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Test Week 5 > All Knowledge From Week 5 > Flashcards

All Knowledge From Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the major organs of the digestive tract from top to bottom

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

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2
Q

Name the accessory organs of the digestive system from top to bottom

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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3
Q

Another name for the digestive system

A

Alimentary canal

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4
Q

The digestive system is a muscular tube of roughly 10m. What does it do?

A

Process food.
Makes sure its digested and that waste is expelled

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5
Q

Name the 6 basic functions of the digestive system

A

1 ingestion - intake
2 mechanical digestion - crushing / chewing
3 chemical digestion - chemical breakdown to small organic molecules
4 secretion - release of water, acids and enzymes
5 absorption - the moving of all nutrients into the interstitial fluid
6 defecation - eliminating waste from the body

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6
Q

Explain in short what the oral cavity consists of. And the main basic functions.

A

Lips, cheeks, upper and lower jaw with teeth, palate and tongue

Ingestion
Mechanical digestion

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7
Q

Explain why we need a tongue

A

Positions food
Taste
Triggers salivation
Swallowing

Speech

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8
Q

Why do we need saliva?

A

Lubricate food
Buffer acid to keep pH 7
Provide antibodies for immune response in oral cavity

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9
Q

What does the pharynx consist of and what is the function of them combined?

A

Nasopharynx [upper]
Oropharynx [middle]
Laryngopharynx [lower]

Directs food to esophagus while blocking the trachea

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10
Q

Name the 3 phases of swallowing and explain

A

Oral phase - voluntary action of moving bolus to the back of the mouth
Pharyngeal phase - reflex action, soft palate and epiglottis prevent food from enterinf the trachea
Esophageal phase - involuntary, moves food to stomach

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11
Q

Explain the function of the stomach [gaster]

A

Storage of ingested food
Mechanical digestion
Chemical breakdown process

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12
Q

What is the alkaline mucous in the stomach?

A

It covers and protects the mucosa of the stomach against the acids

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13
Q

The liver is the center of the…

A

Metabolism

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14
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the liver

A

Right, left, caudate and quadrate

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15
Q

Name the 3 most important functions of the liver

A

Hematologic regulation
Bile production
Metabolic regulation

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16
Q

What does the liver do when regulating the metabolism?

A

Extract excess nutrients / toxins
Mobilizes reserves and synthesizes neccesary components
Removes metabolic waste such as medications and toxins from the system

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17
Q

What does the liver do when de blood glucose level is low?

A

Break down glycogen so that glucose is released in the blood

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18
Q

What does the liver do when the blood glucose is high?

A

Store more glycogen or transformation to build lipids

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19
Q

Explain oncotic pressure

A

Pressure to keep most fluids inside the bloodstream

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20
Q

What does the liver do with hematologic regulation?

A

Produce plasma proteins including albumin, fibrinogen and coagulation factors

And also remove aged or damaged RBC’s from blood.
Remove pathogens and act as antigen-presenting cells to activate immune system

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21
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine?

A

Absorption of nutrients.
90% of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption happens here.

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22
Q

How long does it take food to pass through the small intestine?

A

5 hrs

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23
Q

Name the 3 small intestine segments from top to bottom and explain them

A

Duodenum - absorption of iron
Jejunum - mostly chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients
Ileum - absorption of B12 and bile salts

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24
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

Absorb water to form feces.
Absorption of bile salts and some vitamins produced by bacterial metabolism
Storage of feces

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25
Q

How long does the passage through the large intestine take?

A

2-3 days

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26
Q

Name the 3 segments

A

Cecum
Colon - ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
Rectum

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27
Q

The spleen is the…

A

Largest individual lymphatic organ

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28
Q

Red pulp in spleen [orange ●]

A

Rich in RBC’s

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29
Q

White pulp in spleen [orange ●]

A

Rich in lymphatic tissue

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30
Q

Unrecognized abdominal injury is a relevant cause of…

A

Preventable death

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31
Q

Explain the early phase of abdominal injuries

A

Massive intraabdominal bleeding as a source od non-compressable truncal hemorrhage [NCTH]

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32
Q

Explain the late phase from abdominal trauma

A

Complications that come later, biggest problem is infection.
And spaces that hide bleedings.

33
Q

Always have a high …….. when treating a possible abdominal trauma with shock signs

A

Suspicion

34
Q

Name the 2 kinds of abdominal trauma

A

Blunt and penetrating

35
Q

What do you do when assessing a patient with possible abdominal trauma?

A

Inspection
Palpation
Signs of shock

36
Q

What is the most common injured organ with blunt abdominal trauma?

