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Ergonomics Labratory > All Labs 1-5 > Flashcards

All Labs 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is anthropometry

A

anthropometry is the study of human body measurment

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2
Q

factors that anthropometry looks at

A

weight, size, dimensions, working capacity, strenght adn the difference between individuals

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3
Q

percentiles are specific to..

A

the population they describe
the dimensions they describe

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4
Q

population distrobution misuse

A
  • people think 50% will accomodate majority of the population
  • summating dimensions does not add to the percentile
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5
Q

Standard deviation

A

the degreee of variability in the population

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6
Q

coefficient of variation

A

another index for the degree of variability

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7
Q

where is the shortage of anthropometric data

A

canadian adults have a shortage of data

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8
Q

leptokurtic

A

tall skinny

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9
Q

platykurtic

A

flat broad

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10
Q

bimodal

A

ussaully the addition of two means to make two peaks from differetn data

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11
Q

positive skew

A

peak at the left

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12
Q

negative skew

A

peak at the right

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13
Q

when plotting in relation to increased cost we should

A

plot p agianst z - z being at the bottom ( cumulative) form

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14
Q

why do we plot p agaisnt z

A

becuase it will allow us to add more constraints as we increase the amount of users,

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15
Q

limiting user

A

adds the most sever design constraint

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16
Q

as we adjust the design by increasing the cost, we increase the limit of people it may accomodate

A
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17
Q

4 anthropemetric contraints

A

clearance - one way
reach - one way
posture - two way
strength - sometimes two and one way

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18
Q

Fitting Trial

A

a mock up wokrstation to get the dimensions of a person just right

psychophysical experiment
sunjective and psychological adjustments

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19
Q

standard anthropometric measures are made in which two ways

A

standard standing posture
standard sitting posture

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20
Q

clothing error

A

10mm indoor clothing
40mm outdoor clothing

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21
Q

shoe error

A

25mm - 45mm

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22
Q

interrater reliability

A

difference in measures betwen two people meausring (between)

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23
Q

intrarater reliability

A

difffernece in measures against ones self (within)

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24
Q

why uise interrater and intrarater reliability

A

to ensure standardization

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25
Q

what is the anthropometric inch

A

25mm of error between two measurments - if greater than we take a third measurment and averge the closest measurments

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26
Q

large anthropometer

A

0-60cm in 0.1cm increments

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27
Q

small anthropometer

A

0-30cm in 0.1cm increments

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28
Q

chest depth caliper

A

0-24 inches 1/2 inch increments

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29
Q

why use circuit order

A

increase standardization
reduce error
increase intrater reliability

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29
Q

what is gait

A

gait is the word to describe how locmotion occurs

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30
Q

types of gait

A

running and walking

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31
Q

defining difference between running and walking

A

running has a point of airborne time in which both feet are off the ground, walking always has one foot on the ground

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32
Q

phases of gait

A

swing and support

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33
Q

phases of support

A

double and single support

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34
Q

what is the most basic analysis of gait

A

linear kinematic analysis

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35
Q

why is linear kinematic analysis the the most basic type

A

because it looks only at the descripiton of velocitties and postions and acccelerations and not the cause of the postions and velocities and accelerations

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36
Q

estimated time of a gait cycle

A

1 second

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37
Q

how do we obtain kinematic data

A

high speed cameras, digitization and markers

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38
Q

stride phases and their %

A

swing and support
swing is 40% and support is 60% of the gait cycle

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39
Q

weight transfer between wlaking and running

A

runnning - weight transfers from limb to limb
walking - COM passes ofver the foot in anticipation for the transfer to the next limb

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40
Q

running velocity =

A

stride lenght x stride rate

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41
Q

how do we increase running velocity

A

increase stride lenght or stride rate

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42
Q

what runningn velocitiies consititue running vs walking

A

initial icrease in velocity up to around 7m/ s then no longer walking fast at around 2m/s

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43
Q

what is an angular kinematic analyis

A

angular kinematic analysis is a description of changes in joint angles during walking and running as a fucntion of time

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44
Q

angles of joints in ambulation

A

as we walk to make contact we see every joint flex and the ankle joint extend

as we push off we see joints extend and ankle joint flexwhr

45
Q

were does the greatest range of motion occur

A

the saggital plane

46
Q

increasing speed and jopint angles

A

increasing speedd we see an increase in felxion of joints except a decrease in plantar flexion of the anklejoint

47
Q

toe off vs ground contact angels of hip knee and ankle

A

gorund contact we see highest in hip then knee then ankle in toe off we see low to high in hip knee then medium in ankle

48
Q

active markers

A

emit a signal and activeate via signal

49
Q

passive markers

A

relfective ciruclar markers on anatomical locations

50
Q

rigid body dynamics

A

when two points are fixed with a third point moving to create traingle, the lones betwen them dontchange lenght

51
Q

motion anlaysis system

A

measures the markers and gives coordinates

52
Q

linear kinetics looks at

A

GRF

double support spike to 120 BW (accelerating the COM) then single 80 then double again increases

53
Q

angular kinetics looks at

A

the forces that produce motion

54
Q

muscle actions calculated via

A

muscular power of eccentric and concentric actions

55
Q

muscular power =

A

net joint moment x joint velocity (angular) (Force of the joint x speed of the joint )

