ALL FLASHCARDS

Question

# M7 - SG What is a Serious Case Review?

Answer 1

A serious case review (SCR) takes place when a child or young person has been significantly injured or has died due to abuse or neglect.

Answer 2

Stacey. If not in then it's Roni. If not in then it's Jo.

Answer 3

EVERYONE!!!

Answer 4

* Check an employee’s suitability * Do they have any previous convictions? * Are they safe to work with children?

Answer 5

* 2010 * Protects from discrimination * Outlines the 9 protected characteristics * Enables inclusive environments * Must have a policy for Equality and Diversity within setting * All settings must have a SENCO

Answer 6

* All education providers ‘have due regard to the need to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism’. * This act also ensures that children are protected from extremist ideologies and radicalisation.

Answer 7

* 2015 - this act contains powers to help the UK to respond to terrorism threats - Temporarily seize passports - Disrupt overseas travel - Combat underlying ideologies - Improve Law Enforcement Agencies

Answer 8

* From the Government * Everyone working with children should safeguard them * Act was revised after the Victoria Climbie case

Answer 9

* 2004 * All people and settings have a duty to safeguard and protect a child

Answer 10

* 1974 * We have a duty of care towards employees, members of the public and ourselves * Provide a safe and healthy place to work * Correct Risk Assessments in place * Risk Assessments should be monitored and updated as and when needed * Provide training to all employees

Answer 11

* 1999 * Identify risks and effectively plan ahead * Businesses with 5 or more people must do this * Report any issues to the person in charge straight away * Report any accidents or incidents

Answer 12

* 1992 * Health = ventilation, lighting, comfortable working temperature * Safety = drinking water * Welfare = break facilities available

Answer 13

* 2013 * Requires anyone employed or on the setting to report any accidents and report them in the correct way

Answer 14

* Death that is work related * Fractures (not fingers or toes) * Limb amputations * Permanent / reduced loss of sight * Crush injuries resulting in organ damage * 10% body burns * Carpal Tunnel * Occupational Dermatitis * Occupational Asthma * Occupational Cancer * REPORT THESE TO LOCAL HSE AND RECORD IN COMPANY ACCIDENT BOOK!

Answer 15

Designated Safeguarding Lead

Answer 16

Reporting of Incidents, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations

Answer 17

Paediatric First Aid

Answer 18

United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation

Answer 19

Special Educational Needs and Disabilities Co-Ordinator/Special Educational Needs Co-Ordinator

Answer 20

Early Years Foundation Stage

Answer 21

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

Answer 22

National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

Answer 23

Personal Protective Equipment

Answer 24

The smallest unit of sound. E.G. fl can be broken down into f and l.

Answer 25

1. Relationships 2. Quality and sufficient adult interaction 3. Background noise 4. Screen time 5. Hearing loss

Answer 26

The sound made by a letter or group of letters (tion sounds like shun)

Answer 27

2 letters that come together to make a new sound. E.G. ‘ch’

Answer 28

Draw phonemes together to make a word. E.G. s-n-i-p are blended together to make ‘snip’

Answer 29

Split up words into separate phonemes - this skill is needed for spelling.

Answer 30

Consonant - vowel - consonant. E.G. c-a-t or p-a-t.

Answer 31

Problem solving with a child.

Answer 32

Providing opportunities that are relevant, meaningful and purposeful for the children with varying levels of adult intervention.

Answer 33

* Social Worker * Health Visitor * Physiotherapist * Dietician * Speech and Language Therapist * SENCO * Police Liasson Officer * Educational Psychologist

Answer 34

Family consisting of 2 adults and any number of children who are living together. The children may be biological, step or adopted.

Answer 35

Family that consists of a parent not living with a partner. This parent will have most of the responsibilities for the child and raising them.

Answer 36

Known as a ‘blended’ family or ‘step’ family. It is a family where 1 or both parents have children from a previous relationship.

Answer 37

This means 2 families in a household. For example, living with a partner and child but with parents. Partner and child = 1 family Grandparents = 1 family Family total = 2

Answer 38

Extended family is your grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins etc. They have to live near to or within the same household.

Answer 39

Provides temporary care to a child until they can return to their biological family.