A

The spleen

37
Q

What is Kehrs sign?

A

Associated with ruptured spleen, pain to left shoulder when palpating the abdomen.

38
Q

Is the liver also a commonly injured organ with blunt and penetrating trauma?

A

Yes

39
Q

How to treat when you suspect abdominal trauma?

A

Recognize and treat for shock early.
Quick evac

40
Q

What is abdominal evisceration?

A

Intestines coming out of the body

41
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

42
Q

What do the kidneys do? In short

A

Filtrate blood
Produce urine

43
Q

What do the ureters do? In short

A

Transport urine to the urinary bladder

44
Q

What does the urinary bladder do? In short

A

Temporarely stores urine

45
Q

What does the urethra do? In short

A

Conducts urine outwards, in males also semen

46
Q

Key functions of the kidneys

A

Maintain homeostasis by regulating:
Blood volume and pressure, fluid regulation
Blood concentration
Blood pH
Removal of metabolic waste
Assisting the liver in detoxifying
Regulating of bone and calcium metabolism
Regulation of eythrocytes production

47
Q

Name the 4 steps of urine production

A

1 filtration
2 reabsorption
3 secretion
4 excretion

48
Q

Kidney failure in a military setting. Mostly what kind of failure?

A

Accute

49
Q

Due to what can accute kidney failure be caused in military setting? And what can we do?

A

Hypovolemia / shock, and sometimes due to crush.
Give fluids

50
Q

Name the 2 urinary catheterisation options

A

Transurethral way
Suprapubic way

51
Q

What often comes with an IED attack? In terms of trauma. And what can we do?

A

Genital / pelvic injury.
Focus on hemorrhage control. Improvise!

52
Q

Testicular torsion symptoms

A

Severe pain, swollen scrotum, nausea vomiting

53
Q

Treatment of testicular torsion

A

One try of detorsion in outward direction.
Quick evac, within 6hrs treatment

54
Q

When not to place the foley catheter?

A

Supsicion of urethral injury
Blood from meatus

55
Q

Body consist of … % fluids and … % solids.

A

60% fluids
40% solids

56
Q

ICF … % in body

A

60%

57
Q

ECF … % in body

A

40%

58
Q

… % of fluids / plasma in bloodstream

A

20%

59
Q

Watwe intake normally equals…

A

Water loss

60
Q

Intake of fluids by…

A

Eating
Drinking
Metabolism

61
Q

How do we lose fluids?

A

Urination
Feces
Insesible perspiration [lungs and skin]
Sensible perspiration [sweating]

62
Q

How does the body regulate fluid balance when dehydrated and with high osmotic concentration?

A

Increased thirst and fluid intake.
Water and sodium conservation in kidneys through ADH and RAAS

63
Q

How does the body regulate fluid balance when there is a volume overload and high BP?

A

Reduced thirst, and blocked release of ADH and RAAS resulting in increased diuresis and sodium excretion

64
Q

What does the electrolyte balance affaects?

A

Water balance

65
Q

What does the concentration of electrolytes affect?

A

Cell functions

66
Q

Name the 4 electrolytes that are important for the balance

A

Sodium Na+
Potassium K+
Calcium Ca2+
Chloride Cl-

67
Q

What makes the lethal triad transform into the lethal diamond?

A

Hypocalcemia

68
Q

Why is hypocalcemia dangerous?

A

Blood clotting works less

69
Q

What to apply with the IV when dealing with hypocalcemia?

A

Apply 1gram of calcium

70
Q

Normal pH inside the body

A

7,35 - 7,45

71
Q

Acidosis is a low pH. Value under…

A

7,35

72
Q

Alkalosis is a high pH. Above what value…

A

7,45

73
Q

How is the homeostasis maintained? Name 3 systems / mechanisms

A

Blood buffer system
Respiratory mechanism
Renal mechanism

74
Q

Explain blood / bicarbonate buffer system

A

Maintains pH balance in body by neutralizing acids and bases

75
Q

What is the most important factor affecting pH in body tissues?

A

CO2

76
Q

What does the bicarbonate buffer system do when the blood is acidic?

A

Bicarbonate [HCO3-] absorbs excess H+ ions

77
Q

What does the bicarbonate buffer system do when the blood is basic?

A

Carbonic acid [H2CO3] releases H+ ions

78
Q

The respiratory mechanism is able to regulate CO2 levels. How?

A

Increase and decrease breathing rate.
Hyperventilate = less CO2
Hypoventilate = more CO2

Test Week 5 (1 decks)

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