firmicutes* (Clostridia, Lactobacillus, Strep, Enterococcus, Blautia, Turicibacter, Faecalibacterium, Veillonellaceae); Gram + Bacteroidetes* (Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae families); Gram - Proteobacteria (Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia); Gram - Fusobacteria* (Fusobacterium); Gram - anaerobes Actinobacteria (Bifidobacteriales); Gram +

Question 780

REVIEW: The GI microbiome. Barko et al. JVIM 2018. * The gut bacterial “genome” as a whole can be classified into genes coding for specific “functions”, and the relative % of genes dedicated to specific functions tends to be conserved even if the individual bacterial species performing those functions differ b/w individuals. What functional categories exist in dogs and cats and what percentage of the genes fall into each category?

Answer 780

* Carbohydrate metabolism 12-13% * Protein/amino acid metabolism 8-9% and 7% * Cell wall synthesis 7-8% * Vitamin and cofactor synthesis 6% * Nucleic acid synthesis 7% * Virulence and antibiotic resistance genes also common

Question 781

REVIEW: The GI microbiome. Barko et al. JVIM 2018. * What changes in the mucosal immune system of the gut are initiated by commensal bacteria?

Answer 781

* Down-regulation of pro- (IL-8, IL-12, IL-23) and upregulation of anti- (IL-10) inflammatory cytokines * Dendritic cells present commensal antigen to naïve T-cells à Tregs à anti-inf cytokines * Decreased phagocyte migration to local lymphoid tissue à decreased B & T cell proliferation * Goblet cell differentiation & protective mucus secretion

Question 782

REVIEW: The GI microbiome. Barko et al. JVIM 2018. * What changes in the mucosal immune system of the gut are initiated by pathogenic bacteria?

Answer 782

* Dendritic cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines à Th1 and Th17 response TLR4 and 5 expression on apical side of enterocytes with chronic inflammation * Pro-inflammatory steady state

Question 783

REVIEW: The GI microbiome. Barko et al. JVIM 2018. * What percentage of host metabolic pathways are influenced by the microbiome?

Answer 783

* 10%

Question 784

REVIEW: The GI microbiome. Barko et al. JVIM 2018. * What important anti-inflammatory effects do short-chain fatty acids have in the gut?

Answer 784

* Important nutrient for colonocytes * Strengthen tight junctions * Regulate motility * Stimulate anti-inflammatory compound production (IL-10, TGF-B) * Bind neutrophilic G protein receptors & decrease migration

Question 785

Risk factors and outcomes in cats with acquired myasthenia gravis (2001-2012). Hague et al. JVIM 2015 * Risk factors and outcome for cats with acquired myasthenia gravis?

Answer 785

* Abyssinians, Somalis * Cranial mediastinal mass (thymoma MC) in 52% * Regurgitation, dysphagia present in 50% of cats (ME in 5/9 w/ rads) * Spontaneous remission not common – lifelong treatment likely * No difference in clinical outcome between surgical or medical management

Question 786

Risk factors and select cardiac characteristics in dogs naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi presenting to a teaching hospital in Texas. Meyers et al. JVIM 2019.  What cardiac characteristics were more likely in T. cruzi infected than non-infected dogs in Texas?

Answer 786

  ventricular arrhythmias or combined ECG abnormalities cardiac troponin I > 0.129 ng/mL

Question 787

Risk Factors Associated with Development of Histiocytic Sarcoma in Bernese Mountain Dogs. Ruple et al. JVIM 2016. * What factor significantly decreased the risk of histiocytic sarcoma in Bernese Mountain dogs?

Answer 787

* Prescription anti-inflammatory medications (OR 0.42 or 0.32 depending on regression used)

Question 788

Risk factors for death in dogs treated for esophageal foreign body obstruction: a retrospective cohort study of 222 cases (1998-2017). Burton et al. JVIM 2017. * What type of material was most common in canine esophageal foreign bodies? What location of obstruction was most common?

Answer 788

* Osseous (81%) | * Distal esophagus (50%)

Question 789

Risk factors for death in dogs treated for esophageal foreign body obstruction: a retrospective cohort study of 222 cases (1998-2017). Burton et al. JVIM 2017. * What effect did management strategy (endoscopic removal, surgery after attempted endoscopic removal, repeat endoscopy after surgery was recommended but declined) have on outcome in dogs with esophageal foreign body?

Answer 789

* Risk of death significantly higher for surgery (OR 20) | * All dogs that had repeat endoscopy after surgery was recommended died (5/5)

Question 790

Risk factors for death in dogs treated for esophageal foreign body obstruction: a retrospective cohort study of 222 cases (1998-2017). Burton et al. JVIM 2017. * What patient/procedural factors increased risk of in-hospital death in dogs with esophageal foreign body? What factor (surprisingly) did not affect risk of death?

Answer 790

* Increasing numbers of post-procedural complications OR 3.4 * Esophageal perforation OR 65 * Post-procedural esophageal hemorrhage OR 12 * Duration of clinical signs prior to removal did not affect risk of death

Question 791

Risk factors for death in dogs treated for esophageal foreign body obstruction: a retrospective cohort study of 222 cases (1998-2017). Burton et al. JVIM 2017. * What percentage of dogs who survived esophageal foreign body removal developed an esophageal stricture?

Answer 791

* 2.1%

Question 792

Risk factors for positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass and ureteral stents (2010-2016). Kopecny et al. JVIM 2019. * What decreased risk of positive urine culture in cats with SUBs and ureteral stents? What factors were not shown to increase risk?

Answer 792

* Post-operative antibiotics lessened risk (OR 0.2) | * CKD, renal implant type, postop urinary catheterization did not increase UTI risk

Question 793

Risk factors for positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass and ureteral stents (2010-2016). Kopecny et al. JVIM 2019. * How many cats had positive urine cultures before hospital discharge after SUB placement? What percentage of cats developed positive urine cultures after hospital discharge? Were they clinical? What bacterial isolate(s) predominated?

Answer 793

* 25% had positive urine cultures before discharge * 25% developed positive urine culture post-discharge (14/16 clinical for pyelo/LUTD) Enterococcus spp. predominated

Question 794

Risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease in cats. Finch et al. JVIM 2016   * What risk factors for CKD development in cats were identified based on an owner questionnaire?

Answer 794

* Frequent/annual vaccination | * Moderate & severe dental disease

Question 795

Rudinsky et al. JVIM 2019. Variability of first morning USG in 103 healthy dogs. What was the mean difference between min and max USG over two weeks in first morning USG in healthy dogs? What was the coefficient of variation across 6 first-morning urine samples?

Answer 795

  0. 015 15. 4%

Question 796

Rusbridge et al. JVIM 2019. Behavioral and clinical signs of Chiari-like malformation-associated pain and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.  What clinical signs were only observed in CKCS with a syrinx > 4mm

Answer 796

  Phantom scratching, scoliosis, weakness, postural deficits

Question 797

Rusbridge et al. JVIM 2019. Behavioral and clinical signs of Chiari-like malformation-associated pain and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.  What clinical signs were commonly associated with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in CKCS?

Answer 797

  Altered emotional state, decreased jumping/stairs, decreased energy level, increased vocalization, spinal pain, touch aversion, sleep disturbances

Question 798

Saleh et al. JVIM 2019. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for detection of Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats.  What reference test should be used for the detection of Giardia infections in dogs and cats?

Answer 798

  Direct immunofluorescent assay for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum fecal cysts

Question 799

Saleh et al. JVIM 2019. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for detection of Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats.  What recommendation was made for use of commercially-available assays for G duodenalis fecal antigen?

Answer 799

  All have good specificities Recommended combining ZnSO4 fecal flotation in parallel (either positive = positive) for increased sensitivity (>95%) for all assays

Question 800

Sargent et al. JVIM 2019. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in geriatric cats.    What correlation relationships exist between plasma FGF23 and SDMA, FGF23 and creatinine, and FGF23 and phosphate in non-azotemic geriatric cats?

Answer 800

  FGF23 & SDMA: weak positive correlation (r = 0.353) FGF23 & creatinine: moderate positive (r = 0.525) FGF23 & phosphate: no correlation  Cats with high SDMA had higher FGF23 levels

Question 801

Schmitz et al. JVIM 2019. Diagnostic features, treatment, outcome of dogs with inflamamtory protein-losing enteropathy.  What factors were associated with outcome (survival, time to normalization of albumin) in dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy?

Answer 801

  No factors associated with outcome.  Included: - Whether 2nd agent was used vs. glucocorticoids alone - Any clinicopathologic parameters, including albumin, cobalamin  - AUS findings

Question 802

Schmitz et al. JVIM 2019. Diagnostic features, treatment, outcome of dogs with inflamamtory protein-losing enteropathy.  What histopathologic changes were present in the GI tract of dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy?

Answer 802

  Stomach: lymphoplasmacytic inflammation  SI: lymphoplasmacytic plus eosinophilic inflamamtion most common; then chronic active (LP + neutrophilic) Colon: lymphoplasmacytic inflammation  Crypt abscessation (55%), villous blunting (45%), lacteal dilation (32%) common

Question 803

Schmitz et al. JVIM 2019. Diagnostic features, treatment, outcome of dogs with inflamamtory protein-losing enteropathy.  What ultrasound findings are supportive of protein-losing enteropathy? Sensitivity and specificity?

Answer 803

  Mucosal hyperechoic speckling and vertical striations Sensitivity: 75% Specificity: 96%

Question 804

Schofield et al. JVIM 2019. Development of a health-related quality of life tool for dogs with Cushing's syndrome.  Using a Cushing's-specific quality of life score, what factors significantly impacted quality of life for dogs with Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 804

  Treatment with trilostane improved quality of life for dogs with Cushing's

Question 805

Scintigraphic assessment of deposition of radiolabeled fluticasone delivered from a nebulizer and metered dose inhaler in 10 healthy dogs. Chow et al. JVIM 2017. * Which aerosol medication method delivered a higher percent of the dose of an inhaled corticosteroid to healthy dogs, metered-dose inhaler or nebulizer?

