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1
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Bacterial infection, affects primarily the lungs but other organs too
- wear gloves, eye protection, and an N-95 respirator

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2
Q

Croup

A

Edema and inflammation of the trachea, larynx, and throat
- usually seen in children between 6 months - 3 years of age
- cough sounds like a seal bark

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3
Q

Nasal cannula

A

Oxygen concentration between 24% - 44% in range of 1-6 L/Min
- for people who have trouble breathing

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4
Q

Non - rebreather

A

Allows patient to receive oxygen without inhaling exhaled air
- patient can breathe on their own

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5
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

Deep and fast breathing
- seen in metabolic acidosis

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6
Q

Ataxic respirations

A

Uneven or unidentified breathing pattern
- usually a result of a severe head injury/neuro

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7
Q

Normal vs. Abnormal breathing

A

Normal - respiratory rate 12-20 breathes per minute
Abnormal - respiratory rate of 12 breathes per minute, greater than 20 breathes per minute with dyspnea

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8
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Increased carbon dioxide levels in the body

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9
Q

How much saturation of oxygen do you try to achieve?

A

94% - 99%

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10
Q

How much saturation of oxygen do you try to achieve?

A

94% - 99%

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11
Q

Average adult tidal volume

A

500 mL

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12
Q

Aspirin (ASA)

A

Platelet Inhibitor
MOA: coats platelets to prevent additional clotting
Indications: chest pain that suggests an AMI
Dose: total dose of 324mg, usually tablets are 81mg, chewable
Contraindications: history of anaphylaxis to Aspirin or any NSAIDS, don’t use if GI upset, caution if patient is a severe asthmatic

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13
Q

Activated charcoal

A

Classification: absorbent
MOA: adsorbs substances from the small intestine preventing the absorption of material
Indications: most oral poisonings
Dose: 1-2 g/kg
Side effects: black tarry stool, nausea
Contraindications: decreased LOC, acids, alkalis, petroleum distillate, heavy metals

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14
Q

Bronchodilator (Albuterol)

A

Classification: smooth muscle relaxant
MOA: beta agonist, dilates bronchioles
Indications: bronchoconstriction (wheezing)
Dose: 2-3mg/3m for a Nebulizer, 1-2 puffs metered dose inhaler with a max dose of 3, waiting five minutes between each dose
Side effects: tachycardia, jitteriness, anxiety hypertension, hyperglycemia, reflex bronchoconstriction
Contraindications: tachydysrhythmias

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15
Q

Epinephrine

A

Classification: alpha and beta adrenergic agonists
MOA: vasoconstriction and bronchodilator
Indications: anaphylaxis
Dose: 0.3mg for adults, 0.15mg for pediatric patients, given intramuscularly, each dose repeated once every five minutes if no improvement is shown
Side effects: tachycardia, hypertension, anxiety, jitteriness
Contraindications: not in acute anaphylaxis

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16
Q

Oral glucose

A

Classification: hyperglycemic
MOA: gives rapidly absorbed glucose to cells
Indications: hypoglycemia, altered mental status
Dose: 12.5-25 grams, up to two doses
Contraindications: inability to safely swallow, unconscious

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17
Q

Nalaxone (Narcan)

A

Classification: opiate agonist
MOA: causes rapid removal of drugs attached to Mu receptors
Indications: suspected opiate overdose
Dose: 4-2 mg IV, IM, IN

18
Q

Nalaxone (Narcan)

A

Classification: opiate agonist
MOA: causes rapid removal of drugs attached to Mu receptors
Indications: suspected opiate overdose
Dose: 4-2 mg IV, IM, IN

19
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Classification: vasodilator
MOA: vasodilates all blood vessels
Indications: chest pain suggesting an AMI
Dose: 4-.6 sublingual tablets given up to three times, once every five minutes after checking stats
Side effects: flushing, hypotension, headache, tachycardia
Contraindications: hypotension, systolic blood pressure less than 100mmHg nationally or 120mmHg in Massachusetts, recent ED drug or phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor usage

20
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Classification: vasodilator
MOA: vasodilates all blood vessels
Indications: chest pain suggesting an AMI
Dose: 4-.6 sublingual tablets given up to three times, once every five minutes after checking stats
Side effects: flushing, hypotension, headache, tachycardia
Contraindications: hypotension, systolic blood pressure less than 100mmHg nationally or 120mmHg in Massachusetts, recent ED drug or phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor usage

