All lectures Flashcards
As we discussed in class, which of the following is the slowest component of vision development to mature. a. light sensitivity b.acuity c. movement d.color
b. Acuity
The development of coordination can be best described as being fast. True or False
True
True or False. Because rods are sensitive to blue light and develop last, a one week old baby cannot see blue hues.
False
True or False. A 1 month old baby is less sensitive to light compared to a 3 month old.
True
Within the first 3 months after birth, which of the follow is/are true? (Select all correct answers) a. Visual acuity is quite poor (worse than 20/100), but improving gradually . b. The baby’s eyes fixate on the mouth and eyes c. Visually speaking, they could drive a car d. Babies are capable of tracking objects using just the eyes.
A and B
Short wavelength cones first allow for blue color discrimination during which developmental period as discussed in class: a. Birth to 3 months: Vision Develops b.4-6 months: Babies see clearly c. 8-12 months: From eye to hand to mind d. None of the above
B. 4 - 6 months: babies see clearly
True or False. The development of visual acuity can be best described as being fast.
False
True or False. By the second month, a baby has a 10 fold increase in contrast sensitivity compared to the first month.
True
True or False. Three days of monocular deprivation during the critical period of vision development is sufficient to cause a significant change in vision.
True
True or False. The lens vesicle is derived from the neural endoderm.
False
Glutamate receptors first appear on: a. On bipolar cells b. On ganglion cells c. Off bipolar cells d. Off ganglion cells
C. Off bipolar cells
Put the following cell types in order of their first appearance during development. Rods Cones Muller Glia Bipolar cells
Cones –> Rods –> Bipolar cells –> Muller glia
True or False. Center-surround organization is apparent before light is detected.
False
Adult retinal progenitor cells come from what part of the eye? a. optic nerve b.cornea c. ciliary body d. fovea
Ciliary body
True or False. After 1 month of monocular deprivation early in the critical period, binocular activation is sufficient to restore lost visual function.
False.
What effect does dark rearing mice for their first 3 weeks of life have on their visual development? a. Ocular dominance columns do not develop at all b. The fraction of bi-stratified On-Off ganglion cells increases c. The fraction of Off bipolar cells increases d. Significant photoreceptor degeneration occurs
B. The fraction of bi-stratified On-Off ganglion cells increases
True or False. The hyaloid artery surrounds the back of the lens and follows the choroid fissure during eye development.
True
The eye fields develop from: a. anterior neural plate b. posterior neural ectoderm c. posterior neural plate d. anterior neural ectoderm
A. Anterior neural plate
True or False. Muller glia act as retinal progenitors in adults.
True
True or False. The pupillary membrane usually regresses, but may persist after birth.
True
Which tissue do the eyes not derive or originate from? a. mesencephalon b. eye fields c. prosencephalon d. anterior neural plate
A. Mesencephalon
Which of the following develop from the optic cup? (Choose all correct answers) a. Retina b. Pigmented Epithelium c. Lens d. Iris
Retina, Pigmented Epithelium and Iris
Which of the following is NOT true if a monkey is subjected to binocular deprivation for the first 3-6 months of life and then has its eyes opened? a.The visual cortex has deteriorated b.The monkey behaves as if it is blind c.The photoreceptors have significantly degenerated d.The vision system never fully recovers
C. The photo receptors have significantly degenerated
Put the following into developmental chronological order. For example the first one to develop would be used to answer number 1, the second number 2, Ciliary Body Optic cup Optic Vesicle Eye lid Retina
- Optic Vesicle 2. Optic Cup 3. Retina 4. Eye lid 5. Ciliary Body
On the TVI curve, young infants have a higher threshold as compared to adults. Consequently, infants are more sensitive to light. True False
False
True or False. Three days of monocular deprivation during the critical period of vision development is sufficient to cause a significant change in vision.
True
True or False. Newborns have excellent accommodation and poor acuity.
False
True or False. Crowding effect is a normal phenomenon in peripheral vision.
True
A 4 years old patient with which one of the following refractive error is not at risk for developing amblyopia? A.OD: +6.75-1.25X180; OS: +6.25-0.75X005 B.OD: +1.75-0.50X110; OS: +5.25-0.75X098 C.OD: -1.50-1.00X183; OS: -2.25-1.50X175 D.OD: -0.50 -3.25X167; OS: -1.25-3.75X173
C. OD: -1.50-1.00X183; OS: -2.25-1.50X175
True or False. For young patients who have bilateral high hyperopia, accommodation and vergence system does not affect their risk of developing amblyopia.