Answer 805

* Nebulizer (4.2%) > MDI (2.3%)

Question 806

SDMA assay validation, stability, and evaluation as a marker for the early detection of chronic kidney disease in dogs. Nabity et al. JVIM 2015 * In this study, what percentage GFR decrease was detected by increased serum SDMA levels? Stability of SDMA?

Answer 806

* 20% GFR decrease | * Highly stable in serum and plasma

Question 807

SDMA in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and diabetes mellitus. Langhorn et al. JVIM 2018. * How did SDMA compare between cats with HCM, DM, vs. CKD and healthy controls?

Answer 807

* SDMA not different in HCM cats vs. healthy controls | * SDMA lower in cats with DM than in controls à DM may affect ability to interpret SDMA

Question 808

Segev et al. JVIM 2019. Sequential changes in urine production, glomerular filtration rate, and electrolyte excretion after mannitol administration. What effect did CRI vs. bolus administration of mannitol have on mannitol plasma concentrations and fractional excretion of solutes?

Answer 808

  CRI could not maintain higher plasma mannitol No increased effect on fractional excretion of solutes vs. bolus

Question 809

Segev et al. JVIM 2019. Sequential changes in urine production, glomerular filtration rate, and electrolyte excretion after mannitol administration. What effects did IV mannitol as a bolus vs. CRI have on GFR, UOP, fractional excretion of electrolytes compared to D5W in healthy dogs?

Answer 809

  No effect on GFR, no effect on UOP vs. D5W < 1 hr increase in FeNa, FeBUN after both bolus and CRI No effect on FeK, FePhos

Question 810

Seiber-Ruckstuhl et al. JVIM 2019. Evaluation of a low-dose desoxycorticosterone pivalate treatment protocol for long-term management of dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism.  What dose of DOCP was sufficient to maintain normal electrolyte concentrations in the majority of dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism? What factors were associated with a higher DOCP dose requirement?

Answer 810

None of the dogs required manufacturer-recommended dose of 2.2 mg/kg   1.5 mg/kg maintained dosing interval 28-30d Dogs < 3y of age needed higher doses

Question 811

Seizure occurrence in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK: prevalence and risk factors. Erlen et al. JVIM 2018. * What signalment factors were associated with a higher risk of seizures in UK dogs?

Answer 811

Breed: think B! * Pug, Basset, Bordeaux, Boxer, Beagle, Bulldog (Eng, Fr), Border Terrier & Collie, Pom, Chi * Males * Age: 3-6 Y higher risk than 0.5-3 Y Size: > 40 kg higher risk vs. < 10 kg

Question 812

Seizure precipitating factors in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. JVIM 2019.    What were factors that significantly precipitated seizures in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy?

Answer 812

  Stressful situations, sleep deprivation, weather, hormonal factors

Question 813

Use of serum microRNAs as biomarker for hepatobiliary diseases in dogs. Dirksen et al. JVIM 2017. Questions * Which miRNAs were uniquely increased in the mucocele group? HCC? Chronic hepatitis?

Answer 813

* Mucocele: miR-21, miR-222; miR-122 not unique, but highest in this group * HCC: miR-200c * Chronic hepatitis: miR-126

Question 814

Sensitivity and specificity of microRNA-122 for liver disease in dogs. Oosthuyzen JVIM 2018. * What was the sensitivity and specificity for a cutoff of 3312 copies/uL miR-122 for distinguishing dogs with chronic hepatitis from healthy dogs and dogs with non-liver disease?

Answer 814

* Sensitivity 77%, specificity 97%

Question 815

Sensitivity and specificity of plasma ALT, ALP, and bile acids for hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers. Dirksen et al. JVIM 2017. * What were the sensitivity and specificity of ALT, ALP, and bile acids for detecting acute vs chronic hepatitis in clinically healthy Labrador Retrievers? Reactive vs. primary hepatitis?

Answer 815

* ALT: sensitivity 45% for acute, 71% for chronic; specificity >90% for both * ALP: sensitivity 15% for acute, 35% for chronic; specificity >90% for both * BA: sensitivity 15% for acute, 13% for chronic; specificity > 90% for both * ALT significantly higher in primary hepatitis (312) than reactive (90); ALP NSD

Question 816

Sensitivity and specificity of plasma ALT, ALP, and bile acids for hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers. Dirksen et al. JVIM 2017. * What were the sensitivity and specificity of ALT, ALP, and bile acids for detecting acute hepatitis vs. normal liver in clinically healthy Labrador Retrievers? Chronic hepatitis? Reactive hepatitis?

Answer 816

What were the sensitivity and specificity of ALT, ALP, and bile acids for detecting acute hepatitis vs. normal liver in clinically healthy Labrador Retrievers? Chronic hepatitis? Reactive hepatitis? * ALT: sensitivity 45% for acute, 71% for chronic; spec 93% acute, 93% chronic * ALP: sensitivity 15% for acute, 35% for chronic; spec 99% acute, 99% chronic * BA: sensitivity 15% for acute, 13% for chronic; spec 90% acute, 90% chronic Sensitivity of ALT, ALP, and BA for distinguishing reactive hepatitis from normal liver were all < 10%; specificity all > 90% (best for ALP 99%) * ALT SD, 3.6x higher in primary hepatitis (312) than reactive (90); ALP NSD

Question 817

Sensitivity and specificity of plasma ALT, ALP, and bile acids for hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers. Dirksen et al. JVIM 2017. * How did ALT, ALP, and bile acids, and hepatic copper concentrations differ in Labrador Retrievers with normal livers, acute, chronic, and reactive hepatitis?

Answer 817

* Hepatic copper highest in acute (964 mg/kg dwl) & chronic (685); SD from NL, RH dogs NSD in ALT, ALP, or BA b/w dogs with normal (< 400) vs. increased hepatic copper

Question 818

Seo et al. JVIM 2019. PK and PD of intravenous esomeprazole at two different dosages in dogs.  What was the mean percentage time that intragastric pH was above 3 and above 4 for esomeprazole IV at 0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg q12h x 48 h in dogs?

Answer 818

  pH at or above 3: 88% for 5 mg/kg; 90% for 1 mg/kg pH at or above 4: 81% for 0.5 mg/kg; 85% for 1 mg/kg NSD between dosage groups

Question 819

Serologic and fecal markers to predict response to induction therapy in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Otoni et al. JVIM 2018. * Out of serum CRP, serum pANCA, serum calprotectin, and fecal calprotectin, which biomarkers correlated with CIBDAI scores? Which significantly changed after treatment for CE, and how did they change?

Answer 819

* Fecal calprotectin correlated with pre (no post) treatment CIBDAI scores * Fecal calprotectin and serum CRP significantly decreased with treatment

Question 820

Serrano et al. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Treatment of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: A systematic review and meta‐analysis What is the percentage range of expected perioperative survival (> 1 week) after surgical intervention of any kind for congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt? Clinical success (no signs beyond occasional diarrhea/lethargy)? Surgical success (shunt closure w/o APSS formation)?

Answer 820

  Perioperative survival: 83% (coil) to 97% (thin-film) Clinical success: 81% (partial ligation) to 100% (coil or amplatzer) Surgical: 58% (thin-film) to 82% (ameroid)

Question 821

Serrano et al. JVIM 2019. REVIEW: Treatment of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: A systematic review and meta‐analysis What surgical intervention option had a significant benefit in surgical outcome?

Answer 821

  Ameroid constrictor had increased odds of successful surgical outcome vs. thin-film band

Question 822

Serum beta hydroxybutyrate concentrations in cats with chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, or hepatic lipidosis. Gorman et al. JVIM 2016. * How did serum BHB concentrations differ between cats with CKD, hyperthyroidism, or hepatic lipidosis? Did urine ketones change?

Answer 822

20% of CKD, 21% of hyperthyroid, and 73% of hepatic lipidosis cats had BHB > 0.11 mmol/L * Increase highest in hepatic lipidosis cats (med 0.2); HT, CKD medians w/in RR (0.1) * No cats with elevated BHB levels were ketonuric on urine dipstick

Question 823

Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Hamacher et al. JVIM 2015. * Ability of serially-measured cardiac troponin I concentration elevations to predict 28 day survival in dogs with SIRS?

Answer 823

* Survivors had lower concentrations at admission and at peak cTnI concentrations AUC to predict survival was similar at admission vs. peak (and lower than APPLE score) * Increased cTnI at any time = poor prognostic indicator * Follow up measurement of cTnI doesn’t provide additional prognostic value

Question 824

Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in hyperthyroid cats before and after radioiodine treatment. Geesaman et al. JVIM 2016. * What percentage of pre-treatment hyperthyroid cats had low cobalamin? High methylmalonic acid?

Answer 824

* 5/39 low cobalamin; none had high methylmalonic acid

Question 825

Serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Kim et al. JVIM 2016. * What differences in leptin and adiponectin concentrations were identified in dogs with varying severities of MMVD?

Answer 825

Dogs with ISACHC class 3 (severe CHF) MMVD had higher leptin than controls * Class 2 (mild-mod CHF) and class 1 (asymptomatic) NSD vs. controls * Adiponectin lower in class 1 vs. controls, higher in class 3 vs. controls

Question 826

Serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Kim et al. JVIM 2016. * What differences in serum interleukins and TNFa were identified in dogs with MMVD vs. controls?

Answer 826

* NSD in IL-1B, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, TNFa vs. controls

Question 827

Serum concentrations of lipid soluble vitamins in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency treated with pancreatic enzymes. Barko et al. JVIM 2018. * What differences in lipid soluble vitamin serum concentrations were found between dogs with EPI, subclinical EPI, and healthy dogs?

Answer 827

* EPI dogs had lower retinol (vit A), lower alpha-tocopherol (vit E) than healthy dogs * EPI dogs had lower alpha-tocopherol than subclinical EPI dogs * EPI dogs with weight loss had lower 25(OH)D than EPI dogs with stable weight

Question 828

Serum concentrations of SDMA and creatinine in dogs with naturally-occurring chronic kidney disease. Hall et al. JVIM 2016 * In what proportion of dogs did SDMA increase before creatinine, and how long before?