21
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Pancreatic cells fail to function and insulin isn’t secreted normally
- usually prescribed synthetic insulin
- left untreated and there will be too much glucose in the blood, but not enough in the cells

22
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Known as “Non-insulin dependent diabetes” , body can’t use the insulin properly
- usually controlled by diet and oral meds, but sometimes given insulin

23
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Most common medical emergency in diabetics
- low blood sugar ( hypo = less )
- diabetic either takes too much insulin ( which lowers the blood sugar ), reduces sugar intake, over - exercises, or vomits
- usually altered mental status, often patient may be mistaken as drunk
Pale, sweaty, tachycardic, seizures, quick oral intake is critical

24
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood sugar ( hyper = more )
- usually caused by a lack of insulin, infection, stress, or increased dietary intake
- can be over days - weeks
Dehydration, altered mental status, tachycardia, rapid breathing, low blood pressure, increased urinating
- can lead to DKA*

25
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood sugar ( hyper = more )
- usually caused by a lack of insulin, infection, stress, or increased dietary intake
- can be over days - weeks
Dehydration, altered mental status, tachycardia, rapid breathing, low blood pressure, increased urinating
- can lead to DKA*

26
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA )

A

Common in type 2 diabetics / hyperglycemia
Dehydrated, altered mental status, sauces, increased urination, shock, fruity breath smell
Can lead to death if left untreated

27
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA )

A

Common in type 2 diabetics / hyperglycemia
Dehydrated, altered mental status, sauces, increased urination, shock, fruity breath smell
Can lead to death if left untreated

28
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA )

A

Common in type 2 diabetics / hyperglycemia
Dehydrated, altered mental status, sauces, increased urination, shock, fruity breath smell
Can lead to death if left untreated

29
Q

AEIOU tips ( altered mental status )

A

A - alcohol
E - epilepsy, endocrine, electrolytes
I - insulin
O - opiates or other drugs
U - uremia ( kidney failure )
T - trauma, temperature
I - infections
P - poisoning, psychogenic
S - shock, stroke, seizure, syncope, subcranioid hemorrhage

30
Q

Proximal / distal

A

Relationship between 2 areas on an extremity
Proximal - closer
Distal - further

Ex: two facial wounds, one proximal to the right eye, one distal to the right eye near the jaw

31
Q

Lateral / medial

A

Sides/positions relative to the midline of the body
- lateral is further (outside)
- medial is closer

Ex: wound located on the lateral thigh (outside the thigh), wound located on medial thigh (inner thigh)

32
Q

Superior / inferior

A

Superior is ant structure closer to the head from a point of reference, inferior is the lower part

Ex: the eyes are superior to the mouth, feet are inferior to the hips

33
Q

Superior / inferior

A

Superior is ant structure closer to the head from a point of reference, inferior is the lower part

Ex: the eyes are superior to the mouth, feet are inferior to the hips

34
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

Caused by many sources of infection
- viral can solve on its own, bacterial evolves quickly and can become life threatening
- neisseria meningitis bacteria causes rapid onset
Children with NM have small pinpoint cherry red spots that turn into a larger purple/black rash

35
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of meniges, membrane around the brain and spinal cord
- bacteria, parasites, fungi
Symptoms Cary depending on age, any age experiences fever and altered mental status
Less than 2-3 months - apnea, cyanosis, fever, high pitched cry, hypothermia
“Minigital irritation” terms to describe pain that accompanies movement

36
Q

Febrile seizures

A

Common in children ages between 6 months and 6 years of age
- when body temperature raises too quickly (a fever at least 100F or 38C or above)
- can be a sign of a more serious problem
- give cooling measures

37
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Blood doesn’t have enough oxygen, or breathing process doesn’t provide enough oxygen to the body

38
Q

Obstructive shock

A

Causes: pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade
- impedes flow of blood to/from the heart
- increased heart rate, vasoconstriction

39
Q

Neonate

A
  • birth - 30 days old
  • nose breathers, heart rate 100-205 BPM, respiratory rate 40-60 breathes per minute
    If HR below 100, ventilate 1 breath every 2-3 seconds
    If HR below 6, begin CPR
  • predisposed to hypothermia
    Fontanelles close at about 18 months
40
Q

Neonate

A
  • birth - 30 days old
  • nose breathers, heart rate 100-205 BPM, respiratory rate 40-60 breathes per minute
    If HR below 100, ventilate 1 breath every 2-3 seconds
    If HR below 6, begin CPR
  • predisposed to hypothermia
    Fontanelles close at about 18 months

Bems Flashcards (1 decks)

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