All Knowledge From Week 5 Flashcards by b vm

Name the major organs of the digestive tract from top to bottom

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

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Name the accessory organs of the digestive system from top to bottom

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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Another name for the digestive system

Alimentary canal

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The digestive system is a muscular tube of roughly 10m. What does it do?

Process food.
Makes sure its digested and that waste is expelled

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Name the 6 basic functions of the digestive system

1 ingestion - intake
2 mechanical digestion - crushing / chewing
3 chemical digestion - chemical breakdown to small organic molecules
4 secretion - release of water, acids and enzymes
5 absorption - the moving of all nutrients into the interstitial fluid
6 defecation - eliminating waste from the body

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Explain in short what the oral cavity consists of. And the main basic functions.

Lips, cheeks, upper and lower jaw with teeth, palate and tongue

Ingestion
Mechanical digestion

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Explain why we need a tongue

Positions food
Taste
Triggers salivation
Swallowing

Speech

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Why do we need saliva?

Lubricate food
Buffer acid to keep pH 7
Provide antibodies for immune response in oral cavity

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What does the pharynx consist of and what is the function of them combined?

Nasopharynx [upper]
Oropharynx [middle]
Laryngopharynx [lower]

Directs food to esophagus while blocking the trachea

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Name the 3 phases of swallowing and explain

Oral phase - voluntary action of moving bolus to the back of the mouth
Pharyngeal phase - reflex action, soft palate and epiglottis prevent food from enterinf the trachea
Esophageal phase - involuntary, moves food to stomach

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Explain the function of the stomach [gaster]

Storage of ingested food
Mechanical digestion
Chemical breakdown process

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What is the alkaline mucous in the stomach?

It covers and protects the mucosa of the stomach against the acids

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The liver is the center of the…

Metabolism

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Name the 4 lobes of the liver

Right, left, caudate and quadrate

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Name the 3 most important functions of the liver

Hematologic regulation
Bile production
Metabolic regulation

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What does the liver do when regulating the metabolism?

Extract excess nutrients / toxins
Mobilizes reserves and synthesizes neccesary components
Removes metabolic waste such as medications and toxins from the system

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What does the liver do when de blood glucose level is low?

Break down glycogen so that glucose is released in the blood

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What does the liver do when the blood glucose is high?

Store more glycogen or transformation to build lipids

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Explain oncotic pressure

Pressure to keep most fluids inside the bloodstream

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What does the liver do with hematologic regulation?

Produce plasma proteins including albumin, fibrinogen and coagulation factors

And also remove aged or damaged RBC’s from blood.
Remove pathogens and act as antigen-presenting cells to activate immune system

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What is the main function of the small intestine?

Absorption of nutrients.
90% of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption happens here.

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How long does it take food to pass through the small intestine?

5 hrs

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Name the 3 small intestine segments from top to bottom and explain them

Duodenum - absorption of iron
Jejunum - mostly chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients
Ileum - absorption of B12 and bile salts

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Function of the large intestine

Absorb water to form feces.
Absorption of bile salts and some vitamins produced by bacterial metabolism
Storage of feces

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How long does the passage through the large intestine take?

2-3 days

Name the 3 segments

Cecum Colon - ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid Rectum

The spleen is the...

Largest individual lymphatic organ

Red pulp in spleen [orange ●]

Rich in RBC's

White pulp in spleen [orange ●]

Rich in lymphatic tissue

Unrecognized abdominal injury is a relevant cause of...

Preventable death

Explain the early phase of abdominal injuries

Massive intraabdominal bleeding as a source od non-compressable truncal hemorrhage [NCTH]

Explain the late phase from abdominal trauma

Complications that come later, biggest problem is infection. And spaces that hide bleedings.

Always have a high ........ when treating a possible abdominal trauma with shock signs

Suspicion

Name the 2 kinds of abdominal trauma

Blunt and penetrating

What do you do when assessing a patient with possible abdominal trauma?

Inspection Palpation Signs of shock

What is the most common injured organ with blunt abdominal trauma?

The spleen

What is Kehrs sign?

Associated with ruptured spleen, pain to left shoulder when palpating the abdomen.

Is the liver also a commonly injured organ with blunt and penetrating trauma?

Yes

How to treat when you suspect abdominal trauma?

Recognize and treat for shock early. Quick evac

What is abdominal evisceration?

Intestines coming out of the body

What does the urinary system consist of?

Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

What do the kidneys do? In short

Filtrate blood Produce urine

What do the ureters do? In short

Transport urine to the urinary bladder

What does the urinary bladder do? In short

Temporarely stores urine

What does the urethra do? In short

Conducts urine outwards, in males also semen

Key functions of the kidneys

Maintain homeostasis by regulating: Blood volume and pressure, fluid regulation Blood concentration Blood pH Removal of metabolic waste Assisting the liver in detoxifying Regulating of bone and calcium metabolism Regulation of eythrocytes production

Name the 4 steps of urine production

1 filtration 2 reabsorption 3 secretion 4 excretion

Kidney failure in a military setting. Mostly what kind of failure?

Accute

Due to what can accute kidney failure be caused in military setting? And what can we do?

Hypovolemia / shock, and sometimes due to crush. Give fluids

Name the 2 urinary catheterisation options

Transurethral way Suprapubic way

What often comes with an IED attack? In terms of trauma. And what can we do?

Genital / pelvic injury. Focus on hemorrhage control. Improvise!

Testicular torsion symptoms

Severe pain, swollen scrotum, nausea vomiting

Treatment of testicular torsion

One try of detorsion in outward direction. Quick evac, within 6hrs treatment

When not to place the foley catheter?

Supsicion of urethral injury Blood from meatus

Body consist of ... % fluids and ... % solids.

60% fluids 40% solids

ICF ... % in body

60%

ECF ... % in body

40%

... % of fluids / plasma in bloodstream

20%

Watwe intake normally equals...

Water loss

Intake of fluids by...

Eating Drinking Metabolism

How do we lose fluids?

Urination Feces Insesible perspiration [lungs and skin] Sensible perspiration [sweating]

How does the body regulate fluid balance when dehydrated and with high osmotic concentration?

Increased thirst and fluid intake. Water and sodium conservation in kidneys through ADH and RAAS

How does the body regulate fluid balance when there is a volume overload and high BP?

Reduced thirst, and blocked release of ADH and RAAS resulting in increased diuresis and sodium excretion

What does the electrolyte balance affaects?

Water balance

What does the concentration of electrolytes affect?

Cell functions

Name the 4 electrolytes that are important for the balance

Sodium Na+ Potassium K+ Calcium Ca2+ Chloride Cl-

What makes the lethal triad transform into the lethal diamond?

Hypocalcemia

Why is hypocalcemia dangerous?

Blood clotting works less

What to apply with the IV when dealing with hypocalcemia?

Apply 1gram of calcium

Normal pH inside the body

7,35 - 7,45

Acidosis is a low pH. Value under...

7,35

Alkalosis is a high pH. Above what value...

7,45

How is the homeostasis maintained? Name 3 systems / mechanisms

Blood buffer system Respiratory mechanism Renal mechanism

Explain blood / bicarbonate buffer system

Maintains pH balance in body by neutralizing acids and bases

What is the most important factor affecting pH in body tissues?

CO2

What does the bicarbonate buffer system do when the blood is acidic?

Bicarbonate [HCO3-] absorbs excess H+ ions

What does the bicarbonate buffer system do when the blood is basic?

Carbonic acid [H2CO3] releases H+ ions

The respiratory mechanism is able to regulate CO2 levels. How?

Increase and decrease breathing rate. Hyperventilate = less CO2 Hypoventilate = more CO2