Answer 828

* 17/19 dogs, mean 10 months before serum creatinine > 1.4

Question 829

Serum cortisol concentrations in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and atypical hyperadrenocorticism. Frank et al. JVIM 2015. * How did adrenal gland size, hourly cortisol concentrations, and the sum of the hourly cortisol concentrations differ between controls, dogs with PDH, and dogs with AHAC.

Answer 829

* Hourly cortisol concentration mean highest in PDH > AHAC > controls * Sum cortisol concentrations higher in PDH than controls * Average transverse adrenal diameter PDH & AHAC vs. controls; NSD b/w PDH & AHAC

Question 830

Serum cystatin C concentrations in cats with hyperthyroidism and chronic kidney disease. Williams et al. * Was serum cystatin C a reliable marker for the development of azotemia in hyperthyroid cats after successful hyperthyroidism treatment?

Answer 830

* No; NSD between cats that became azotemic and those that did not * NSD overall pre- and post-treatment * NSD in nonhyperthyroid cats with azotemic CKD and healthy controls

Question 831

Serum cytokine profiling in cats with acute idiopathic cystitis. Parys et al. JVIM 2018 * What differences in serum cytokines/chemokines were identified between cats with idiopathic cystitis and healthy controls?

Answer 831

* Increased CXCL12, IL-12, IL-18, and Flt3L in cats with FIC (all pro-inflammatory)

Question 832

Serum levetiracetam concentrations after transdermal levetiracetam administration, 3 times daily, to healthy cats. Smith et al. JVIM 2019.  Did it work? Serum concentrations? Adverse events? Formulation stability?

Answer 832

Maintained serum concentrations 15-17 ug/mL (therapeutic > 5) * Adverse events: pinna crusting and sedation * Formulation was stable for at least 5 weeks

Question 833

Serum levetiracetam concentrations and adverse events after multiple dose extended release levetiracetam administration to healthy cats. Heller et al. JVIM 2018. * Was once-daily administration of 500 mg XR levetiracetam tolerated in cats? Were plasma concentrations likely therapeutic?

Answer 833

* Yes; sedation, ataxia, vomiting/regurg in 1 cat each which resolved without dose adjustment Yes; trough serum concentrations were > 5 ug/ml

Question 834

Serum N-terminal type III procollagen propeptide: an indicator of GH excess and response to treatment in feline hypersomatotropism. Keyte et al. JVIM 2016. * Sensitivity and specificity of serum N-terminal type III procollagen propeptide in detection of hypersomatotropism in diabetic cats? Relative concentration compared to control diabetics? How did treatment affect PIIINP?

Answer 834

* PIIINP > 10.5 ng/ml 87% sensitive, 100% specific for differentiating HS from non-HS diabetic cats * PIIINP 5x higher in HSDM than DM w/o HS * Serum PIIINP decreased alongside IGF-1 concentrations after hypophysectomy, but INCREASED after RT (no change in IGF-1 after RT)

Question 835

Serum thymidine kinase 1, canine-C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, and vitamin D concentrations in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and polyarthropathy. Grobman et al. JVIM 2017   * What is haptoglobin? How does it change with hemolysis?

Answer 835

* Liver-produced protein that binds free hemoglobin (after hemolysis) & transports it to the liver for excretion * Haptoglobin drops with hemolysis, because excretion rates increase * Acute phase protein in dogs à goes up with inflammation

Question 836

Serum thymidine kinase 1, canine-C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, and vitamin D concentrations in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and polyarthropathy. Grobman et al. JVIM 2017 * What is thymidine kinase-1 and why might it be related to hemolytic conditions?

Answer 836

* TK1 is a biomarker for cell proliferation à increases with increased mitosis * Increased activity in hemolysis à erythromagakaryocytopoiesis

Question 837

Serum thymidine kinase 1, canine-C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, and vitamin D concentrations in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and polyarthropathy. Grobman et al. JVIM 2017 * How did serum haptoglobin, thymidine kinase 1, and CRP change in dogs with well- vs. poorly-controlled IMHA, ITP, and IMPA? What combinations could be used as distinguishing tests, and what were their sensitivity and specificity?

Answer 837

* TK1 and CRP decreased in well-controlled IMHA * CRP decreased in well-controlled IMPA * Using TK1 and CRP together (I’m assuming poorly controlled if either is high): sensitivity 88%, specificity 100% for poor control of IMHA

Question 838

Short- and long-term outcome and magnetic resonance imaging findings after surgical treatment of thoracolumbar spinal arachnoid diverticula in 25 Pugs. Alisauskaite et al. JVIM 2019.  * What is the short vs. long-term prognosis for Pugs undergoing surgical correction of thoracolumbar spinal arachnoid diverticula?

Answer 838

* Short term improvement in 80% of dogs | * Long-term deterioration in 86% due to regrowth or new diverticula or syringomyelia

Question 839

Short-term efficacy and safety of torasemide and furosemide in 366 dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease: The TEST Study. Chetboul et al. JVIM 2017. * How did the clinical efficacy compare between dogs with DMVD treated with torasemide 0.24 mg/kg SID and furosemide 1.39 mg/kg SID?

Answer 839

* Torasemide was non-inferior to furosemide at producing clinical improvement or clinical stabilization * Torasemide was associated with a 2x reduction in reaching study endpoint (cardiac death, cardiac euthanasia, CHF class worsening)

Question 840

Signalment, clinical presentation, concurrent diseases, and diagnostic findings in 28 dogs with dynamic pharyngeal collapse (2008-2013). Rubin et al. JVIM 2015. * Clinical findings in dogs with nasopharyngeal collapse?

Answer 840

Middle aged, overweight; most had concurrent cardiopulmonary disorders * Tracheal collapse in 17/28, mainstem bronchi collapse in 18/28, BOAS in 8 * Coughing (20/28), stertor most common signs * Complete collapse in 20/28, partial in 8

Question 841

Slovak et al. JVIM 2019. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its effect on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats.  What is the mechanism of action of mycophenolate mofetil?

Answer 841

  Mycophenolate mofetil is de-esterified by tissues into mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic acid --> inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase Causes inhibition of guanosine synthesis (purine) Inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation, antibody production, adhesion of glycoproteins to endothelial cells

Question 842

Slovak et al. JVIM 2019. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its effect on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats.  In a recent study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in cats, what metabolic steps were documented to occur?

Answer 842

  Tissue de-esterification into mycophenolic acid Hepatic biotransformation to MPA phenol glucoside & phenol glucuronide

Question 843

Slovak et al. JVIM 2019. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its effect on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats.  In a recent study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in cats, what doses were tolerated?  What adverse effects occurred?

Answer 843

  10 mg/kg BID tolerated by all cats 15 mg/kg BID --> 1/4 cats developed self-limiting diarrhea & anorexia 15 mg/kg TID --> 4/4 cats developed diarrhea & anorexia, none completed study 

Question 844

Slovak et al. JVIM 2019. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its effect on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats.  In a recent study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in cats, what effects on hematologic parameters were noted?

Answer 844

  No effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cell counts  No effect on CD4/CD8 ratio

Question 845

Sonographic evaluation of liver hemodynamic indices in overweight and obese dogs. Belotta et al JVIM 2018   * What changes were found in ultrasonographic pulsed-wave Doppler indices and CPC data between obese and overweight dogs and healthy controls?

Answer 845

* Obese: higher ALP, more dogs had abnormal hepatic vein spectral waves, lower mean portal velocity * Overweight and obese: lower portal blood flow volume * Overweight: higher GGT * No differences in ALT, portal congestion index, hepatic artery resistivity index

Question 846

Sonography and sonoelastography in the detection of malignancy in superficial lymph nodes of dogs. Belotta et al. JVIM 2019 * What changes in ultrasonographic size, Doppler vascularity, and sonoelastographic resistivity & pulsatility indices and elasticitiy scores were identified in malignant vs. benign peripheral lymph nodes?

Answer 846

* Size: longer long axis, short axis, long-to-short axis ratio * Doppler: mixed vascular distribution more likely in malignant * Sonoelastography: higher resistivity & pulsatility indices, elasticity score

Question 847

Spalla et al. JVIM 2019. Speckle tracking echocardiography in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.  How did cats with preclinical HCM differ from controls in deformation of the heart?

Answer 847

  Smaller longitudinal and radial strain rates NSD in circumferential strain rates

Question 848

Spectrophotometry and ultracentrifugation for measurement of plasma lipids in dogs with diabetes mellitus. Seage et al. JVIM 2018. * What lipid fractions were found to be increased in the plasma of diabetic dogs vs. healthy controls?

Answer 848

* Total triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and ApoB (a measure of how many LDL particles there are) * LDL-C and non-HDL-C concentrations were most markedly elevated

Question 849

Spinal Arachnoid Diverticula: Outcome in 96 Medically or Surgically Treated Dogs. Mauler et al. JVIM 2017. * Is surgical or medical management superior in the management of spinal arachnoid diverticula in dogs?

Answer 849

* Surgical treatment

Question 850

Spontaneous course of biliary sludge over 12 months in dogs with ultrasonographically identified biliary sludge. DeMonaco et al. JVIM 2016, * What percentage of dogs with initial gravity dependent sludge developed combo gravity- and non-dependent sludge within 1 year?

Answer 850

* 24%

Question 851

Spontaneous course of biliary sludge over 12 months in dogs with ultrasonographically identified biliary sludge. DeMonaco et al. JVIM 2016, * What percentage of dogs had resolved, decreased, static, increased, and recurrent GB sludge in the course of one year? What percent developed clinical signs related to GB dysfunction?

