Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pre AP Biology > All Learning Targets > Flashcards

All Learning Targets Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which of the following is a research question?
A. Why is media an issue in relation to body image?
B. What am I wearing today?
C. The sky is blue

A

A.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A hypothesis is…

A

… a suggested answer to a question.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A prediction is…

A

… A specific guess about what will happen (especially in an experiment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
All of the following are key to having a well designed experiment EXCPET 
A. Tests the hypothesis
B. Turns out they way planned 
C. Multiple trials 
D. Changes one variable at a time 
E. All variables healed constant
A

B.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the dependent variable of an experiment?

A

The thing that responds to the change made in the independent variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the independent variable of an experiment?

A

The variable that is changes in an experiment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the constant variables in an experiment?

A

A variable who’s value cannot change (like weight or any measurement).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between the control group and the experimental group?

A

The control group has nothing changed to it and the experimental group has had a change/ is the group being tested.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

The quality of data collected (color, shape, the look of it, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

A specific amount of data (like how much it grew, change in temperature, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name all the characteristics of living things.

A
  • Have DNA
  • Grow/ Develop
  • Respond to environment
  • Reproduce
  • Maintain Homeostasis
  • Use material/ energy
  • Contain cells
  • Evolve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name all of the kingdoms

A
  • Eubacteria
  • Archaebacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Eubacteria

A
  • Unicellular
  • Prokaryotic
  • Cell wall made out of peptidoglycan
  • Autotrophic and heterotrophic
  • Reproduce through fission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Archeabacteria

A
  • unicellular
  • prokaryotic
  • cell wall with no peptidoglycan
  • autotrophic and heterotrophic
  • reproduce through fission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Protista

A
  • unicellular and multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • cell wall
  • mostly heterotrophic
  • reproduce asexually
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi

A
  • mostly multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • cell wall made of chitin
  • heterotrophic (absorb nutrients)
  • reproduce sexually through spores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Plantae

A
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • cell wall made of cellulose
  • autotrophic (photosynthesis)
  • reproduce sexully though seeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

A
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • no cell walls
  • heterotrophic
  • reproduce sexually through eggs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space. Matter can be destroyed and made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to move. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is a water molecule polar?

A

The oxygen atom tends to hog the electrons shared by hydrogen creating a negative charge on the oxygen and a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the unique properties of a water molecule that result from its polarity?

A
  • Cohesion/surface tension
  • Adhesion (capillary action)
  • High specific heat
  • Unique density when solid
  • Universal solvent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do polar molecules interact with nonpolar molecules?

A

They do not interact with each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Something is able to consume or make their own food for energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Something that is able to keep the inside of them self the temperature they need to be even if the outside temperature changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Contain carbon and form covalent bonds with hydrogen oxygen phosphorus nitrogen and other carpet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are inorganic molecules?

A

Molecules that almost all of time to not have carbon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the four major classes of organic molecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates and what elements compose them?

A

Monosaccharides and carbon hydrogen and oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids in what elements are they made of?

A

Fatty acids and carbon hydrogen and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins and what elements are they composed of?

A

Amino acids and carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acid’s and what elements of a composed of?

A

Nucleotides and hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen , and phosphorus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What classes of molecules are in carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What class of molecules are in lipids?

A

Fats, oils, phospholipid, steroids, and waxes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What class of molecules are in proteins?

A

Enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What classes of molecules are nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Many building blocks linked together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a monomer?

A

One building block.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which process links monomers together and creates polymers?

A

Dehydration synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which process breaks apart polymers into monomers?

A

Hydrolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How does the body utilize carbohydrates?

A

Energy, cells walls of plants and fungi, and cell to cell communicate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How does the body utilize lipids?

A

Long-term energy, storage, insulation padding, phospholipids cell membranes, and steroids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How does the body utilize proteins?

A

Structure, enzymes, defense, contractile/movement, and transfer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is glucose’s chemical formula?

A

C6 H12 O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Name three monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Name three disaccharides

A

Sucrose (glucose+fructose), lactose (glucose+galactose), and maltose (glucose+glucose).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Name three polysaccharides

A

Starch, cellulose, chitin, and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe a saturated fat

A
  • Full of hydrogen atoms
  • No double bonds
  • Made by animals
  • Solid at room temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Describe an unsaturated fat

A
  • Not full of hydrogen atoms
  • Double bonds with carbon atoms
  • Made by plants
  • liquid at room temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is an enzymes function?