False
A 5 years old patient with which one of the following refractive error is at risk for developing amblyopia? A. OD: -6.00 -1.25X167; OS: -6.50 -0.75X173 B. OD: +3.00 -0.50X181; OS: +3.75 -0.75X012 C. OD: +0.50 -2.00X075; OS: -0.25 -1.25X089 D. OD: pl -0.75X098; OS: +0.50 -3.50X079
D. OD: pl -0.75X098; OS: +0.50 -3.50X079
Which one of the following factors does not affect the degree of crowding? Character size Separation between the characters Color of the characters Location in the visual field
Color Characters
Which one of the following statements about the critical period for amblyopia development is incorrect? A. Critical period for strabismic amblyopia development is before 6-8 years old B. Critical period for form deprivation amblyopia development is before 6-8 years. C. Critical development period for monocular form deprivation amblyopia is shorter than binocular form deprivation amblyopia . D. Critical period for refractive amblyopia development is before 6-8 years old.
B. Critical period for form deprivation amblyopia development is before 6-8 years.
Which one of the following affects amblyopes’ reading speed? A. Crowding effect B.Inaccurate accommodation C. Unsteady and eccentric fixation D. All of the others E. Reduced visual acuity
A. Crowding Effect
Which one of the following will show nasal/temporal asymmetric visual acuity loss? A. Strabismic amblyopia B. Anisometropic amblyopia C. Bilateral form deprivation amblyopia D. Isometropic amblyopia
A. Strabismic Amblyopia
When you test a normal 1 year old patient’s visual acuity using teller acuity card, what do you expect the visual acuity should be: 20/100 20/50 20/20 20/200
20/50
Which of the following statement about contrast sensitivity development is correct? A. Sensitivity to the high spatial frequency stimulus develops first. B. VEP study shows that at 8 months, infant’s sensitivity to high spatial frequency stimulus reaches about half of the adult level. C. VEP study shows that at 10 weeks, infant’s sensitivity to high spatial frequency stimulus is similar to adult level. D. Infant shows adult like sensitivity to low spatial frequency stimulus right after birth in the VEP study.
B. VEP study shows that at 8 months, infant’s sensitivity to high spatial frequency stimulus reaches about half of the adult level.
Which of the following statement about emmetropization is correct? A. It is a developmental process determined by the initially refractive condition of the eye. B. Largest and fastest changes occur during the first 12 -18 months of life. C. It reaches the peak at about 2 years of age. D. It develops towards a refractive range around low myopia to emmetropia.
B. Largest and fastest changes occur during the first 12 -18 months of life.
Which of the following statements about the result of the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study is correct? A. African Americans have the highest prevalence of myopia. B. There is no difference between the prevalence of myopia among Asians and Hispanics. C. African Americans had the highest prevalence of emmetropia. D. Asians and Hispanics have lower prevalence of astigmatism than whites.
C. African Americans had the highest prevalence of emmetropia.
Which of the following is a limiting factors for visual acuity development in Infants: A. Myelination of the optic pathway B. Foveal cone density development C. All of the others D. Primary visual cortex development
C. All of the others
When you test a normal 6 months old patient’s visual acuity using Teller acuity card, what do you expect the visual acuity should be: A. 20/20 B. 20/100 C. 20/600 D. 20/50
B. 20/100
During a school screening, you find a 6 years old girl having refractive error of +0.25D in both eyes, you would predict that her refractive error at age of 14 to be: A. Emmetropic B. Myopic C. Remain hyperopic D. Not enough information to predict
B. Myopic
Your patient, a 10 year old boy, tells you that he started to wear glasses for distance since 2 years ago. His current Rx is -1.25D OU. What would you predict his Rx to be when he is 13 years old (assume the myopia progression is not over yet at that age)? A. -2.75D B. -5.50D C. -4.00D D. -1.25D
A. -2.75 Note: .5 x 3 = -1.5 Note: -1.5 – 1.25 = -2.75 5D
Which of the following answers are considered as limiting factors for visual acuity development in infants (there are 3 correct answers, no partial credit): A. Foveal cone development immature, including the length of the cone and the density of the cones B. Oculomotor function development immature C. Refractive error development D. Incomplete myelination of the optic pathway E. Visual cortex immaturity
A. Foveal cone development immature, including the length of the cone and the density of the cones D. Incomplete myelination of the optic pathway E. Visual cortex immaturity
VEP method shows that the infant’s visual resolution acuity reaches adult level at 6-8 years. True False
False
Which type of amblyopia will show ocular dominance column shrinkage in the primary visual cortex? A. Anisometropic amblyopia B. Monocular form deprivation amblyopia C. Strabismic amblyopia D. Binocular form deprivation amblyopia
B. Monocular form deprivation amblyopia
Which one of the following statement is incorrect? A. Strabismic and refractive amblyopia will show contrast sensitivity loss in high spatial frequency. B. Strabismic and refractive amblyopia also shows primary visual cortex and LGN structural changes. C. Only monocular form deprivation amblyopia will show ocular dominance column shrinkage in the primary visual cortex. D. The ocular dominance histogram of a monocular form deprivation amblyopia will show complete shift towards column 7.