Answer 851

* Resolved: 2% * Decreased: 19% * Static: 40% * Increased: 29% * Recurrent: 10% * Affected dogs remained asymptomatic over the course of the study

Question 852

Spontaneous primary hypothyroidism in 7 adult cats. Peterson et al. JVIM 2018.   * What form of spontaneous hypothyroidism can develop in adult cats? What fraction were azotemic and did azotemia resolve with levothyroxine treatment?

Answer 852

* Goitrous form associated with thyroid hyperplasia | * 4/7 azotemic; azotemia resolved with treatment

Question 853

Stafford et al. JVIM 2019. Presence of CSF antibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis of humans in dogs with neurologic disease.  What percentage of dogs with neurologic disease had anti-neuronal autoantibodies present in CSF? Antibodies to what receptor?

Answer 853

  9.4% of dogs had autoantibodies present to the NMDAR1 receptor

Question 854

Standardization of a videofluoroscopic swallow study protocol to investigate dysphagia in dogs. Harris et al. JVIM 2017. * What differences in swallow study metrics were found among age groups in healthy dogs?

Answer 854

* No differences in any swallow study metric with age

Question 855

Standardization of a videofluoroscopic swallow study protocol to investigate dysphagia in dogs. Harris et al. JVIM 2017. * What observations were noted in normal dogs on VFSS that are usually associated with pathology?

Answer 855

* Gastric reflux, esophageal retention, retrograde flow, and bolus discohesion

Question 856

STAT3 expression and activity are upregulated in diffuse large B cell lymphoma in dogs. Assumpcao et al. JVIM 2018.   * What intracellular signaling pathway(s) was/were found to be upregulated in dogs with diffuse large B cell lymphoma vs. healthy controls?

Answer 856

* JAK-STAT3 pathway à higher nuclear expression in lymphoma vs. normal/reactive LN * ERK1/2 pathway

Question 857

Stereotactic radiation therapy for the treatment of functional pituiatary adenomas associated with feline acromegaly. Wormhoudt et al. JVIM 2018 * What was the outcome (MST, % with insulin dose reduction, % remission of DM) in cats treated with stereotactic radiation for acromegaly? How long did it take to reach lowest insulin dose?

Answer 857

* MST 1072 days * 95% had reduced insulin doses, 32% achieved diabetic remission (permanent in 62%) * Med 9.5 months to lowest insulin dose post-Tx

Question 858

Stereotactic radiation therapy for the treatment of functional pituiatary adenomas associated with feline acromegaly. Wormhoudt et al. JVIM 2018   * What is the risk for development of hypothyroidism after stereotactic radiation therapy for acromegaly in cats?

Answer 858

* 14% developed hypothyroidism

Question 859

Stored canine whole blood units: what is the real risk of contamination? Miglio et al. JVIM 2016 * What proportion of whole blood units were negative via bacterial culture at all time points tested (days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42)?

Answer 859

* 47/49

Question 860

Stored canine whole blood units: what is the real risk of contamination? Miglio et al. JVIM 2016 * What proportion of whole blood units were positive on at least one timepoint on qPCR assay? Was the amount of genetic material detected considered acceptable?

Answer 860

* 26/49 positive on qPCR at least once | < 80 genome equivalents / uL à acceptable

Question 861

Stored canine whole blood units: what is the real risk of contamination? Miglio et al. JVIM 2016 * What bacterial genii were identified via culture and PCR in stored canine whole blood units?

Answer 861

Enterococcus, E. coli, Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium, Coulobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Leucobacter

Question 862

Subclinical bacteriuria in older cats and its association with survival. White et al. JVIM 2017. What was the prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria in nonazotemic cats > 7 years old? What factor(s) were associated with development of subclinical bacteriuria?

Answer 862

* 10-13% over 5 tests per cats Females 21x more likely to have subclinical bacteriuria * Age, creatinine, USG, weight not risk factors

Question 863

Subclinical bacteriuria in older cats and its association with survival. White et al. JVIM 2017. What was the effect of subclinical bacteriuria on survival in nonazotemic cats > 7 years old?

Answer 863

* No effect on survival

Question 864

Sudden Death Associated with QT Interval Prolongation and KCNQ1 Gene Mutation in a Family of English Springer Spaniels. Ware et al. JVIM 2015. * Gene associated with QT prolongation and sudden death in English Springer Spaniels?

Answer 864

* KCNQ1

Question 865

Summers et al. JVIM 2019. The fecal microbiome and serum concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate in cats with CKD.  What differences in the fecal microbiome were identified in cats with CKD compared to healthy controls?

Answer 865

  CKD cats had decreased bacterial diversity and richness

Question 866

Survey of two new (Kai 1 and Kai 2) and other blood groups in dogs of North America. Euler et al. JVIM 2016. * What percentage of dogs was DEA1 +? Weakly, moderately, and strongly positive?

Answer 866

* 60% positive; 4% weak, 10% mod, 46% strong

Question 867

Survey of two new (Kai 1 and Kai 2) and other blood groups in dogs of North America. Euler et al. JVIM 2016. * What percentages of dogs were Kai1+/Kai2-, Kai1-/Kai2+, Kai1-/Kai2-, and Kai1+/Kai2+? Did DEA-, Kai1-, and Kai2- dogs have alloantibodies to DEA1, Kai1, or Kai2?

Answer 867

* Kai1+/Kai2-: 94% * Kai1-/Kai2+: 1% * Kai1-/Kai2-: 5% * Kai1+/Kai2+: 0% * No negative dogs had detectable alloantibodies against DEA1, kai1, or kai2

Question 868

Survival after diagnosis of hypertension in cats attending primary care practice in the UK. Conroy et al. JVIM 2018. * What management factors were associated with improved survival in cats diagnosed as hypertensive in primary care practice?

Answer 868

* Having a change in amlodipine dose * Having hypertension diagnosed as part of routine screening for comorbid disease vs. diagnosis after development of clinical signs

Question 869

Survival after diagnosis of hypertension in cats attending primary care practice in the UK. Conroy et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the prevalence of hypertension in cats presented to primary care practices in the UK? What percentage of cats had blood pressure evaluated?

Answer 869

* 1.3% had blood pressure evaluated; 19.5% prevalence

Question 870

Systematic Review of Prognostic Factors for Mortality in Dogs with Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia. Swann, Skelly. JVIM 2015. * What factors were identified as prognostic factors in more than 1 study for dogs with IMHA?

Answer 870

* Icterus/hyperbilirubinemia | * Serum urea

Question 871

Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease.  What four amino acid were decreased in dogs with IBD vs. controls?

Answer 871

  Proline, methionine, tryptophan, serine

Question 872

Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease.  What amino acids correlated with CRP, CCECAI scores, and WSAVA overall scores?

Answer 872

  Serine had moderate negative correlation with CCECAI score No AA correlated with CRP, WSAVA scores

Question 873

Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease.  What four plasma amino acids differed between dogs with IBD and healthy controls?

Answer 873

  Lower methionine, serine, tryptophan, proline

Question 874

Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease.  What plasma amino acids correlated with CCECAI scores, CRP, and overall WSAVA score?

Answer 874

  Plasma serine had weak negative correlation with CCECAI scores No amino acid correlated with CRP, WSAVA scores

Question 875

Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Usefulness of noninvasive shear wave elastography for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis in dogs with hepatic disease.  What was the ability of 2D shear wave elastography to detect hepatic fibrosis in dogs? To detect high necroinflammatory scores?

Answer 875

  Could detect clinically-relevant hepatic fibrosis Couldn't detect early hepatic fibrosis vs. healthy dogs Could not detect high necroinflammatory scores

Question 876

Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Usefulness of noninvasive shear wave elastography for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis in dogs with hepatic disease.  What was the utility of serum hyaluronic acid to detect dogs with clinically significant hepatic fibrosis?

Answer 876

  No sig difference in serum HA between dogs w/ and w/o clinically relevant hepatic fibrosis

Question 877

Tamura et al. JVIM 2019. Usefulness of noninvasive shear wave elastography for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis in dogs with hepatic disease.  What clinicopathologic parameters differed between dogs with liver disease with and without clinically significant hepatic fibrosis?

Answer 877

  Fibrosis --> lower serum albumin and cholesterol BUT usu still within ref range

Question 878

Testing for Bartonella ssp. DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with inflammatory central nervous system disease. Bartner et al. JVIM 2018. * What percentage of dogs with inflammatory CNS disease were positive for Bartonella PCR?

Answer 878

  0%

Question 879

The association of endothelin-1 signaling with bone alkaline phosphatase expression and protumorigenic activities in canine osteosarcoma. Neumann et al. JVIM 2015 * Role of endothelin-1 in bone homeostasis?

Answer 879

* Responsible for osteoblast migration, survival, proliferation, and bone ALP expression

Question 880

The association of endothelin-1 signaling with bone alkaline phosphatase expression and protumorigenic activities in canine osteosarcoma. Neumann et al. JVIM 2015 * Did canine osteosarcoma cells express endothelin 1 and endothelin A receptors?

Answer 880

* Yes

Question 881

The canine POMC gene, obesity in Labrador Retrievers, and susceptibility to diabetes mellitus. Davidson et al. JVIM 2017. * A 3bp deletion in the POMC gene is linked to obesity and increased appetite in Labrador Retrievers. What association was found between the presence of this mutation and diabetes mellitus in Labs?

Answer 881

* No association b/w this mutation and DM

Question 882

The effect of inhaled heliox on peak flow rates in normal and brachycephalic dogs. Benavides et al. JVIM 2019. * What was the effect of breathing Heliox (a mixture of helium and oxygen) vs. room air on peak inspiratory and expiratory flow rates in brachycephalic dogs? Mesocephalic dogs?

Answer 882

* PIF & PEF doubled in meso, tripled in brachy à heliox reduces airway resistance to flow

Question 883

The effect of moderate dietary protein and phosphate restriction on calcium-phosphate homeostasis in healthy older cats. Geddes et al. JVIM 2016. * What effect did moderate dietary protein and phosphorus restriction have on plasma PTH, iCa, P, FGF-23, and creatinine? On urine fractional excretion of P? Effect on development of azotemic CKD?

