All Flashcards
Critical thinking
Informed and logical thought, or logical problem solving
Ethics
The reasoned study of what is morally right and wrong, good and bad
Situational ethics
Determining what is right or good solely on the basis of the momentary context; this implies that what is right or good today in one situation may not be right tomorrow in another set of circumstances
Ethical issues
Moral questions or prolems; situations or actions that contain legitimate questions of moral right or wrong
Conflict of interest
A situation in which personal needs and interests are at odds with professional obligations
Applied ethics
The actual use of moral standards of conduct in making decisions about human problems
Ethical (or moral) issues
Questions, problems, situations, or actions that contain legitimate matters of moral right or wrong
Ethical (or moral) principals
General guidelines of ethical behavior; the should statement of ethics
Virtues Character
traits that make up a moral life
Values
Moral qualities that are considered important and worth
Moral judgements
Conclusions as to whether specific actions are ethically right or wrong
Moral
Actions that are judged to be consistent with good ethical thinking and decision-making
Immoral
Actions that are contrary to good moral reasoning
Nonmoral
Behaviors that do not fall into the scope of the ethics environment and that normally have no moral effects on others
Relativism
The belief that there are no moral standards, judgments, or principles that apply to everyone; that what is morally right and wrong varies from one person to another (subjective relativism) or from one culture to another (cultural relativism)
Absolutism
The belief that there are no matters of opinion in ethics since all moral judgments are the same for everyone, coupled with the attitude that one’s own opinions are the correct ones
Legalism
The belief that ethical discussions are unnecessary because we have laws to govern people’s behavior; or that ethical standard and legal standard are really the same
Moral development
Human growth in understanding what makes actions right or wrong, and in the complexity of ethical thinking
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
1) Obedience/punishment
2) Instrument and relativity
3) Interpersonal concordance
4) Law and order
5) Social contract
6) Universal ethical principles
Gilligan’s steps of moral development
1) Care for self
2) Care for others
3) Balancing and Integrating self-interest and interests of others
James Rest’s “four components of moral behavior
Moral sensitivity, moral judgement, moral motivation, and moral character
Logic
The branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of good thinking and reasoning processes
Argument
A series of statements that work together to establish the truth of some point.
Critical thinking
the active and systematic process of communication, problem solving, evaluation, analysis, synthesis, and reflection, both individually and in community, to foster understanding, support sound decision making and guide action.
Fallacy
An illogical argument, often appearing logical at first glance, involving a statement or statements that in one way or another deceive or mislead
Critical thinking model
1) Identification, 2) Research, 3) Analysis, 4) Application, 5) Decision-making, 6) Evaluation, 7) Reflection