B. Strabismic and refractive amblyopia also shows primary visual cortex and LGN structural changes.
Which of the following statement about emmetropization is correct?. A. It is a developmental process determined by the initially refractive condition of the eye. B. Largest and fastest changes occur during the first 12 -18 months of life. C. It reaches the peak at about 2 years of age. D. It develops towards a refractive range around low myopia to emmetropia.
B. Largest and fastest changes occur during the first 12 -18 months of life.
You find that your patient, a 8 year old girl, has a distance Rx of -2.00D OU. What would you predict her Rx to be when she is 12 years old (assume the myopia progression is not over yet at that age)? -1.25D -2.50D -4.00D -5.50D
-4.00D
During a school screening, you find a 6 years old boy having refractive error of +1.00D in both eyes, you would predict that her refractive error at age of 14 to be: A. Not enough information to predict B. Emmetropic C. Remain hyperopic D. Myopic
B. Emmetropic
Which one of the following statement about crowding effect is incorrect? A. Amblyopia patient has abnormal crowding effect on their central vision. B. Crowding effect does not affect an amblyopia patient’s ability to identify single letter on a visual acuity chart. C. Crowding effect is a normal phenomenon in peripheral vision. D. Crowding effect does not affect an amblyopia patient’s read speed.
D. Crowding effect does not affect an amblyopia patient’s read speed.
A 4 years old patient with which one of the following refractive error is not at risk for developing amblyopia? A. OD: -0.50 -3.25X167; OS: -1.25-3.75X173 B. OD: -1.50-1.00X183; OS: -2.25-1.50X175 C. OD: +1.75-0.50X110; OS: +5.25-0.75X098 D. OD: +6.75-1.25X180; OS: +6.25-0.75X005
B.OD: -1.50-1.00X183; OS: -2.25-1.50X175
Monocular depth of focus is about ______ for a 5 mm pupil but _____ for a 1 mm pupil. A. 0.5 D, 0.5 D B. 0.5 D, 2.5 D C. 2.5 D, 0.5 D D. 2.5 D, 2.5 D
B. 0.5 D, 2.5 D
UV-A is absorbed by the ________ and UV-B is absorbed by the _____. cornea, lens lens, cornea cornea, retina retina, cornea
lens, cornea
Nuclear sclerosis cataracts affect what proportion of the population? (give the best answer) A. 17% of those 40 years of age and older. B. 68% of those 80 years of age and older. C. 68% of those 40 years of age and older. D. 17% of those 40 years of age and older and 68% of those 80 years of age and older.
D. 17% of those 40 years of age and older and 68% of those 80 years of age and older.
Which of the following statements is true. A. Symptom prevalence among college students is less than 10%. B. Symptom prevalance among graduate students is lower than college students. C. Symptom prevalence among graduate students is higher than college students.
C. Symptom prevalence among graduate students is higher than college students.
In the Reindel et al. 2010 study, what was the most common accommodation abnormality among symptomatic 30-year olds? A. Il-sustained accommodation. B. Accommodation insufficiency. C. Accommodation infacility.
A. Il-sustained accommodation.
According to Borsting et al 2007, the LEAST common symptom associated with eye strain is: A. a decrease in reading or near work performance. B. movement or fading of text. C. somatic symptoms such as headache or soreness. D. blur or diplopia.
B. movement or fading of text.
According to Chase et al (2010), symptomatic college students with eye strain: A. have trouble sounding out words. B. have poor reading comprehension. C. are slower readers.
C. are slower readers.
According to Sheedy et al. 2003, what is the most likely cause of the two symptom clusters associated with eye strain: A. binocular disorders and dry eye. B. dry eye and glare. C. blurred vision and tearing. D. glare and binocular disorders.