Answer 883

* Cats fed the test diet did not have increases in PTH with time; control cats did * iCa increased more in test group, but not significant in post-hoc analysis * FeP lower in cats fed test diet * NSD in plasma P, FGF-23, creatinine; NSD in development of azotemic CKD

Question 884

The effect of moderate dietary protein and phosphate restriction on calcium-phosphate homeostasis in healthy older cats. Geddes et al. JVIM 2016. * What were the protein and phosphate contents of the test and control diets?

Answer 884

* Test diet: 76 g/Mcal protein; 1.6 g/Mcal phos | * Control: 86 g/Mcal protein, 2.6 g/Mcal phos

Question 885

The effect of orally administered ranitidine and once-daily or twice-daily orally administered omeprazole on intragastric pH in cats. Sutalo et al. JVIM 2015 * Comparison of effect of twice daily omeprazole, once daily omeprazole, twice daily ranitidine, and placebo on intragastric pH of healthy cats?

Answer 885

* MPT3 67%, MPT4 55% for BID omeprazole, which was significantly different from placebo * NSD in pH b/w SID omeprazole, ranitidine, and placebo

Question 886

The effect of the canine ABCB-1delta genetic mutation on sedation after intravenous administration of acepromazine. Deshpande et al. JVIM 2016 * Drugs mentioned in the abstract affected by ABCB-1delta genetic mutation in p-glycoprotein

Answer 886

* Ivermectin, loperamide, vincristine

Question 887

The effect of the canine ABCB-1delta genetic mutation on sedation after intravenous administration of acepromazine. Deshpande et al. JVIM 2016 * Effect of being homozygous, heterozygous, or normal for ABCB-1 delta mutation on sedation after administration of acepromazine?

Answer 887

* AUC for sedation scores was significantly higher in homozygotes than heterozygotes & normal dogs

Question 888

The Effects of cyclosporine and aspirin on platelet function in normal dogs. Thomason et al. JVIM 2016. * What were the effects of low-dose (1 mg/kg) aspirin and high-dose (10 mg/kg) aspirin on platelet aggregation in dogs? Low-dose aspirin + cyclosporine?

Answer 888

* Low dose aspirin and low-dose aspirin + cyclosporine -> progressive platelet inhibition by day 7 * High dose-aspirin: complete platelet inhibition on days 3 and 7

Question 889

The frequency and clinical implications of bacteriuria in chronically paralyzed dogs. Baigi et al. JVIM 2017. * What proportion of paralyzed dogs (> 3 months) had bacteriuria (at least one positive urine culture)? What proportion experienced recurrence? Was bacteriuria associated with fever and survival?

Answer 889

* 35/47 dogs had at least 1 positive urine culture * 13 had recurrent bacteriuria * Fever, survival not associated with bacteriuria

Question 890

The frequency and clinical implications of bacteriuria in chronically paralyzed dogs. Baigi et al. JVIM 2017. * What urinalysis factors were associated with bacteriuria in chronically paralyzed dogs?

Answer 890

* Pyuria was significantly associated | * Cloudiness not associated

Question 891

The influence of chronic kidney disease on the structural and mechanical properties of canine bone. Shipov et al. JVIM 2018.   * What effect did naturally-occurring CKD have on bone quality in dogs?

Answer 891

* Smaller median lacunae size, larger resorption cavity density, and higher overall porosity * Changes were mild and unlikely clinically significant

Question 892

The influence of pituitary size on outcome after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in a large cohort of dogs with PDH. Van Rijn et al. JVIM 2016. * Survival and remission rates for dogs 4 weeks after surgery? MST and DFI?

Answer 892

* Survival 91%; remission 92% of surviving dogs * MST 781 days * DFI 951 days

Question 893

The influence of pituitary size on outcome after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in a large cohort of dogs with PDH. Van Rijn et al. JVIM 2016. * Recurrence rate & median time to recurrence after surgery? Associations with pituitary size, UCCR, and survival?

Answer 893

* 27% recurrence rate after med 555 days * Increased pituitary height/brain area ratio, increased basal UCCR higher in dogs with recurrence * Survival and disease free interval shorter in dogs with enlarged pituitary glands

Question 894

The interpretive contribution of the baseline serum cortisol concentration of the ACTH stimulation test in the diagnosis of pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Nivy et al. JVIM 2018. * What contribution does the basal cortisol make to the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs by ACTH stimulation test?

Answer 894

* None; the difference and ratio of post-cortisol & baseline had poorer AUC than post-cortisol concentrations

Question 895

The interpretive contribution of the baseline serum cortisol concentration of the ACTH stimulation test in the diagnosis of pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Nivy et al. JVIM 2018.   * What were the sensitivity and specificity of post-ACTH cortisol concentrations of 24.8 and 26 ug/dL in the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs?

Answer 895

* 24.8: 86% sensitive, 94% specific | * 26: 81% sensitive, 100% specific

Question 896

The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in cats. Adrian et al. JVIM 2018. * What were the half life of gabapentin administered as an IV bolus (5 mg/kg) and orally (10 mg/kg)? Did repeated oral dosing change the pharmacokinetics?

Answer 896

* IV: 3.78 hours | * PO: 3.63 hours; no change with repeated dosing

Question 897

The prognostic value of perioperative profiles of ACTH and cortisol for recurrence after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in dogs with corticotroph adenomas. Van Rijn et al. JVIM 2015 * What percentage of dogs that had hypophysectomy performed had a recurrence? Median disease-free period? Hormonal factors associated with recurrence?

Answer 897

Recurrence: * 28%; 588 day disease free period in those that recurredDogs with recurrance had higher post-op ACTH and cortisol (and higher post:pre) than those that did not recur * No single cutoff point could be identifiedShorter disease free interval associated with: * High ACTH 5 hrs post-op * High cortisol 1 and 4 hours post-op * High normalized ACTH 3 hours post op * High normalized cortisol 4 hours post op * Random slope of cortisol

Question 898

The RAAS system in Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound Dogs. Martinez et al. JVIM 2017. * What CPC findings were different between Greyhounds and non-Greyhounds?

Answer 898

Greyhounds had higher systolic blood pressure (151) and urinary albumin/FEalb­ * Greyhounds had higher creatinine (1.5 vs. 1), SDMA (16 vs 12), Na (149 vs. 148)

Question 899

The RAAS system in Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound Dogs. Martinez et al. JVIM 2017. * What RAAS peptides differed between Greyhounds and non-Greyhounds

Answer 899

* Plasma ALDO was lower (11 vs 15) * ALDO/ACE was lower (2.5 vs. 4.9) * Similar plasma renin and ACE activity

Question 900

The role of hypothyroidism in the etiology and progression of dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers. Beier et al. JVIM 2015.   * Association of hypothyroidism with development & progression of DCM in Dobies?

Answer 900

* Dogs with DCM had 2.3x higher risk of also being hypothyroid * Did not confirm a role of hypothyroidism in etiology or progression * Treatment of hypothyroidism did not improve outcome in dogs with hypothyroidism and DCM

Question 901

The use of darbepoetin to stimulate erythropoiesis in the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease in dogs. Fiocchi et al. JVIM 2017. What percentage of dogs achieved a PCV > 30%? What percentage had an increase of > 10% in their PCV? What factor was associated with having a > 10% PCV increase?

Answer 901

85% of dogs had PCV > 30 67% of dogs had > 10% increase in PCV Higher starting dose associated with achieving increase of > 10%

Question 902

The use of darbepoetin to stimulate erythropoiesis in the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease in dogs. Fiocchi et al. JVIM 2017. What was the median time to achieve a PCV > 30%? What was the maximum dosing interval that maintained PCV in dogs?

Answer 902

Med 29 days to achieve PCV > 30% * No dog maintained with a dosing interval above 21 days

Question 903

The use of darbepoetin to stimulate erythropoiesis in the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease in dogs. Fiocchi et al. JVIM 2017. * What potential adverse events were noted?

Answer 903

* Hypertension requiring treatment 12/33 * PRCA (possible) in 2/33 (6%) * Vomiting, diarrhea, seizures

Question 904

The utility of acute-phase proteins in the assessment of treatment response in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. Viitanen et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the effect of stopping antimicrobial therapy 5-7 days after normalization of CRP vs. standard therapy (3-6 wks or 1-2 wks beyond radiographic resolution) in treatment duration and relapse rates in dogs with bacterial pneumonia?

Answer 904

* Using CRP to guide treatment significantly shortened duration of antibiotic (21d vs 35d) use without increasing number of relapses

Question 905

Therapy of canine hyperlipidemia with bezafibrate. De Marco et al. JVIM 2017 * What percentage of hypertriglyceridemic dogs treated with 4-10 mg/kg SID bezafibrate had normalization of triglycerides after 30 days? What percentage of hypercholesterolemic dogs had normalization of cholesterol?

Answer 905

91% of hypertriglyceridemic dogs; 67% of hypercholesterolemic digs * TG decrease greater in dogs with primary vs. secondary hyper TG

Question 906

Therapy of canine hyperlipidemia with bezafibrate. De Marco et al. JVIM 2017 * What adverse effects were observed with 4-10 mg/kg SID bezafibrate x 30 days in dogs?

Answer 906

* No adverse effects | * ALT significantly decreased over the course of treatment

Question 907

Thompson et al. JVIM 2019. Intra-arterial renal infusion of autologous mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of CKD in cats: Phase I clinical trial.  Is intra-arterial, fluoroscopic guided infusion of adipose-derived autologous mesenchymal stem cells feasible and safe in cats with IRIS III CKD?

Answer 907

  Yes

Question 908

Thrombocytosis in 715 dogs (2011-2015). Woolcock et al. JVIM 2017. * What underlying diagnoses were found in dogs with thrombocytosis? What association between underlying diagnosis and severity of thrombocytosis was found?

