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All Knowledge From Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

A

1 monitoring the body’s internal and external environments
2 integrating sensory information
3 coördinating voluntary and involuntary responses of other organs

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2
Q

What 2 systems does the nervous system consist of?

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Nervous tissues outside the cns

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5
Q

What are receptors in the nervous system?

A

Sensory structures that detect changes

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6
Q

What is the name of the receptors that detect changes from outside the body?

A

Somatic receptors

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7
Q

What is the name of the receptors that detect the change in internal conditions?

A

Visceral receptors

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8
Q

Afferent division sends the signals to?

A

The cns, going to the brain

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9
Q

What does the efferent division carry?

A

Commands

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10
Q

To which 2 systems are the commands sent? And explain them

A

Somatic nervous system - skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system - parasympathetic or sympathetic

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11
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

They carry information as electricity

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12
Q

What type of neurons are there and explain

A

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Inter-neurons
CNS neurons

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13
Q

What is another name for sensory neurons?

A

Afferent neurons

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14
Q

What is another name for motor neurons?

A

Efferent neurons

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15
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Carry signals and transmit information

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16
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

The coating of axons, and they support neurons in their job by allowing faster propogation of impulses, protection of cells

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17
Q

What is an axon?

A

The road from a neuron to another neuron

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18
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A site at the axon terminal where communication happens with other cells, regulated by neurotransmitters

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19
Q

What are meninges?

A

Different layers of the CNS

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20
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Tough outer layer

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21
Q

What is the arachnoidea?

A

Attached to dura mater, connected to pia mater with spiderlike connections. Produces cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Highly vascularized inner layer

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23
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Filled with serebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

What is CSF? And why is it needed?

A

cerebrospinal fluid, transparent fluid.

To give cushion to the brain, transport nutrients, waste and neurotransmitters.

150ml circulates in cns

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25
Explain the blood brain barrier
The transfer between the circulation and the csf happens there
26
What 4 brain regions do we have?
Cerebrum Diencephalon Brainstem [midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata] Cerebellum
27
What part of the brain makes us mostly human? And what function has it?
Cerebrum, big brain. Conscious thoughts Intellectual functions
28
What is the function of the diencephalon?
Relays and processes information. Controls emotions etc.
29
What is the main function of the brainstem?
Relay centre for information that is send to the cerebrum. Functions involved with: respirstory, pain sevirity control, alertness, awareness
30
Brain is divided into 2...
Hemispheres
31
Brain is also divided in 4 lobes.. name them
Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
32
What does gray matter consist of?
Nerve cell bodies
33
What does white matter consist of?
Myelinated axons
34
What does the spinal cord and nerves do for the body?
Transport sensory and motor impulses from the brain to the peripherial organs and also the other way around.
35
C1 - C7
Cervical vertebrae
36
T1 - T12
Thoracic spine vertebrae
37
L1 - L5
Lumbar spine vertebrae
38
S1 - S5
Sacrum
39
Coccygeal segment
Coccyx
40
What does the peripheral nervous system do?
Links neurons of the CNS to the rest of the body
41
Touch, position and feeling temperatures is a function of?
Sensory neurons
42
Activating tissues or cells is a function of?
Motor neurons
43
For example activating skeletal muscles is part of the?
Somatic nervous system
44
Acrivating other non voluntary systems is part of the?
Autonomic nervous system
45
Where do cranial nerves come from?
The brain
46
What are attached to the spinal cord?
Spinal nerves
47
Explain dermatome
It is about a specific region of skin
48
What happens when the body has a reflex?
Receptor gets signal > sensory neuron sends signal to interneuron > sends signal to motor neuron > response happens
49
Explain a plexus
Special peripherial nerves structure that innervate a specific skin and muscle group. For example: Cervical plexus / brachial / lumbar / sacral
50
Besides a pain stimulus what other stimulus is there? And explain
Noxious stimulus. Stimulus from physical, chemical or thermal events.
51
Definition of TBI
A traumatically indused structural injury or physiological disruption of brain function with these signs: Loss of consciousness Alteration of consciousness Post-traumatic amnesia
52
Explain a primary brain injury
Occurs at time of injury. Permanent damage. Injury to the brain or its coverings. Meninges, skull, scalp
53
Secondary brain injury
Results of complex imflammatory cascade. Brain swelling. Rise in ICP. Decrease in cerebral perfusion.
54
How to avoid that a primary brain injury turns into a secondary
Avoid ICP And avoid aterial hypotension
55
4 types of intracranial bleeds. And explain
Epidural - arterial bleed between skull and dura Subdural - venous bleed between dura and arachnoid Subarachnoid - bleed between arachnoid and pia Intracerebral - hematoma inside brain
56
Where can you asses signs and symptoms of head injuries. What locations and MOI?
Obvious MOI Neuro/head Nose Eyes Ears
57
The red flag signs and symptoms of TBI
Neurological Eyes General
58
Name the 2 classifications of head injury
Open head injury / penetrating TBI Closed head injury / blunt TBI
59
Name AVPU
Alert Verbal Pain Unresponsive
60
GCS / Glasgow Coma Scale. Name the 3 responses. And name the scores.
Eye opening response Verbal response Motor response Severe TBI 3-8 Moderate TBI 9-12 Mild TBI 13-15
61
What is the mnemonic for the pupil exam?
PERRLA pupils equal round reactive to light and accomodation
62
Is TBI something that comes instantly or can it also be caused by a longer period of dealing with smaller damages?
Also repetitive smaller concussions also cause damage and eventually maybe TBI
63
Name warning signs of increased ICP
Severe headache Nausea, vomiting Altered mental status Deteriorating level of consciousness Seizures Cushing triad
64
Name warning signs of increased ICP
Severe headache Nausea, vomiting Altered mental status Deteriorating level of consciousness Seizures Cushing triad
65
2 major warning signs of impending herniation
Unilateral pupillary dilation Acute loss of consciousness
66
Name the 2 types of seizures and explain
Generalized seizures - affect both sides of brain. May cause convulsions, muscle stifness or loss of consciousness Focal seizures - begin in one part of the brain. May cause unusual sensations, confusion, or localized muscle twitching
67
Name all the parts of the vertebrae column
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar Sacral + coccyx
68
Explain primary spinal cord injury
Occurs as result of initial trauma
69
Explain secondary spinal cord injury
May follow after initial event. Can worsen neurological function due to swelling, ischemia, movement of bony fragment
70
Name the spinal cord injury symptoms
Loss of sensation Loss of movement Loss of bladder abd bowel control Sexual disfunction Pain Life threatening symptoms such as: Respiratory problems, loss of consciousness, spinal or neurogenic shock
71
Explain the difference between spinal shock and neurogenic shock.
Can have same symptoms but spinal shock can get back to normal and heal. Neurogenic shock causes irreversible damage.

Test Week 4 (1 decks)

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