A

Speed up specific reactions in a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How do you enzymes contribute to an organisms metabolism and ability to maintain homeostasis?

A

They help metabolism by helping digest food. They keep chemical reaction is going to help maintain homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are three things that affect enzyme function?

A

Temperature, concentration of substrate, and chemical environment/pH levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is pH?

A

How acidic a substance is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How many each H+ plus or OH- ions do acids have?

A

More H+ atoms than pure water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How many each H+ plus or OH- ions do bases have?

A

More OH- ions than pure water.

56
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Something that keeps pH levels around the same.

57
Q

What is the purpose of the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

Helps keep blood at a pH level of 7.4

58
Q

What is the purpose of the phosphate buffer system in the body?

A

Helps keep urine at a pH of 6.84 and the acidity kills most bacteria.

59
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

The cell theory is that all organisms are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells Coe, from previous existing cells.

60
Q

What parts make up the cell membrane?

A

Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

61
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids with heads up and tails facing eachother.

62
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

Protect the interior of the cell, regulate transport in and out of the cell, and cell signaling.

63
Q

How does the phospholipid layer work?

A

The phospholipid head is polar and is hydrophilic. The phospholipid tail is nonpolar and is hydrophobic. The heads are attracted to each other and the tails attract to each other creating the phospholipid bylayer.

64
Q

Which types of molecules can move through the cell membrane independently and which molecules need assistance?

A
  • Small non polar molecules easily
  • Very small polar molecules slowly
  • Large non polar molecules slowly
  • Large polar molecules need assistance
65
Q

What proteins are in the cell membrane and what are their functions?

A
  • Transport: move material in and out that can’t move on it’s own
  • Receptor: receive and transmit signals from the extracellular environment to the inside of the cell
  • Glycoproteins: identify the cell for the immune system in other cells
  • Structural: gives the membrane support and can help the cell attach to other cells
  • Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions
66
Q

How do the proteins in a cell membrane stay in place?

A

A protein’s midsection is non polar and it’s top and bottom is polar, so this allows the protein to float.

67
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference between the concentration of one space to another space.

68
Q

What is active transport?

A

Something moving that requires energy.

69
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Something moving that does not require energy.

70
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

71
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a membrane.

72
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

When molecules cannot get through the membrane on their own they are helped along by an integral transport protein.

73
Q

What is a molecular pump and an example?

A

A type of active transport. an example is the sodium potassium pump: for every three Na+ pumped out, two K plus is pumped in.

74
Q

What are three examples of active transport?

A
  • Molecular pumps
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
75
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

There is a greater amount of solutes and less free water molecules then to the compared substance.

76
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

There are fewer solutes and more free water molecules than the compared substance.

77
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

The same numbers of solution on either side of the membrane.

78
Q

What is the importance of cellular transport in maintaining homeostasis within an organism?

A

A cell has to get the correct nutrients and keep bad stuff out.

79
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

The surface area to volume ratio and cells must be able to remove toxins and take up nutrients quickly.

80
Q

What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Domains Bacteria and Archaea
  • DNA is in the nucleoid
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • Contains ribosomes which are needed for protein synthesis
  • Smaller than eukaryotic cells
81
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Larger than prokaryotic cells
  • Contain membrane-bound organelles each with a specific function
  • DNA found with in the membrane-bound nucleus
  • Can be unicellular
82
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenine triphosphate

83
Q

Where is the initial source of energy in a living system.

A

The sun

84
Q

What is the purpose of the thylakoid electron transport chain?

A

To produce glucose.

85
Q

How does the H+ gradient affect ATP production?

A

The gradient is pumped out by ATP synthase which allows ADP to be turned into ATP.

86
Q

What colors do Carotin absorb and reflect?

A

Absorb: reds, violets, blues
Reflects: greens and yellows

87
Q

List 5 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • Carbon dioxide levels
  • Color of light
  • Amount of light
  • Temperature
88
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis

A

O2 + ADP in the presence of sunlight -> C6H12O6 + O2

89
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process in which cells turn glucose into ATP

90
Q

Difference between aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation.

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and fermentation does not.

91
Q

What variables affect the rate of cellular respiration?

A
  • Oxygen levels

- Amount of glucose

92
Q

Why do humans need to breathe?