Answer 908

* Neoplasia (55%); carcinoma most common (52% of neoplasias) * Endocrine (12%); HAC 47%, DM 36%, hypothyroidism 32% Inflammatory 47% * Immune mediated disease dogs had higher platelet counts compared to other inflammatory conditions

Question 909

Thrombocytosis in 715 dogs (2011-2015). Woolcock et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the association between glucocorticoid use and thrombocytosis in dogs?

Answer 909

* No significant difference in platelet count between dogs on GCs and the major disease categories

Question 910

Thrombocytosis in 715 dogs (2011-2015). Woolcock et al. JVIM 2017. * What association was found between platelet count and serum potassium concentrations? Plasma?

Answer 910

* Weak positive association b/w platelets & serum K; no association w/ plasma K

Question 911

Thrombocytosis in 715 dogs (2011-2015). Woolcock et al. JVIM 2017. * What is the proposed mechanism for inflammation causing a thrombocytosis?

Answer 911

* IL-6 promotes hepatic production of thrombopoietin

Question 912

Thromboelastographic evaluation of dogs with acute liver disease. Kelley et al. JVIM 2015 * Proportion of dogs with acute liver disease that were hyper, normo, and hypocoagulable? Hyperfibrinolyic?

Answer 912

* 11/21 hypo, 8/21 norml, 2/21 hypercoagulable | * 8/21 hyperfibrinolytic

Question 913

Thromboelastographic evaluation of dogs with acute liver disease. Kelley et al. JVIM 2015 * How did TEG parameters differ between dogs with acute liver disease and healthy controls? Acute liver failure (PT > 1.5 x upper ref interval) vs. disease?

Answer 913

ALD: Longer R and K times, increased LY30, PT/PTT, vWF activity * Decreased angle, MA, G, AT & PC activity (decreased anticoagulant activity) * ALF: greater increases in K and LY30; greater decreases in MA, G, PC activity

Question 914

Thromboelastography in dogs with chronic hepatopathies. Fry et al. JVIM 2017.   * What TEG and PT/PTT changes were seen in dogs with portal hypertension?

Answer 914

* Lower G, MA, and angle; prolonged K, R, and PT (all consistent with hypocoagulable)

Question 915

Thromboelastography in dogs with chronic hepatopathies. Fry et al. JVIM 2017. * In dogs with chronic hepatopathy, how many were classified as hyper, hypo, and normocoagulable based on TEG G value?

Answer 915

9/21 normo, 7/21 hyper, 5/21 hypocoagulable

Question 916

Thromboelastography in dogs with chronic hepatopathies. Fry et al. JVIM 2017. * What TEG values differed in dogs with chronic hepatopathy vs. healthy controls?

Answer 916

* Increased R and K times; increased LY30%, decreased angle

Question 917

Thyroid cysts in cats: A retrospective study of 40 cases. Miller et al. JVIM 2017 * What percentage of cats with thyroid cysts were hyperthyroid? In cats treated with I-131, what percentage of cats had hyperthyroidism resolve post-treatment? What percentage had cyst resolution?

Answer 917

* 93% of cats with thyroid cysts were hyperthyroid 92% euthyroid post-I-131; 50% of cysts resolved Resolution more likely in cysts < 8 cm3 (62%) than > 8 cm3 (36%)

Question 918

Thyroid cysts in cats: A retrospective study of 40 cases. Miller et al. JVIM 2017 * In cats with cystic thyroid masses surgically excised, what histopathologic diagnoses were made? What serious post-operative complication resulted in euthanasia of 3/8 cats?

Answer 918

* Cystadenoma in 50%, carcinoma in 50% | * Post-operative hypocalcemia (all had bilateral thyroid involvement)

Question 919

Time course and prognostic value of serum GFAP, pNFH, and S100β concentrations in dogs with complete spinal cord injury because of intervertebral disc extrusion. Olby et al. jvim 2019   What serum biomarker was able to predict outcome in dogs with clinically complete spinal cord injury with 77-89% accuracy depending on sample timing?

Answer 919

  * Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

Question 920

Tracheobronchial brush cytology and bronchoalveolar lavage in dogs and cats with chronic cough: 45 cases (2012-2014). Zhu et al. JVIM 2015 * Agreement of tracheobronchial brush cytology vs. BALF in detection & typing of inflammation in dogs? In cats?

Answer 920

Dogs: brush detected inflammation in 85% of dogs with inflammation on BALF * Discordance in type of inflammation in 23/34 dogs Cats: brush detected inflammation in 4/5 cats with inflammation on BALF * Discordance in type of inflammation in 4/4

Question 921

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound examination in dogs with suspected intracranial hypertension caused by neurologic diseases. Sasaoka et al. JVIM 2018. * Which Doppler ultrasound index was found to be increased in dogs with structural brain disease with evidence of intracranial hypertension vs. dogs without intracranial hypertension and no structural brain disease? What Doppler indices were not different?

Answer 921

Ratio of systolic to diastolic mean velocity in the basilar artery was higher * Indicates higher vascular resistance * Resistivity and pulsatility indices were not different

Question 922

Transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials and magnetic resonance imaging findings in paraplegic dogs with recovery of motor function. Siedenburg et al. JVIM 2018.   * What did it find?

Answer 922

* Transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials reflected recovery of motor function after severe spinal cord injury.

Question 923

Transient myocardial thickening in cats associated with heart failure. Matos et al. JVIM 2018. What characteristics differed between cats with transient myocardial thickening (LVWT > 6 mm w/ L-CHF that resolved in med 3.3 months) vs. cats with persistent HCM? How did outcome differ b/w groups

Answer 923

* TMT cats were younger and more likely to have “antecedent event” * 20/21 cats with TMT had cardiac medications d/c’ed; all cats survived and only 1 had recurrent CHF * No cats with persistent HCM had cardiac meds d/c’ed and 8/19 died during study period

Question 924

Treatment of disseminated aspergillosis with posaconazole in 10 dogs. Corrigan et al. JVIM 2016 * Study design? Outcome for treated dogs (5 mg/kg PO q12h posaconazole)?

Answer 924

* Prospective non-randomized, non-controlled * All dogs improved clinically & 4/10 entered clinical remission Relapse during treatment in 3/10, after treatment in 5/10 * Most dogs euthanized due to progressive disease * MST 241 days; 1 dog still alive Tx’d w/ combo posaconazole + terbinafine * No clinically relevant adverse effects or increases in liver enzymes

Question 925

Treatment of MRI-diagnosed trigeminal nerve sheath tumors by stereotactic radiotherapy in dogs. Hansen et al. JVIM 2016 * Was stereotactic radiation a beneficial treatment for peripheral nerve sheath tumor in dogs?

Answer 925

* Yes; 3x8Gy daily-EOD -> MST 745 days; no adverse effects recorded acutely

Question 926

Ullal et al. JVIM 2019. Retrospective evaluation of cyclosporine in the treatment of presumed idiopathic chronic hepatitis in dogs.  What percentage of dogs attained remission when treated with cyclosporine +/- other medications?  What was the median time to remission?

Answer 926

  79% of dogs achieved remission  Median time to remission was 2.5 months (range: 0.75-18 months)

Question 927

Ullal et al. JVIM 2019. Retrospective evaluation of cyclosporine in the treatment of presumed idiopathic chronic hepatitis in dogs.  What factors, if any, were associated with likelihood of remission & time to remission?

Answer 927

  No evaluated factors associated with likelihood/time to remission  Evaluated: - use of hepatoprotectants - hyperbilirubinemia - hypoalbuminemia - dose/duration of cyclosporine - ascites - prolonged coagulation times

Question 928

Ullal et al. JVIM 2019. Retrospective evaluation of cyclosporine in the treatment of presumed idiopathic chronic hepatitis in dogs.  What adverse effects were noted associated with cyclosporine use in dogs with presumed ICH?

Answer 928

  GI upset in 38% Gingival hyperplasia in 25%

Question 929

Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in 163 neutered female dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and relationship of weight and age at neuter to development of disease. Byron et al. JVIM 2017. * What management strategies to reduce USMI risk were identified?

Answer 929

In dogs > 25kg, a decrease in USMI hazard (OR < 0.89) was identified for each month of delay in neutering up to one year of age

Question 930

Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in 163 neutered female dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and relationship of weight and age at neuter to development of disease. Byron et al. JVIM 2017. * What was the median time between neuter and onset of incontinence?

Answer 930

* 3.73 years

Question 931

Urethral stenting for obstructive uropathy utilizing digital radiography for guidance: feasibility and clinical outcome in 26 dogs. Radhakrishnan, A. JVIM 2017 * Can urethral stenting be successfully performed minimally-invasively using digital radiography rather than fluoroscopy?

Answer 931

Yes

Question 932

Urinary F2-isoprostanes in cats with IRIS stage 1-4 CKD. Whitehouse et al. JVIM 2017. * What correlation was found between the oxidative stress marker urinary F2 isoprostane (to creatinine ratio) in cats with increasing stages of CKD?

Answer 932

* IRIS I had significantly higher UF2-isoprostanes; UF2-iso decreased with increasing IRIS stage.

Question 933

Urinary F2-isoprostanes in cats with IRIS stage 1-4 CKD. Whitehouse et al. JVIM 2017. What correlation was found between the oxidative stress marker urinary F2 isoprostane (to creatinine ratio) in cats with increasing stages of CKD?

Answer 933

* IRIS I had significantly higher UF2-isoprostanes; UF2-iso decreased with increasing IRIS stage.

Question 934

Urinary F2-isoprostanes in cats with IRIS stage 1-4 CKD. Whitehouse et al. JVIM 2017. * Was urinary F2 isoprostane associated with hypertension or proteinuria?

Answer 934

* No; NSD in UF2-iso b/w hypertensive & non, proteinuric & non * No correlation between UF2-iso and systolic blood pressure or UPC

Question 935

Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker for identification of acute kidney injury in dogs with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Palm et al. JVIM 2016 * Utility of NGAL for diagnosis & monitoring of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in dogs?

