All Lessons Flashcards

1
Q

This are the invaders that sabotage our cells.

A

Viruses

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2
Q

He discovered that a transforming factor could be transferred into a bacterial cell.

A

Frederick Griffith

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3
Q

What do u call a process were some harmless bacteria were converted to disease - causing bacteria.

A

Transformation

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4
Q

Who uses the bacteriophages to show that DNA is the genetic material.

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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5
Q

This are the viruses that infect bacterial cells.

A

Bacteriophages

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6
Q

This were labeled with radioactive sulfur to detect proteins or radioactive phosphorus to detect DNA.

A

Phages

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7
Q

DNA & RNA are polymers called ________??

A

Polynucleotides

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8
Q

What are the 2 nitrogenous bases?

A

1.Pyrimidines , cytosine and Thymine
2.Purines ,adenine and guanine

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9
Q

He showed that most samples of DNA the Percentages of Cytosine and Guanine were equal.

A

Erwin Chargaff

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10
Q

They deduced the secondary structure of DNA with the X-ray crystallography data from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.

A

James D. Watson & Francis Crick

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11
Q

What are the 3 primary functions that was expected to Fullfill from the time biologist first considered DNA as the genetic material.

A
  1. Storage of Genetic Information
    2.Replication and Inheritance
  2. Expression of the genetic message
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12
Q

It adds nucleotides to a growing chain.

A

DNA polymerase

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13
Q

It joins small fragments into a continuous chain.

A

DNA ligase

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14
Q

They found a series of mutants that could not produce the amino acid arginine.

A

George Beadle & Edward Tatum

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15
Q

It catalyzes the reaction.

A

RNA polymerase

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16
Q

What are the stages of transcription.

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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17
Q

It is a stages of transcription where RNA polymerase binds to a promoter where the helix unwinds and transcription starts.

A

Initiation

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18
Q

It is a stage of transcription where RNA nucleotides are added to the chain.

A

Elongation

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19
Q

It is a stage were RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and detaches from the template.

A

Termination

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20
Q

It contains codons for protein sequences.

A

mRNA

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21
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA has interrupting sequences called - - - - - - - , separating the coding region called - - - - - .

A

Introns

Exons

22
Q

It is the removal of introns and joining of exons to produce a continuous coding sequence.

A

RNA splicing

23
Q

It is a molecules match an amino acids to its corresponding mRNA codon.

A

tRNA

24
Q

It is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

A

Mutation

25
Q

It is a mutation were can cause errors in DNA replication.

A

Spontaneous

26
Q

What are the type of Mutation.

A

Frameshift mutation
Missense mutations
Nonsense mutations

27
Q

It is a addition or deletion of one base.

A

Frameshift mutation

28
Q

Only one amino acids is changed.

A

Missense mutation

29
Q

Shorter than longer protein.

A

Nonsense mutation

30
Q

SHe discovered the first transposons in 1940s .

A

Barbara McClintock

31
Q

Transposons inhibit pigment production in corn kernels producing a variegated pattern called ______?

A

Indian corn

32
Q

She was an American scientists and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

A

Barbara McClintock

33
Q

What are the 3 mechanism that allow transfer of bacterial DNA.

A

1.Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation

34
Q

It is the uptake of DNA from the surrounding environment

A

Transformation

35
Q

It is gene transfer through bacteriophages

A

Transduction

36
Q

It is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient bacterial cell through a cytoplasmic bridge.

A

Conjugation

37
Q

It is a small circular DNA molecules that are separate from the bacterial chromosome.

A

Plasmids

38
Q

It is involved in conjugation.

A

F factor

39
Q

It transfer genes for antibiotic resistance by conjugation.

A

R plasmids

40
Q

What are the 2 types of reproductive cycles.

A

Lytic cycle and Lysogenic cycle

41
Q

It is a viral particles are produced using host cell components.

A

Lytic cycle

42
Q

It is a viral DNA is inserted into the host chromosome by recombination.

A

Lysogenic cycle

43
Q

What do you call an inserted phage in DNA.

A

Prophage

44
Q

It is a circular RNA molecules that infect plants.

A

Viroids

45
Q

It is a infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in animals.

A

Prions

46
Q

Who discovered the nucleic acid?

A

Friedrich Miescher

47
Q

It is a biopolymer found in cell.

A

Nucleic acid

48
Q

She discover the double helix of DNA.

A

Rosalind Franklin

49
Q

They published numerous scientific papers , further to DNA structure.

A

James Watson & Francis Crick

50
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acid?

A

DNA AND RNA

51
Q

It can’t cause any diseases ( R cells)

A

Avirulent

52
Q

It can cause diseases ( S cells)

A

Virulent