A

So the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain can produce ATP

93
Q

Continue the order: cells, ________,________,__________

A

Tissues, organs, organ structures

94
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front of the body

95
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back

96
Q

Dorsal

A

Near the back

97
Q

Ventral

A

The belly area

98
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle

99
Q

Lateral

A

From the side

100
Q

Proximal

A

Near a point of interest

101
Q

Distal

A

Away from a point of interest

102
Q

Function and major organs of cardiovascular system

A
  • To pump nutrients and oxygen to every cell in the body

- Heart, Blood, Blood vessels

103
Q

Function and major organs of digestive system

A
  • Extract nutrients from food and excrete solid waste

- Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

104
Q

Function and major organs of nervous system

A
  • To send messages around the body and control it.

- Brain, spinal cord, nerves

105
Q

Functions and organs of respiratory system

A
  • To supply red blood cells with oxygen and take away the waste, carbon dioxide.
  • Lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles
106
Q

Functions and organs of urinary system

A
  • To excrete waste from the blood

- Kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra

107
Q

What is a positive feedback loop and what is one example?

A
  • When something has a snowball effect

- One ripe apple will make a bunch of Apple ripen

108
Q

What is a negative feedback loop and what is one example of it?

A
  • Something that will even itself out.

- Speed of a car when there is a speed limit

109
Q

What is an autoimmune disease and what is one example.

A
  • ## A disease were the bodies own immune system attacks itself
110
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

111
Q

What is the initial source of all energy?

A

The sun

112
Q

What is an autotroph? Example?

A

An organism who makes their own food. Flower

113
Q

What is a heterotroph? Example?

A

An organism that has to eat other organisms to get energy. Human

114
Q

What are the main pigments in plants and what types of light do they reflect/ absorb?

A

Chlorophyll A and B: reflect green light and absorb all other light
Carotenoids: reflect purple and reds absorb other light

115
Q

What are the factors that affect photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity, light color, CO2 concentration, temperature, amount of H2O

116
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

117
Q

What are the steps in photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light dependent reaction

2. Light independent reaction

118
Q

What are the steps in cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle
  3. Mitochondrion electron transport chain
119
Q

How much ATP can be produced by one molecule of ATP?

A

38

120
Q

What step in cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

A

Mitochondrion ETC

121
Q
  1. What is the purpose of glycolysis?
  2. Where does it take place?
  3. Reactants?
  4. Products?
A
  1. To break down glucose and make ATP
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. 2 ATP, glucose, 2 NAD+, ADP
  4. 2 net ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates
122
Q
  1. What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?
  2. Where does it take place?
  3. Reactants?
  4. Products?
A
  1. To create ATP and electron carriers
  2. Mitochondria
  4. 2 ATP 2 FADH2, 6 NADH, CO2
123
Q
  1. What is the purpose of the Mitochondrion ETC?
  2. Where does it take place?
  3. Reactants?
  4. Products?
A
  1. To create ATP
  2. Inner membrane of Mitochondria
  3. FADH2, NADH, O2, ADP
  4. Up to 35 ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD
124
Q
  1. What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

2. What are the major organs and tissues in the system?

A
  1. Transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and maintaining temperature
  2. Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
125
Q
  1. What is the function of the respiratory system?

2. What are the major organs and tissues in the system?

A
  1. Bring oxygen into the body and put out carbon dioxide

2. Trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm

126
Q
  1. What is the function of the digestive system?

2. What are the major organs and tissues in the system?

A
  1. Absorb nutrients and get rid of solid waste.

2. Stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and lleum), large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, esophagus

127
Q
  1. What is the function of the urinary system?

2. What are the major organs and tissues in the system?

A
  1. To remove liquid waste from the body

2. Kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra

128
Q

Definition of anterior

A

Situated toward the front

129
Q

Definition of posterior

A

Situated behind

130
Q

Definition of dorsal

A

Situated near the back

131
Q

Definition of ventral

A

Located near the lower part of an animal

132
Q

Definition of medial

A

Located toward the middle

133
Q

Definition of lateral

A

Situated or coming from the side

134
Q

Definition of proximal

A

Situated close to

135
Q

Definition of distal

A

Situated away from

136
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix made of deoxyribose nucleic acid

137
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

To make two genetically identical daughter cells

Pre AP Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions