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Embryo > All Lab Quizzes > Flashcards

All Lab Quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

T or F? The neural crest is found in all adult vertebrates.

A

F

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2
Q

High levels of bone morphogenic protein (BMP) initiate what in the embryo?

A

Surface Ectoderm (epidermis)

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3
Q

Which structures are derived form neural crest cells (NCCs)?

A

Schwann cells, Glial cells, Sympathetic nervous system components, Parasympathetic nervous system components

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4
Q

Order these correctly:
Emigration
Induction
Migration
Specification
Differentiation

A

Induction -> Specification -> Emigration -> Migration -> Differentiation

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5
Q

What is the germ layer transition NCCs make in an embryo?

A

Epithelium to Mesenchyme

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6
Q

What molecular player(s) are most prevalent in the specification process of NCCs?

A

Snail-1; Sox-9, -10

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7
Q

To adopt the mesenchymal phenotype, induced NCCs must lose cell adhesion by the down-regulation of which molecule?

A

E-cadherin

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8
Q

Mechanisms by which NCCs migrate to their intended target sites include:

A

Co-attraction, Chemoattraction, Inhibition, Contact Inhibition of Locomotion (CIL)

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9
Q

T or F? Extracellular matrix (ECM) signals to NCCs what type of tissue they want the NCC to become

A

T

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10
Q

What particular characteristic makes Eph receptors unique from other receptors?

A

The ligands are tethered to the cell surface.

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11
Q

What two types of cell movement are predominant in avian gastrulation?

A

Delamination, Ingression

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12
Q

Why might the embryonic shield not have been visible on your slide during Gastrulation Stage 1 observation?

A

The specimen was too young when the egg was laid, and the hypoblast has not become well-established

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13
Q

What specific receptor were you inhibiting in the FGF inhibition exercise you performed in lab 8?

A

FGFR-1

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14
Q

Which FGF specifically binds to the receptor you inhibited in Lab 8?

A

FGF-8

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15
Q

In the FGF lab 8, what was the name of the chemical receptor inhibitor you used?

A

SU5402

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16
Q

Which model organism would help to facilitate manipulation of an embryo at early blastula stage and subsequent observations of the effect during gastrulation?

A

Gallus gallus (Domestic Chicken)

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17
Q

The Nematode Ascaris (Small intestinal roundworms) is a useful model organism for studying:

A

in-situ visualization of fertilization

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18
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

A

To provide a reductive division of cell chromosomes.

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19
Q

what is the ploidy level and chromatid complement of the secondary spermatocyte?

A

1n, 2c

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20
Q

what is the ploidy level and chromatid complement of the primary spermatocyte?

A

2n, 4c

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21
Q

You’re studying the final phases of sperm maturation in your model organism. To better understand the role of protamines which appear in the golgi phase of spermiogenesis, you use an inhibitor against:

A

Histones

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22
Q

When is the second polar body formed?

A

Following Meiosis II of the secondary oocyte

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23
Q

In lab 2 when observing a fertilized egg how many membrane layers did it have?

A

2

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24
Q

You observe a small blastodisc under the vitelline membrane in a raw egg. What compromises a blastodisc?

A

nucleus and cytoplasm

25
Q

What is the main purpose of the 3 distinct layers in the shell of an egg?

A

gas exchange

26
Q

Yolk is compromised of __ __ granules and __ __ granules .

A

Large, yellow; small, white

26
Q

When calculating sperm count with a hemocytometer, you multiply your value by a factor of 50,000. What does this number signify?

A

The total sperm determined in 1 ml of a sample from a fraction sampled.

26
Q

The raised edges of the hemocytometer hold the coverslip ___ off the marked grid, giving each square a defined volume

A

0.1 mm

26
Q

What was the artificial sperm in lab 2 comprised of?

A

Phosphate-buffered saline solution and yeast cells

26
Q

In lab 2 which species had the lowest sperm concentration of 12.25 x10^6 /mL?

A

Mouse

26
Q

What type of eggs are found in rainbow trout?

A

Megalecithal

26
Q

You learned that Ascaris (roundworm) makes an excellent model for studying internal fertilization events. When observing the newly released oocyte in the uterus, you observe that the gametes are halted in:

A

Prophase

27
Q

During cleavage events, what determines the size of the daughter cells formed?

A

Positioning of the mitotic spindles

27
Q

What model organism would best demonstrate cleavage patterns and early development most similar to our own?

A

Viviparous

28
Q

Cleavage in fish is an Equal Meroblastic Discoidal pattern due to being:

A

Megalecithal with central mitotic spindles

29
Q

Eggs have developed a strategy to avoid polyspermatic fertilization. However, this is not always successful resulting in:

A

Sesquizygotic Twinning

30
Q

Sesquizygotic Twinning is characterized by the embryo receiving __ of maternal genes and between __ to __ of paternal genes.

A

100% ; 1-100%

31
Q

In the Sea Urchin lab, they were injected with 0.5% of what?

A

KCl

32
Q

How much of the planet’s surface is covered by the ocean?

A

2/3

33
Q

Our oceans have been slowly acidifying since the industrialization era. Atmospheric CO2 has reacted with our ocean water ultimately resulting in these levels:

A

Lower pH leads to higher bicarbonate and lower carbonate

34
Q

What kind of skeleton composition do (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) sea urchins possess?

A

Magnesium Calcite

35
Q

What leads to increased pH levels in water?

A

Surplus of H+ ions in water

36
Q

How did you determine fertilization success in the lab?

A

Looked for the fertilization envelope formation

37
Q

What is the proper CSE structure for a journal reference? (in references list)

A

Author(s). Year. Article Title. Journal Name. Volume (Issue): Pages

38
Q

What was the scientific name for the purple sea urchins used in lab?

A

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

39
Q

A sperm has just entered the egg of our animal model, Xenopus (clawed frog). The location of the sperm entry has now set up a series of events. Embryonic axis of the zygote is determined by this penetration point. This axis is:

A

dorsal/ventral

40
Q

What structure is derived from the mesodermal germ layer?

A

notochord

41
Q

What are the two major cell movement types in Xenopus?

A

Epiboly and Involution

42
Q

Which type of cell movement begins with the apical constriction of bottle cells and the indent of the blastopore in our xenopus model?

A

Invagination

43
Q

During the process of gastrulation, the archenteron forms and grows larger, obliterating the blastopore. The vegetal cells that line the floor of this structure (archenteron) belong to the germ layer:

A

Endoderm

44
Q

What model organism did Spemann and Mangold use for their work?

A

Newt

45
Q

Spemann and Mangold focused on what part of the embryo for the transplant?

A

Dorsal lip of blastopore

46
Q

From the experiments performed by Spemann and Mangold, they concluded that the Organizer has the following ability:

A

It can (3): Self-differentiate into dorsal mesoderm, Dorsalize the surrounding mesoderm into the paraxial mesoderm, Dorsalize the ectoderm and induce neural tube formation.

47
Q

In the egg windowing technique, what was the purpose of extracting albumin before cutting open the egg?

A

To create space between the embryo and the shell above

48
Q

What were the two dyes used in lab 6 to stain your embryos? (the red and blue stains)

A

Neutral Red and Nile Blue

49
Q

What was the approximate developmental range of your embryo in lab 6 (the ones with the red and blue dyes) given the landmark structures present?

A

18-24 hrs

50
Q

What is the name(s) of the staging table for Gallus gallus from the Lab Atlas?

A

Hamburger-Hamilton

51
Q

The staging table for Gallus gallus does not rely on what factor for developmental stage designation?

A

Time

Embryo (1 decks)

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