Answer 40

* ADHD * Autism * Down Syndrome * Dyslexia * Aspergers Syndrome

Answer 41

The term ‘biological’ refers to the range of ways that nature affects children’s development. It is about the factors that are present at birth or present later but are determined biologically. It includes the human instinct to breather as well as genetic factors such as how tall children grow and what colour hair they have.

Answer 42

The term ‘environmental’ refers to how the child’s development is shaped, both positively and negatively by factors that are external – Society, lifestyle and parenting. It is wide ranging and include factors such as the number of siblings in a family, the type of parenting style and whether the child’s family is religious.

Answer 43

* 2001 * States that reasonable provisions are made to ensure people with additional needs are provided with the same opportunities. * Introduced the right for disabled people not to be discriminated against

Answer 44

* 2015 * Explains the duties of local authorities, Health Bodies and Schools providing those with SEN * Gives further information on 2 Year Progress Checks * Clarifies the role of a SENCO

Answer 45

* 2014 * Formalise how children and young people are protected in law * Processes around adoption, family justice, SEND, childcare, child welfare, parental leave & flexible working * Introduced the EHC Plan (Education Health & Care) * Introduced the definition of SEN (Special Educational Needs)

Answer 46

30 Minutes

Answer 47

1. Democracy 2. Individual Liberty 3. Rule of Law 4. Mutual Respect and Tolerance

Answer 48

At least 15 minutes

Answer 49

In no particular order: 1. Communication and Language (C&L) 2. Personal, Social and Emotional Development (PSED) 3. Physical Development (PD) 4. Maths 5. Literacy 6. Understanding the World (UTW) 7. Expressive Arts and Design (EAD)

Answer 50

1. Communication and Language 2. Personal, Social and Emotional Development 3. Physical Development

Answer 51

Every 10 minutes

Answer 52

Babies - 1:3 Toddlers - 1:5 Pre-school - 1:8

Answer 53

1. Age 2. Disability 3. Gender Reassignment 4. Marriage and Civil Partnership 5. Pregnancy and Maternity 6. Race 7. Religion or Belief 8. Sex (Gender) 9. Sexual Orientation

Answer 54

* confidence * concentration * creativity and imagination * perseverance

Answer 55

* children learn new skills, concepts and knowledge that they may not gain alone * children learn new ways of playing * it gives children opportunities to explore resources that they might not choose * it provides children with opportunities to develop language

Answer 56

* Plenty of choice and balance * Lots of fruit and vegetables * Lots of starchy foods * Calcium and iron rich foods * Low salt and added sugar foods * Regular healthy meals and snacks

Answer 57

* 5 a day campaign * Schools fruit and vegetables scheme * Start4life * Change4life * Food labelling - traffic light system * Community food schemes * Growing food

Answer 58

Pureed and mashed foods from 6 months Soft, finger foods, mashed and chopped foods from 8-9 months Finger foods from 12 months

Answer 59

* Anaemia * Behaviour and concentration * Activity levels * Digestive problems

Answer 60

* bones and teeth * obesity * tooth decay * poor brain development

Answer 61

A child with an allergy will have a sudden and potentially serious reaction if they come into contact with certain foods. It can affect their breathing and can therefore be fatal. Common allergies include nuts, milk, wheat and eggs.

Answer 62

A child with a food intolerance will have reactions which come a few hours later after eating certain foods. Common symptoms include skin reactions or digestive problems. Common food intolerances include wheat and dairy products.

Answer 63

* Chicken Pox * Measles * Hand, Foot and Mouth * Impetigo * Scabies * Scarlet Fever * Meningitis * Mumps * Diarrhoea and Vomiting * Common Cold * Ear Infection * Whooping Cough * Tonsillitis

Answer 64

* Dark shadows under their eyes * Pale skin * Irritability * Poor appetite * Tiredness * Difficult behaviour * Clingy * Regressive behaviours (thumb sucking etc)

Answer 65

* Temperature * Breathing changes * Skin colour changes * Rash appears * Their responsiveness changes * Not drinking enough * Repeated vomiting * Neck stiffness

Answer 66

* Food poisoning * Diphtheria * Acute Meningitis * Malaria * Rabies * Rubella

Answer 67

* Hygiene (hand washing / clean environment) * Mobility (Sitting child up and moving regularly for good circulation) * Good ventilation (reduce bacteria and viruses in the air) * Minimising contact with others

Answer 68

* Epilepsy - a neurological condition * Cystic Fibrosis - a disease affecting the lungs * Diabetes - a disease affecting glucose levels * Asthma - a disease affecting the lungs * Eczema - inflammation of the skin

Answer 69

* Starting school/nursery * Moving home * A family breakdown * Birth of a sibling * Loss of significant people (death) * Moving schools

Answer 70

* outbursts of anger * crying * withdrawal * clinginess * inappropriate behaviour * tantrums * regression (bed wetting, babyish language) * loss of appetite * lack of concentration * difficulty sleeping

Answer 71

* working closely with the family * working closely with other professionals * planning activities * spending time with a child * allowing children to express their emotions

Answer 72

Allowing the same access for every child and family to full participation for all services.

Answer 73

The differences in values, attitudes, cultures, beliefs, skills and life experiences of each individual in any group.

Answer 74

The process of ensuring the equality of learning opportunities for all children and young people.

Answer 75

* provide a range of activities which celebrate cultural differences * promote a multicultural approach to food provision * encourage self-exploration in solo and group activities * celebrate the diversity of language

Answer 76

* work within policies and procedures * value the individual child * child-centred approach * provide an inclusive environment * positive role model * recognise discriminatory practise * know who, when and why to challenge discrimination

Answer 77

* quality provision * research * policy * social changes * personal interest

Answer 78

Improving the quality of our work and improving on our own practise.

Answer 79

* peer observations * appraisals * supervisions * self-evaluation

Answer 80

* name * address * contact details * personal profile * employment history * education * hobbies and interests * references (upon request)

Answer 81

Tina Bruce stated that we learn through play. Her theory of play was influenced by the ‘creator of kindergarten’ Friedrich Froebel. Bruce states that children don’t learn through play but instead practice what they have learnt through play. She suggests that play transforms children as they can become more involved in abstract thinking and problem solving. Tina Bruce says that there are 12 features of play – see below: 1. Children use first hand experiences from life 2. Children make up rules as they play in order to keep control 3. Children symbolically represent as they play, making and adapting props 4. Children choose to play – they cannot be made to play 5. Children rehearse their future in their role play 6. Children sometimes play alone 7. Children pretend when they play 8. Children play with adults and other children cooperatively in pairs or groups 9. Children have a personal play agenda, which may or may not be shared 10. Children are deeply involved and difficult to distract from their deep learning as they wallow in their play and learning 11. Children try out their most recently acquired skills and competences, as if celebrating what they know 12. Children coordinate ideas and feelings and make sense of relationships with their families, friends and cultures.

Answer 82

Janet Moyles believes that play begins when a child has access to play materials first, then the support of an adult (demonstrations), and then allowing the child to explore the materials on their own.

Answer 83

Steiners core philosophy of learning was community education. He takes a holistic approach towards education and states that children’s physical health and emotional health were as important as a healthy diet and a safe environment. He believed that all learning should be child-centred, and their personalities should be considered in activity planning. Children with SEN must be included in activities and children should be encouraged to show empathy towards each other. Steiner introduced natural materials (cloths, wooden blocks, clay) to encourage creativity. He also thought that singing and dancing was important and allowed children to tell their own story.

Answer 84

Maria Montessori believed that children were active learners who enjoy doing hands-on activities. She focussed on structured play and said that children need adult guidance to help them reach their potential. Learning gives children dignity, and she encouraged children to complete real-life activities (sweeping, serving their own meals). Maria Montessori said that structured play enhanced a child’s development due to having adult guidance available at all times throughout the play. She said that children have absorbent minds so sensory play is extremely important.

Answer 85

Margaret McMillan believed that a child can develop into a whole person by learning through play. She said that children acquire manual dexterity through exercises and placed a big emphasis on social and emotional development. She stated that a healthy diet also promotes learning. She found a correlation between a poor diet and poor learning. She came up with healthy school meals and medical services for all children. She created the idea of outdoor playgrounds at nurseries and also shared the importance of training people who work with children.

Answer 86

Susan Isaac believed that a child’s emotional life was shown through the symbols and themes explored in imaginary play. She said that play must be used to explore a child’s feelings and children would start to understand the world around them. She thought that all children should have freedom of movement and not be learning at a table all the time. In her research, she found that children who start school at the age of 5 regress in their development.

Answer 87

The Reggio Emilia approach is based on 4 principles. She believed that children must have some say over what they learn. She also thought that children engage with their senses to help them learn and fully process something. Children are encouraged to interact with other children and explore the world through materials. Children should also be encouraged to express themselves and be given the correct opportunities to do so. She wants parents to be involved and apply the methods of the classroom at home. A variety of materials are used in a child’s play (clay, paint, dramatic play).

Answer 88

Forest School is a child-centred inspirational learning process which takes place outdoors. It builds upon holistic growth and supports play, exploration and safe risk-taking. It develops confidence through learning in a natural setting. The aim is to help children learn and develop emotionally, socially, spiritually, physically and intellectually. By learning outdoors, it helps the child to understand how they fit into the world and the environment around them.

Answer 89

Piaget created a constructivist theory believing that children develop knowledge and meaning based on their experiences in a 4-part process. Part 1 is assimilation. This is where children construct a schema from their experiences. Part 2 is equilibrium. This is where the schema is in line with the child’s experience, creating a balance. Part 3 is disequilibrium. This is where the schema is challenged by a new experience. Part 4 is accommodation. This is where the child adapts their original schema to include new information. An example of the 4-part process is: 1. A hat is put on you to keep you warm 2. Nothing changes 3. A hat can also be put on your head to stop it from burning in the sun 4. There are different types of hats He believed that children should create their own learning which should be initiated by the teacher. Children should ask questions and think critically to create their own conclusions. The teacher should be facilitating the learning.

Answer 90

Skinner believes that actions and consequences shape a child’s behaviour. Children are thought to learn to behave due to past experiences that are either pleasant or unpleasant. Skinner called his theory operant conditioning. Skinner said that there are 2 types of behaviour – respondent and operant. Respondent behaviour happens automatically, and operant behaviour is under the child’s control and the consequences will determine if the child does the same behaviour again. The 3 groups of operants that skinner found are positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers and punishment. Positive reinforcement is praise and rewards for behaviour. Negative reinforcement is that the child stops the behaviour because it is unpleasant. Punishment is giving the child something unpleasant or negative, so they won’t do that behaviour again. Skinner stated that all positive reinforcement should happen immediately.

Answer 91

Vygotsky believed that learning develops from the language and cognitive development within a socio-cultural context. Learning was at a point of no further development unless the child receives support through a scaffolding process. The scaffolding process promotes learning, meaning that the child can move forward through a process which builds on previous experiences. Vygotsky supports the idea of adult-led play as learning is supported and will move on. He stated that children should be observed as they play and know when to become involved with timely intervention and appropriate action.

Answer 92

Bandura adopted the social learning theory. He believed that behaviour is learned by observing, assimilating, imitating, copying attitudes and seeing the emotional reactions of others. He acknowledged the important role of reinforcements but felt other factors played a part in shaping behaviour. Bandura outlined a 4-step process of learning: 1. Attention – watching role models 2. Retention – remembering what has been watched 3. Reproduction – imitating the behaviour observed and remembered 4. Motivation – being motivated to show what has been learned (this can be influenced by reinforcements and punishments)

Answer 93

The Innateness Perspective is a theory of language acquisition created in 1957 by Noam Chomsky. He stated that children have an innate capacity to language acquisition and can discover the grammar of their language according to their own inborn grammar. He said that children must be born with the ability to gain language – Language Acquisition Device. This process is therefore biologically determined. He says that all human languages show the same principles and is reflected using nouns and verbs in all languages.

Answer 94

Behaviourism is a theory based on observable behaviours. It is broken down into 2 areas of conditioning – classic and behavioural or operant. Operant conditioning is when a child learns through rewards and behaviours. Classic conditioning is a natural reflex or response to stimuli. It is thought that a child is passive, and behaviour can be changed and modified through reinforcements (positive and negative). It also suggests that adults should be monitoring behaviours for a child to follow and learn from.

Answer 95

The constructivist approach views all children as active participants in their own learning. Constructivist strategies seek to ignite a child’s curiosity and love of learning. Teachers should be providing an integrated curriculum that allows children to explore multiple themes and topics. All activities should be developmentally appropriate for each child, and they should be allowed enough time to explore their learning. It states that children benefit from group problem-solving, and this enhances their cognitive growth.

Answer 96

Sociological Perspective is also known as the process of enculturation. Children learn the ways of their families and society, and appropriate reinvent and contribute to cultural reproduction. Sociological perspectives include the structures of the society which they live in – race, gender, ethnicity, culture and social views. It suggests that our social backgrounds influence our learning, development and behaviour.

Answer 97

The native perspective suggests that children are born with the innate ability to acquire language that is hardwired in the human brain. This links to Chomsky’s theory of the Language Acquisition Device. This theory came about as children have been observed to pick up grammar without any formal teaching. It also suggests that a child’s thought process allows them to build on their existing knowledge.

Answer 98

The nurture perspective allows children to learn and develop important social skills, develop their confidence and build on their self-esteem. The nurture perspective holds 6 different principles. (See below). Transitions – the importance of transitions in children’s lives. Learning – children's learning is understood developmentally. Behaviour – all behaviour is communication. Language – language is an important way of communicating. Wellbeing – the importance of nurture for the development of wellbeing. Safety – the classroom offers a safe base.

Answer 99

A primary motor cortex is where the upper motor neurons initiate voluntary movements, such as walking, talking and dancing. This is done in the frontal lobe. Stimulation is the recognition that children’s brains respond to different experiences and affect how a child behaves. Myelinisation is a coating that covers neural pathways and helps the electrical pulses to move quicker. This coating process happens throughout childhood and results in better coordination and the speed of connections. In adulthood, some brain diseases are caused by the deterioration of the coating.

Answer 100

Theory of mind is an important social-cognitive skill that involves the ability to think about mental states. Including your own and others. It includes the ability to attribute mental states including emotions and notice that other people's desires and beliefs may differ from your own. Theory of mind has 5 different stages in order (see below). 1. The understanding that the reasons why people might want something may differ from one person to the next. 2. The understanding that people can have different beliefs about the same thing or situation. 3. The understanding that people may not comprehend or have the knowledge that something is true. 4. The understanding that people can hold false beliefs about the world. 5. The understanding that people can have hidden emotions, or that they may act one way while feeling another way.

Answer 101

Parten observed children who were different ages between 2 and 5 years old. He discovered that they play differently when they play together. Some children played alone whilst others played alongside each other. From this observation, she created the stage theory of play. Solitary play is where 2–3-year-olds normally are. They play alone with toys but don’t tend to interact with each other. Parallel play is for 3–4-year-olds. They may play alongside each other but don’t tend to engage. Associative play is for 4–5-year-olds. They now start to play with each other, but they don’t share the same goal for their activities. Cooperative play is for 5+ years. This is where children play together in an organised situation and assigned role, sharing the same goal as the other children.

Answer 102

Erikson developed a theory linked with psychosocial development. He said that the 8-stage theory of psychosocial development describes growth throughout a child’s life, looking closely at social interactions and the conflicts that come with this through different development stages. Erikson stated that social interaction and experiences played a vital part in a child’s development. His 8-stage theory is: 1. Trust vs mistrust – 0 to 18 months 2. Autonomy vs shame and doubt – 18 months to 3 years 3. Initiative vs guilt – 3 to 5 years 4. Industry vs inferiority – 6 to11 years 5. Identity vs confusion – 12 to 18 years 6. Intimacy vs isolation – 18 to 40 years 7. Generativity vs stagnation – 40 to 65 years 8. Integrity vs despair – 65 to death Trust vs mistrust – a child is solely dependent on adults for everything that they need to survive. If an adult fails to provide this, a child will feel like they can’t trust them anymore. Autonomy vs guilt – this is when a child finds a greater sense of personal control. For example, potty training. Initiative vs guilt is where children learn that they have power and control. Children who are successful with this feel able to lead others. Industry vs inferiority is when children begin to develop a sense of pride through social interaction. Identity vs confusion is where a child finds their own identity. Throughout this process, their behaviour and development will be influenced while they find their true personality. Intimacy vs isolation is where people find their own relationships. If successful, the relationship will be secure. Generativity vs stagnation is where adults continue to build their lives. Adults need something to care for and create that will outlast them. Success of this will lead to feelings of accomplishment. Integrity vs despair is where you reflect on your life. We look back on our life and decide if we lived a happy and fulfilled life.

Answer 103

Albert Bandura was the creator of the social cognitive theory and founded the concept of self-efficacy. This theory states that your attitudes, abilities and cognitive abilities helps you to understand the ‘self-system’. The self-system helps you understand different situations and discover how you would react to them. Bandura says that self-efficacy is the ability to organise the necessary courses of action to manage situations. To do this, you have to determine your way of thinking, behaving and feeling. People with a strong sense of self-efficacy see difficult tasks as problems to overcome.

Answer 104

Charles Cooley introduced this theory in 1902. It is the reflection of what we think we are to others or how we are viewed. Social interaction plays a vital role in this theory. Social interaction acts as a mirror to help people measure their worth and values. This happens through 3 stages. First, you must imagine how you appear to others. Secondly, you must imagine how you are evaluated by others. The third step is development of yourself based on impressions and evaluations of others.

Answer 105

Susan Harter’s model of self-esteem looks at both a child’s sense of confidence in an activity and how important that area is to them. How good a person feels about this area/activity ties to how they feel about themselves.

Answer 106

John Bowlby believed a child’s mental health was linked to separation from the main carer. He noted that when a child is upset, they will want their mother and so attachment is a vital part of a child’s experience. He believed that good, positive attachments at a young age will affect a child’s ability to have healthy relationships later in life. A basic outline of the attachment development is: 0-3 months – a baby is attracted to faces and voices 3-7 months – a baby is happy to be with known and unknown people but shows pleasure when they recognise a face 7-8 months – a baby becomes attached to certain people. They can become upset if a certain person leaves (mum, dad etc).

Answer 107

This theory scientifically investigated the nature of human love and affection. Harlow found that love is paramount for normal childhood development. He also found that long-term devastation caused by deprivation led to psychological and emotional distress and in the worst circumstances, death. He found this through carrying out experiments on monkeys - ‘the monkey mother’ experiment. During this, he gave young monkeys the choice between 2 different mothers. One was made of terrycloth and provided no food and the other was made of wire but provided nourishment through an attached baby bottle. The experiment found that they spent more time with the cloth monkey than the wire one as they preferred the comfort, they received from the cloth one. They only went to the wire monkey for food.

Answer 108

Mary Ainsworth founded the attachment theory. She completed a study called ‘the strange situation’. She began creating assessments to measure attachments between a child and their mother and observed a child’s reaction when the mother leaves them alone in an unfamiliar room for a brief amount of time. In the study, children aged 12 to 18 months were briefly left alone and their reaction was then observed. They were also observed when the child and mother were together, when a stranger came in the room, when the parent briefly left and when they returned. From this, she found 3 main types of attachment. Secure attachment – seek comfort when frightened and prefer parents to strangers. Anxious-avoidant attachment – wary of strangers, show distress when a parent leaves, not comforted by a parents return. Anxious-resistant attachment – show little preference for parents over strangers and seek little comfort from their caregivers.

Answer 109

James and Joyce Robertson also founded an attachment theory through ‘young children in brief separation’. James Robertson filmed the reactions of children and hospital admissions. They became foster parents as part of the study and looked after 5 children between the ages of 18 and 36 months. 4 children’s mothers were being admitted to hospital to birth their second child. The 5th child was admitted to a residential nursery under similar circumstances. They found that young children who are separated from their mother experience a range of emotions, including sadness and aggression. They also found that the provision of a caring, positive environment can mitigate most adverse reactions to separation. Lastly, the provision of new care can provide new relationships.

Answer 110

Winnicott introduced the idea of transitional objects. He says that a transitional object is a hallucination taken for granted due to the immaturity of the child and ‘transition’ is from one kind of an experience to another. This can happen at times of anxiety and when it becomes important for the child to use it for their defence. Sometimes there won’t be any other transitional object for the child other than their mother. The child feels they have a right to this object.