56
Q

positive power

A

concetric contraction

57
Q

negatie power

A

eccentric contraction( opposite direction of poisitive power)

58
Q

pressure

A

force per unit of area N/m2

59
Q

COP

A

the wieghted average of all of the downwards acting forces

60
Q

what system did we use for gait lab

A

GAitRite

61
Q

gaitrite looked at two parameters

A

temporal and spatial data

62
Q

GAITRITE (looing at gait) can help with

A

refining orthotics and prosthetics
measuring post operation ambulation
selecting assitive devices (crutches)

63
Q

velocity

A

distance / ambulation time

64
Q

mean normalized velo

A

leg lenght / sec

65
Q

gati lab obj

A

to examine linear kinematics manually by having students measure stride lenght and step lenght

66
Q

difference between kinetics and kinematics

A

kinetics is the action of forces seen with motion

kinematics is the descriptions of the motions (time space variables)`

67
Q

three laws of motion

A

F=ma
Objects in motion stay in motion
equal and opposite forces

68
Q

force platform used to

A

measure GRf and COM

69
Q

GRF data is recorded as …

A

BW instead of Newtons

70
Q

GRFs are a function of

A

time

71
Q

shear componenets are

A

Fx and Fy

72
Q

Vertical component is greater than shear?

A

YES

73
Q

Walking Vs Running VErtical GRF typical data

A

1-1.2 in walking and 2-5 in running

74
Q

active vs passive peak

A

passive peak in bimodal is when the full load of the body is weighing down on the force platform (body is lowered force is greater than BW)

active peak is when the force of pushing off the toe is applied to the force platform

active is greater than passive -

active is the portion under muscular activity to accelerate body control
Passive is not any musular activity

75
Q

Negative breaking Force

A

occurs during the Fy function and is when the force of the foot breaks throught the shear force of friction horizontally - occurs during the first half of support when touching the ground

76
Q

psoitive propulsive force

A

muscles pushing back agianst the ground middistnace in Fy

77
Q

Torque Mo is what

A

the force causeing rotation about an axis at a perpendicular distance away

78
Q

Torque equation

A

Mo= Fr

79
Q

calculating COP lets us

A

see the movement of the COP across the stance phase

80
Q

AMTI Force Platform Directions usses what type of direction system and whats the directions

A

counterclockwise is postive and clockwise is negative

XYZ system orthogonal

81
Q

Zo

A

the point from flat platform to middle of the connector
true origin

82
Q

right hand rule

A

can calculate the direction of the vector using outstretched them when turning in the direction of rotation

83
Q

Walking Gait Time Constant

A

200Hz x 2 sec

2/200Hz = 0.05

84
Q

Running Gait Time Constant

A

200Hz x 1 sec

1 sec/200Hz = 0.005

85
Q

COP Time Constant

A

10 secs 200 HZ

86
Q

what is digitization

A

cobverting parts of an image to numerical position data

87
Q

optoelectric motion capture

A

gets rid of the use of digitization as cmaeras sense markers located on anatomical positions of the body and feed the information inot the computer as it senses the signals IREDS or reflective passive markers

88
Q

gold standard for a marker

A

anatomical 3 non - colllinear markers inside the bone at anatomocal locations

89
Q

XSens MOtion capture lab uses what referecne system

A

2D/ 3d cartesian plane

90
Q

2d 3d reference system alos know as

A

rectangular reference system

91
Q

local refereence system

A

2D x and y that moves as the segment moves

92
Q

horizontal x axis aka -

A

abscissa

93
Q

vertical y axis aka

A

ordinate

94
Q

what describes planar motion

A

2D reference system (vert and horizontal movement)

95
Q

3D referernce system referes ot

A

x y and z orthongonal
y is up and down z is mediolaterl

96
Q

statics

A

when the resulting acceleration is 0 or constant

97
Q

dyanamics

A

when the resulting acceleration is non zero

98
Q

forward dynamics

A

using Forces and moments to get acceleatio F=ma

99
Q

inverse dynamics

A

using acceleration to get forces and moments a= F/m

100
Q

to get Rx and Ry or Fx and Fy

A

the sum of of forces will equal masss x acceleration so if we have the acceleration adn mass we multiply them together adn notforget about the current forces acting and either add or subtract them from the obtained force of m x a

101
Q

name multiple motion captrue softwares

A

JACK
3Dmatch /GOBER
XSens
VIcon

102
Q

3DMatch

A

waterloo
uses 3d rigid links with a joint model to caluclaute peak loads and moments on l4/5

103
Q

VICON

A

uses 53 motion caputre reflective passive markers

104
Q

XSENS our main motion capture software

A

17 active markers

105
Q

COnsiderations when designing a model

A

5
G - gold standard
- direct or valididty against another system
M - methods used to validate
MP - model purpose
MA - model assumptions
- rigid body
- fixed inertial properties
- complexity
P - problems with invaled models
- usefulness
- clinical applications

106
Q

inverse dynamics assumes

A

each link has a fixed mass
each link has a centre of mass at a fixed point
the moment of inertia at any axis is constatnt
the body is made of frictionless pin points
the body is a rigid link segment

107
Q

Work

A

Nothing much force x lenght displacement

108
Q

velocity and speed

A

displacement and distance over time

109
Q
A

Ergonomics Labratory (1 decks)

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