A. binocular disorders and dry eye.
Miosis begins at what age (choose the closest answer)? A. 20 B. 40 C. 60 D. 80
A. 20
Between the ages of 40 to 70, on average spherical error A. shifts from myopic to hyperopic. B. shifts from hyperopic to myopic. C. Doesn’t change.
A. shifts from myopic to hyperopic.
According to Chase et al 2009, eye strain symptoms correlate best with: A. MEM retinoscopy. B. amplitude of accommodation. C. facility of accommodation. D. open-field autorefraction.
D. open-field autorefraction.
The HHG model of presbyopia (see figure) shows that A. as we age, accommodation response succeeds in matching the stimulus at successively higher levels of demand. B. as we age, accommodation response succeeds in matching the stimulus at successively lower levels of demand. C. as we age, accommodation response fails to match the stimulus at successively higher levels of demand. D. as we age, accommodation response fails to match the stimulus at successively lower levels of demand.
D. as we age, accommodation response fails to match the stimulus at successively lower levels of demand.
Between the ages of 35-45, myopes have __________ accommodation ampltude than non-myopes. A. worse B. better C. the same
B. better
Hofstetter’s formula for minimum accommodation amplitude (15- 0.25 x Age) implies that _____ D of amplitude is ______ with each year of age until about 40 years old. A. 15, lost B. 15, gained C. 0.25, lost D. 0.25, gained
C. 0.25, lost
For a sixty-year old, it takes less than 20 seconds to recover from glare of the on-coming lights of another car, but for a person in her/his 80’s on average it could be as high as: 25 seconds. 30 seconds. 40 seconds. 50 seconds.
50 seconds
Amsler Grid abnormalities dramatically increase after the age of: A. 55 B. 65 C. 75 D. 85
C. 75
Amsler Grid tests for A. distortions in the visual field B. blindspots in the visual field C. both distortions and blindspots in the visual field
C. both distortions and blindspots in the visual field
In the Reindel et al. 2010 study, what proportion of 30-40 year olds had accommodation abnormalities? 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% Over 80%
Over 80%
Indentify the accommodation condition for subject SC (red line)
normal
insufficiency
ill-sustained
C. ill-sustained
From Duane’s data, accommodative amplitude begin to decline at what age (choose the closest answer):
10 years-old.
20 years-old.
30 years-old.
40 years-old.
10 Years old
The HHG model of presbyopia (see figure) shows that
A. as we age, accommodation response succeeds in matching the stimulus at successively higher levels of demand.
B. as we age, accommodation response succeeds in matching the stimulus at successively lower levels of demand.
C. as we age, accommodation response fails to match the stimulus at successively higher levels of demand.
D. as we age, accommodation response fails to match the stimulus at successively lower levels of demand.
C. as we age, accommodation response fails to match the stimulus at successively higher levels of demand.
Between the ages of 40 to 70, on average spherical error
shifts from myopic to hyperopic.
shifts from hyperopic to myopic.
Doesn’t change.
shifts from myopic to hyperopic.
Indentify the accommodation condition for subject PS (red line) in the figure.
normal
insufficiency
ill-sustained
Note: I got this question wrong and I decided to go with ill-sustained
Normal or Insufficiency
Using 50% accommodation reserves as the criteria, which amplitude score would be considered evidence of presbyopia for normal reading distance?
10 D
8 D
6 D
4 D
4D
According to Rubin et al. (2007), which is the biggest risk factor for car accidents among the elderly?
Visual acuity
Glare sensitivity
Visual field deficients
Useful Field of View
Glare sensitivity
For a sixty-year old, it takes less than 20 seconds to recover from glare of the on-coming lights of another car, but for a person in her/his 80’s on average it could be as high as:
25 seconds.
30 seconds.
40 seconds.
50 seconds.
50 seconds
Aging increases dark adaptation threshold of
A. rods more than cones.
B. cones more than rods.
C. both rods and cones.
A. rods more than cones.
Your patient has anisometropic amblyopia in OD, which one of the following images should represent what you see when doing a Visuoscopy?
B (central and unsteady)
Your patient has a history of congenital cataract in one eye that was removed at the age of 6 years. Which of the following CSF would most likely resemble his CSF?
A.
What vitamin is crucial to our visual abilities?
A
What structure recycles vitamin A?
RPE
What happens once the outer segment has died off due to the RPE?
Hint: Think of the inner segment
The inner segment will also not function and the RPE will act as a lazy cell