Answer 935

* AKI diagnosed day 8 using 7x rise in uNGAL/uCr, day 16 using 50% increase in sCr * During recovery, uNGAL/uCr decreased 2 days before sCr

Question 936

Usage patterns of carbapenem antimicrobials in dogs and cats at a veterinary tertiary care hospital. Smith et al. JVIM 2019 What were the most commonly isolated bacteria from the dog and cat?

Answer 936

  Dog: E. coli, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas Cat: E. coli, Enterococcus

Question 937

Usage patterns of carbapenem antimicrobials in dogs and cats at a veterinary tertiary care hospital. Smith et al. JVIM 2019 What percentage of bacterial isolates were carbepenem resistant?

Answer 937

  3%

Question 938

Use of a granulocyte immunofluorescence assay designed for humans for detection of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in dogs with chronic enteropathies. Florey et al. JVIM 2017 * What were the sensitivity and specificity of a granulocyte assay designed for human pANCA/cANCA to distinguish FRE dogs from healthy controls and dogs with SRE?

Answer 938

* Sensitivity 61%, specificity 100%

Question 939

Use of basal and TRH-stimulated plasma growth hormone concentrations to differentiate between primary hypothyroidism and nonthyroidal illness in dogs. Pijnacker et al. JVIM 2018. * How was basal growth hormone concentration different between dogs with hypothyroidism and non-thyroidal illness?

Answer 939

All dogs with hypothyroidism had basal GH > 1.8; 9/10 dogs with NTI had basal GH < 1.8

Question 940

Use of basal and TRH-stimulated plasma growth hormone concentrations to differentiate between primary hypothyroidism and nonthyroidal illness in dogs. Pijnacker et al. JVIM 2018. * How did TRH-stimulated plasma GH and TSH differ between dogs with hypothyroidism and non-thyroidal illness?

Answer 940

* GH increased in hypoT dogs; 1.75 ug/L cutoff at 45 mins post TRH distinguished all dogs with hypoT and NTI TSH did not increase in hypoT; at T45, all hypoT dogs had < 57% increase in TSH from baseline, while all NTI dogs had increase > 57% * GH/TSH ratio at T45 also distinguished; all dogs > 4.6 had hypoT

Question 941

Use of serum microRNAs as biomarker for hepatobiliary diseases in dogs. Dirksen et al. JVIM 2017. * What specific miRNAs were found to be increased in dogs with hepatic adenoma and cPSS?

Answer 941

* No specific miRNAs increased or decreased in this group

Question 942

Utility of Computed Tomography versus Abdominal Ultrasound Examination to Identify Iliosacral Lymphadenomegaly in Dogs with Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Anal Sac. Palladino et al. JVIM 2016 * AUS vs. CT to detect enlargements in the medial iliac, internal iliac, and sacral lymph nodes in dogs with AGASACA? Recommendation?

Answer 942

* CT identified enlarged lymph nodes in 13/20 dogs * Of the CT identified dogs, AUS identified all enlarged nodes in 31%, at least one enlarged node in 100% * AUS is an effective screening tool, but CT if missing a metastatic site would change management strategy

Question 943

Validation of ultrasonography for assessment of gastric emptying time in healthy cats by radionuclide scintigraphy. Husnik et al. JVIM 2017 * What imaging modality showed good correlation to scintigraphy for assessment of gastric emptying times in cats? What was the mean gastric emptying time assessed by scintigraphy?

Answer 943

* Ultrasound (motility index of antral contractions) | * 288 minutes (4.8 hours)

Question 944

van Straten et al. JVIM 2019. Efficacy of orally administered sodium benzoate and sodium phenylbuyrate in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts.  What was the effect of oral administration for 5 days of Na benzoate and Na phenylbutyrate to dogs with CPSS vs. placebo on serum ammonia? Clinical signs?

Answer 944

  No effect on serum ammonia concentrations No improvement in clinical signs Vomiting, anorexia, lethargy observed in treated dogs

Question 945

Vansteenkiste et al. JVIM 2019. MicroRNA expression in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with and without cervical spondylomyelopathy. Was there a difference in the miRNA profile of CSF of Great Danes affected by osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy vs. healthy Great Danes?

Answer 945

  Yes - 8 miRNAs differed

Question 946

Variability of serum concentrations of cystatin C and urinary retinol‐binding protein, neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin, immunoglobulin G, and C‐reactive protein in dogs. Liu et al. JVIM 2018. * What were the approximate within-dog coefficients of variation for biomarkers serum cystatinC, uRBP/c, uNGAL/c, and uIgG/c in healthy dogs?

Answer 946

* sCysC 8% * uRBP/c 34% * uNGAL/c 87% * uIgG/c 88%

Question 947

Variability of Symmetric Dimethylarginine in Apparently Healthy Dogs. Kopke et al. JVIM 2018. * What recommendation was made for interpretation of SDMA and creatinine based on this study?

Answer 947

* Population-based reference intervals might lead to false negatives; should interpret changes over time in individual patient values SDMA critical difference of 6 * Diff of 6 for a change to actually represent a change in renal function

Question 948

Violette et al. JVIM 2019. Correlations among tracheal dimensions, tracheal stent dimensions, and major complications after endoluminal stenting of tracheal collapse syndrome in dogs.  What was the overall major (requiring a second stent) complication rate? What major complications occurred and in what percentage of dogs?

Answer 948

  Overall: 52% Sent fracture: 25% Obstructive tissue ingrowth: 19% Progressive tracheal collapse: 12%

Question 949

Violette et al. JVIM 2019. Correlations among tracheal dimensions, tracheal stent dimensions, and major complications after endoluminal stenting of tracheal collapse syndrome in dogs. What major complication was associated with a shorter median survival time?

Answer 949

  Stent fracture (MST 600 d vs. 1270 d)

Question 950

Violette et al. JVIM 2019. Correlations among tracheal dimensions, tracheal stent dimensions, and major complications after endoluminal stenting of tracheal collapse syndrome in dogs. What risk factors were identified for caudodorsal stent fracture?

Answer 950

  High degree of natural tapering of the trachea Increased percentage of oversizing

Question 951

Vitamin D metabolism in dogs with and without hypercalciuric calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Groth et al. JVIM 2019.  What differences in vitamin D metabolites were identified in dogs that had formed CaOx uroliths vs. those that had not?

Answer 951

  CaOx formers had lower 24,25(OH)D to 25(OH)D ratio May have an issue deactivating vitamin D precursors?

Question 952

Vitamin D receptor expression in dogs. Cartwright et al. JVIM 2018. * What non-skeletal tissues strongly expressed the vitamin D receptor in dogs? What tissues had no VDR expression?

Answer 952

* Kidney, duodenum, spleen, skin, ileum strongly expressed | * Testicular & gastric tissue did not express

Question 953

Vitamin D receptor expression in dogs. Cartwright et al. JVIM 2018. * What differences were found between vitamin D receptor expression in the duodenum of dogs with and without CE

Answer 953

* No significant differences b/w CE and non

Question 954

Vitamin D status in different stages of disease severity in dogs with chronic valvular heart disease. Osuga et al. JVIM 2015 * Effect on stage of valve disease on vitamin D status in dogs

Answer 954

* Lower 25(OH)D in stage B1 than in B2, C, and D | * Negative correlations between 25(OH)D and LA/Ao, LVEDDn

Question 955

* Was transdermal administration successful for dosing of gabapentin in cats?

Answer 955

* No

Question 956

Washout ratio in the hepatic vein measured by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to distinguish between inflammatory and noninflammatory hepatic disorders in dogs. Morishita et al. JVIM 2017 What is the “washout ratio” in this study? How did washout ratio compare b/w dogs with hepatitis vs. other liver conditions? What was the sensitivity and specificity of a washout ratio < 37.1% to distinguish hepatitis from PHPV, CPSS, controls, and other hepatopathy?

Answer 956

* Washout ratio = percent intensity decrease from peak to end of the study * Washout ratio is lower in dogs with CH than PHVP, CPSS, other hepatopathy, and controls Washout ratio < 37.1% had 100% sensitivity, 85% specificity to predict hepatitis

Question 957

Weise & Berent (probably). Endoscopic laser ablation for the treatment of orthotopic and ectopic ureteroceles in dogs: 13 cases.  What percentage of ureteroceles were associated with ectopic ureters? With stenotic/imperforate ureteral orifices? What was the outcome after laser ablation?

Answer 957

  71% associated with ectopic ureters 13/14 stenotic or imperforate ureteral orifices 8/9 had resolution of urinary incontinence, 3/3 had resolution of pollakiuria Follow up imaging --> ureterocele resolution & improvement in hydronephrosis/hydroureter in all dogs

Question 958

Wennogle et al. Comparison of clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic variables in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and low or normal serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations.  In dogs with CIE, what clinical and clinicopathologic differences were identified between dogs with low 25-OHD vs. dogs with normal 25-OHD? 

Answer 958

  Dogs with low 25-OHD had higher severity scores (CCECAI) & higher CRP, lower vitamin E, cholesterol, albumin

Question 959

Wennogle et al. Comparison of clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic variables in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and low or normal serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations.  In dogs with CIE, how did serum 25-OHD correlate with histopathologic findings? 

Answer 959

  Moderate negative correlation b/w 25-OHD and duodenal morphologic scores (villous blunting, crypt dilation, epithelial injury, lacteal dilation, mucosal fibrosis) Moderate negative correlation b/w 25-OHD and duodenal inflammation scores Moderate negative correlation with total histopath score in duodenum, combined duodenum and ileum 

Question 960

Wennogle et al. Comparison of clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic variables in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and low or normal serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations.  In dogs with CIE, is loss of vitamin D binding protein a significant factor in the development of low 25-OHD? 

Answer 960

  No; no difference in VDBP b/w CIE dogs with low vs. normal 25-OHD

Question 961

Wesselowski et al. JVIM 2019. Anatomy, baseline characteristics, and procedural outcome of PDA in GSDs.  What were common clinical findings in GSDs with PDA? Most common PDA type? Outcome?

Answer 961

  Clinical findings: most were mature (med 12 months), most were clinical, arrhythmias, concurrent congenital heart disease were common  Type II PDA most common All dogs had successful closure via duct occluder or surgical ligation

Question 962

* What are the classifications of ductal plate abnormalities?

Answer 962

* Von Myernburg (multiple biliary hamartomas) * Congenital hepatic fibrosis * Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease * Caroli’s disease (or syndrome if congenital hepatic fibrosis is also there) * Choledocal cyst

Question 963

* What breeds are associated with microcytosis?

Answer 963

* Abyssinian cats | * Akitas, Siberian Huskies, Shiba Inu, SharPei

Question 964

Hepatic copper concentrations in 546 dogs (1982-2015). Strickland et al. JVIM 2018. * What changes to AAFCO recommendations for dog food may have contributed to the increase in hepatic copper concentrations in dogs starting in the 1997?

Answer 964

* Required the use of copper sulfates & chelates in dog food premixes which are more bioavailable than previously used copper oxide

Question 965

* What gene is associated with pituitary dwarfism and combined pituitary hormone deficiency in dogs?

Answer 965

LHX3 mutation

Question 966

Consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Acierno et al. JVIM 2018. * What is the classification system for dogs and cats, and what is it based on?

Answer 966

* Based on risk of target organ damage Normal: SBP < 140 mmHg – minimal risk of TOD * Pre-hypertensive: SBP 140-159 – low risk of TOD * Hypertensive: SBP 160-179 – moderate risk of TOD Severely hypertensive: SBP > 180

Question 967

* What ketone types are there? What ketone type does the urine dipstick test for? What is the predominant type of ketone formed in DKA?

Answer 967

* Acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate * Dipstic tests for acetoacetate * BHB is predominant ketone formed in DKA

Question 968

What mutation is associated with atovaquone resistance in B. gibsoni?

Answer 968

* M128 position of cytochrome b

Question 969

* What neurologic disease was associated with pituitary dwarfism in dogs?

Answer 969

* Atlantoaxial malformation

Question 970

Acute phase proteins and iron status in cats with CKD. Javard et al. JVIM 2017   * What was the association between acute phase proteins, iron status, EPO concentrations, and survival in CKD cats?

Answer 970

* No correlation of APP, iron status, or EPO concentrations with survival

Question 971

Effect of an extruded animal protein-free diet on fecal microbiota of dogs with food-responsive enteropathy. Bresciani et al. JVIM 2018. * What was the effect of feeding 60 days of an animal protein free diet to dogs with food-responsive enteropathy and healthy controls on the fecal microbiome?

Answer 971

* FRE dogs had lower bacterial alpha-diversity compared to healthy controls at baseline FRE dogs had lower alpha diversity at baseline than after the APFD trial * Richness increased after the trial Microbial communities differed between FRE and controls both before and after trial Abundance of Blautia decreased in FRE vs. controls at baseline No differences in Faecalibacteria, Turicibacter, C. hirnanonis, E. coli, Fusobacterium, Strep b/w FRE & controls at any timepoint * No significant modification of fecal microbiome in controls before & after trial

Question 972

Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from aspirin, prednisone, or combination treatment in healthy research dogs: A double-blind randomized trial.  What was the effect of prednisone (2 mg/kg), aspirin (2 mg/kg), or combination on the odds of developing gastric mucosal erosions/ulcerations in healthy research dogs?  

Answer 972

  Prednisone: 11x higher odds of developing mucosal lesion score > 4 Pred + aspirin: 31.5x higher odds of developing mucosal lesion score > 4

Question 973

Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from aspirin, prednisone, or combination treatment in healthy research dogs: A double-blind randomized trial.  What was the effect of prednisone (2 mg/kg), aspirin (2 mg/kg), or combination on clinicopathologic results and clinical signs in healthy research dogs?

Answer 973

  Pred & pred + aspirin groups: increased ALP, UPC, BUN/creatinine No effect on clinical signs (even dogs with severe endoscopic lesions did not show clinical signs of GI hemorrhage)

Question 974

Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from aspirin, prednisone, or combination treatment in healthy research dogs: A double-blind randomized trial.  What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?

Answer 974

  Irreversible acetylation of COX active site on platelets and megakaryocytes --> decreased thromboxane production & decreased aggregation 

Question 975

Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from aspirin, prednisone, or combination treatment in healthy research dogs: A double-blind randomized trial.  What VFSS findings were present in dogs with LES-AS but not in healthy controls?

Answer 975

  Baseline esophageal fluid line (68%) Bird beak sign (63%)

Question 976

Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from administration of clopidogrel, prednisone, or combination in healthy dogs: A double‐blind randomized trial. What was the effect of 28 days of prednisone (2 mg/kg SID), clopidogrel (2-3 mg/kg SID), and combination on endoscopic mucosal lesion scores in healthy research dogs?

Answer 976

  Groups receiving prednisone had a 7x higher odds of having a mucosal lesion score > 4

Question 977

Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from administration of clopidogrel, prednisone, or combination in healthy dogs: A double‐blind randomized trial. What was the effect of 28 days of prednisone (2 mg/kg PO SID), clopidogrel (2-3 mg/kg PO SID) and combination on clinicopathologic data in healthy research dogs?

Answer 977

  Pred-receiving groups had increases in ALP, GGT, lipase, BUN:creatinine & UPC over time

Question 978

Whittemore et al. JVIM 2019. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from administration of clopidogrel, prednisone, or combination in healthy dogs: A double‐blind randomized trial. Mechanism of action of clopidogrel?

Answer 978

  Irreversible binding to the P2Y12 platelet receptor, preventing formation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex --> inhibition of aggregation 

Question 979

Whole-blood taurine concentrations in cats with intestinal disease. Kathrani et al. JVIM 2017. * What changes in whole-blood taurine concentrations were identified in cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy or intestinal neoplasia were identified?

Answer 979

* Whole-blood taurine was within the reference interval in all cats * Cats with large intestinal signs had lower taurine than cats with small- or mixed bowel signs

Question 980

Whole-blood taurine concentrations in cats with intestinal disease. Kathrani et al. JVIM 2017. * What associations between whole-blood taurine and type of intestinal disease, clinical score, and CPC variables were identified in cats with chronic enteropathy/intestinal neoplasia?

Answer 980

* No difference b/w cats with CE vs. neoplasia, appetite changes, weight loss vs. stable weight, duration of signs, diarrhea vs. normal feces * No associations were found b/w taurine and cobalamin, folate, albumin, duration of signs, FCEAI, BCS or age at diagnosis

Question 981

Whole-body barometric plethysmography characterizes upper airway obstruction in 3 brachycephalic breeds of dogs. Liu et al. JVIM 2016 * What whole-body barometric plethysmography parameter was different between dogs with BOAS and without?

Answer 981

* Minute volume decreased in brachycephalic breeds

Question 982

Wright et al. JVIM 2019. Lidocaine for chemical cardioversion of orthodromic antrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in dogs.  What medication is indicated for chemical cardioversion of orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in dogs? Success rate?

Answer 982

  Lidocaine 2 mg/kg IV boluses up to 8 mg/kg 84% of dogs responded before developing adverse effects from lidocaine

Question 983

Wu et al. JVIM 2019. Association of the canine ATP7A and ATP7B with hepatic copper in Dobermann dogs.  What genetic mutations were identified in Dobermann dogs and Labrador Retrievers with copper hepatopathy?

Answer 983

  ATP7A --> enterocyte basal membrane --> transports copper from GI lumen into portal circulation; unclear role in copper hepatopathy  APT7B --> hepatocyte Golgi apparatus and lysosome, important for copper encorporation into ceruloplasmin & excretion into bile via hepatocyte apical membrane; had significant assocation with hepatic copper accumulation in Dutch and US Dobermanns

Question 984

Wu et al. JVIM 2019. Association of the canine ATP7A and ATP7B with hepatic copper in Dobermann dogs.  What histopathologic changes are associated with copper hepatopathy in dogs?

Answer 984

  Centrolobular inflammation surrounding copper deposits around the central vein LP inflammation and necrosis in portal areas (autoimmunity)

Question 985

Wu et al. JVIM 2019. Association of the canine ATP7A and ATP7B with hepatic copper in Dobermann dogs.  What gene mutation is associated with copper hepatopathy in Bedlington terriers?

Answer 985

  COMMD1 gene

Question 986

Yata et al. JVIM 2019. Cardiorenal and endocrine effects of synthetic canine brain natriuretic peptide 1-32 in dogs with compensated congestive heart failure caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease.  Effect of single dose of BNP1-32 in dogs with CHF from MMVD on fractional excretion of sodium? Fractional excretion of potassium? Aldosterone secretion? UOP? SBP?

Answer 986

  No effect on any evaluated variable

Question 987

Use of basal and TRH-stimulated plasma growth hormone concentrations to differentiate between primary hypothyroidism and nonthyroidal illness in dogs. Pijnacker et al. JVIM 2018. * What is the proposed mechanism for the increased basal and stimulated GH in hypothyroid dogs?

Answer 987

* Somatostatin is the major inhibitor of TSH and GH secretion * In hypothyroidism, there is no feedback from T4 to promote somatostatin release * Inhibition of both TSH and GH secretion is gone

Question 988

  Most common fungal disease of the domestic cat?

Answer 988

  Cryptococcus

Question 989

Summers et al. JVIM 2019. The fecal microbiome and serum concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate in cats with CKD.  What differences in indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate were identified between CKD cats and healthy controls?

Answer 989

  IS was higher in CKD cats vs. non; NSD between cats with IRIS II vs. III & IV CKD No difference in pCS b/w CKD and controls

Question 990

  What is Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome? Affected breeds? Genetic mutation? Mode of inheritance?  

Answer 990

  Congenital inability to absorb cobalamin from the GI tract Beagles, Border Collies, Australian Shepherd, Giant Schnauzers Mutation in cubulin or amnionless portions of the cubam cobalamin transporter in the ileum (can test for CUBN mutation) Autosomal recessive