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Pharmacotherapeutics > All drugs > Flashcards

All drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Rapid acting Insulin

A

Humalog, Novalog, Aspridia

15 min, 2 hrs, 6 hrs

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2
Q

Humalog

A

Rapid Insulin

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3
Q

Novalog

A

Rapid Insulin

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4
Q

Aspridia

A

Rapid Insulin

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5
Q

Short acting “Regular”

A

Humulin R, Novolin R

30 min, 3-4 hrs, 12 hrs

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6
Q

Humulin R

A

Short

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7
Q

Novolin R

A

Short

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8
Q

Intermediate acting insulin (NPH)

A

Humulin N, Novolin N

60 min, 6 hrs, 24 hrs

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9
Q

Intermediate acting insulin

A

Humulin L

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10
Q

Long acting duration

A

Lasts 26 hrs

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11
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

Inc insulin secretion
Elevates serum glucose
DO NOT USE if pregnant
Oral

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12
Q

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

Dec. absorption of glucose
Delays digestion of complex carbs
Can cause hypoglycemia
Oral

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13
Q

Biguanide (Metformin)

A 
Does it all
Dec glucose absorption, Increases glucose by muscles and fat cells 
For those who are insulin resistant 
Not for hypoglycemics
Oral
CAN CAUSE lactic acidosis
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14
Q

Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)

A

Dec insulin resistance
Stimulate insulin receptors on muscle, fat and liver cells
Used on insulin resistant people

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15
Q

Meglitinides

A

Inc. secretion of insulin
Stimulate pancreas to make insulin
For those with elevated serum glucose
Take with FOOD

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16
Q

Amylin Analogs

A

Suppresses postprandial glucagon secretion, regulates postprandial rise in blood glucose, can cause hypoglycemia

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17
Q

Incretin Mimetics

A

Stimulate pancreas to secrete insulin based on food eaten

“mimics the insulin needed for the food you eat”

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18
Q

Dipepyidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors

A

Prolonged action of incretin hormones
Balances release of insulin, limits excess glucose by the liver
Linked to inc, beta cell neogenesis

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19
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

levels above 126 mg/dL OR above 7 mmol/l

Dry mouth, increased thirst, blurred vision, weakness, headache, frequent urination

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20
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Levels below 70 mg/dL OR below 4 mmol/l

Sleepiness, sweating, pallor, lack of coordination, irritability, hunger

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21
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Autoimmune

Destroyed pancreatic beta cells, difficult to control

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22
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Gradual insulin resistance
Hyperglycemia
Obesity = main factor

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23
Q

Hemoglobin A1C normal percent

A

7%, 5.5% - 7% = pre-diabetic

Reflects amount fo hemoglobin with sugars attached to it (glycated)

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24
Q

Levothyroxine

A

Inc metabolic rate in body tissue
Can cause hyperthyroid, tachycardia , cardiac dysrhythmias, angina, M.I, heart failure, nervousness, insomnia, diarrhea, cramps, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, fever

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25
Q

Synthroid, Levoxyl, Eltroxin

A

Types of hypothyroid drugs under “Levothyroxine”

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26
Q

Propylthiouracil

A

Hyperthyroid drug
Inhibits production of thyroid hormone so T4 cannot convert to active T3
Causes bradycardia, heart failure, anemia, CAD, PVD, slow speech, slow body mvmt, constipation, sleepiness, increased weight gain, constipation

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27
Q

Goiter patho

A

Iodine deficiency

Enlarged thyroid gland

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28
Q

Propanolol

A

Treats headaches, migrains, chronic chest pain and heart attacks
Beta Blocker
Helps with palpitations and tremors with hyperthyroidism

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29
Q

Synthroid

A

Treats hypothyroidism

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30
Q

Adrenal insufficiency leads to…

A

Addisons disease which is failure to produce adequate cortisol (feedback mechanism doesn’t work)
Prednisone can cause “moon face” when given for hypocortisol

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31
Q

Adrenal cortex destruction can be due to….

A

Autoimmune, tumor, infection, trauma, hemorrhage

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32
Q

Ketoconazole

A

Cushings Disease
Excess cortisol
Take with food
Can cause hepatotoxicity, abdominal pain, pruritis, sedation, N & V, Abdominal pain
Antifungal
Monitor blood sugar, Report side effects
Increase calcium intake

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33
Q

What drug prevents conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol in Cushings Disease

A

Ketoconazole

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34
Q

Addisonian crisis: patho

A

Acute insufficiency of cortisol and requires immediate treatment
Rapid osnet

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35
Q

Cushings Disease treatment

A

Drug, Surgical or Radiation therapy

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36
Q

Buffalo hump, moon face, fragile skin, purple striae, bruises, impaired wound healing, thin hair, Depression, Inc. glucose levels, Osteoporosis, Peptic ulcers

A

Cushings Disease

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37
Q

Lethargy, Weakness, Fever, Anorexia, N & V, Hyperkalemia, Hypoglycemia, Na+ loss —> Cardiovascular collapse and shock

A

Addisons Disease

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38
Q

Hydrocortisone

A

Used for addisons disease
Lifetime hormone replacement needed
mineralcorticoids and adrenocorticoids replaced
No LIVE vaccines
Side effects: BP fluctuation, shock, dysrhythmias, M.I, Vertigo, Fragile skin, Ulcers, Immunosuppression

39
Q

Anticholinergic

A

Inhibit involuntary muscle movements and various bodily functions
Only used if intolerant to levodopa
Occupy receptor sites to prevent response to acetycholine
Relieves urinary incontinence

40
Q

Parkinsons Disease Patho

A

Imbalance neurotransmitters in basal ganglia which include dopamine and acetylcholine, Loss of substantia nigra due to depletion of dopamine

41
Q

Resting Tremor with “pill rolling” sign, Mask like face, soft speaking voice, Akinesia, Bradykinesia

A

Parkinsons Disease

42
Q

Dopamine receptor agonists

A

Levodopa-carbidopa

43
Q

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMI) Inhibitors – other drug names

A

Tolcapone (Tasmar), Entacapone (Stalevo)

44
Q

COMI

A

Treats symptoms of parkinsons like tremors
Inhibits metabolism of Levodopa
Can cause liver failure
Discontinue if no progress within 3 weeks

45
Q

Dopaminergics

A

Inc. dopamine in the brain

Contraindications: hypersensitivity to meds, narrow angle glaucoma, malignant melanoma,PUD, CVD

46
Q

Levodopa -Carbidopa

A

Metabolic precursor of dopamine, so converts dopamine in brain
Hallucinations are common
Dont use with hepatic impaired
Only for severe symptoms
Contraindications: malignant melanoma, narrow angle glaucoma (b/c dilates pupils and inc. pressure)

47
Q

Atropine

A 
Eye drops
Anticholinergic effect
Blocks acetylcholine 
Reduces stress secretions 
Inc. chances of everything (prostate inc. ulcerative colitis, numbness, thyroid issues, HTN, hernia, reflux, asthma, irregular heartbeat
48
Q

COMT

A

Inhibits metabolism of levodopa in the periphery

49
Q

Ligands

A

Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, norepinephrine and binds to receptors int he ANS

50
Q

Agonists

A

Bind to receptors and alter the function to trigger pathological response

51
Q

Antagonists

A

Bind to receptor but fail to activate the physiologic response

52
Q

Signal transduction

A

Cascade of intracellular events that occur when receptors located on target tissues are stimulated by a ligand

53
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory, regulated communication between brain and nervous system

54
Q

Dopamine activates which receptors

A

Activates Alpha 1 and Beta 1 receptors

They are impacted by norepinephrine or epinephrine

55
Q

Serotonin

A

Appetite and Mood regulator

56
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Skeletal muscle

57
Q

ANS

A

Controls involuntary activities ins smooth muscle, secretory glands and visceral like the heart
Homeostasis, stress response, body tissue repair,
SNS and PNS

58
Q

SNS

A

Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, pupil dilation, metabolism, blood flow, respiration depth

59
Q

CNS

A

Controls most functions of the body and mind containing the brain and spinal cord

60
Q

PNS

A

Nerves and ganglia outside the brian and spinal cord

61
Q

Fight or Flight

A

Triggered by SNS
Dilated pupils, dry mouth, tense, heart pounding, sweating, slow digestion
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

62
Q

A1,B1,A2,B2 Receptors

A

A1: contraction of heart
A2: contraction of lungs
B1: dilation of heart
B2: dilation of lungs

63
Q

Dilantin

A

Stabilizes neuronal membranes to delay influx of sodium ions into the neurons preventing excitability
Controls different types of seizures
Can cause: Ataxia (poor coordination), drowsiness, lethargy, N & V, gingival hyperplasia, osteoporosis, Steven johnson syndrome
IV NEVER GIVEN IN HAND b/c purple glove syndrome (give over 1 hr min.)

64
Q

Flexeril

A

Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant given short term ORALLY
Provides relaxation by acting on brainstem and spinal cord to depress motor activity
Can cause: drowsiness, dizziness, anticholinergic effects

65
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure

A

Grand Mal seizures
Most common
Stiffening-twitching/jerking
May start with simple/partial seizure

66
Q

Absence seizure

A

Alter in consciousness

67
Q

Myoclonic seizure

A

Contraction of muscle or group of muscles

68
Q

Status epilepticus

A

Life threatening usually due to abrupt cessation of AED
Occurs in intervals of tonic-clonic seizures without regaining consciousness
Permanent brain damage
CharacteristicsL hypotension, hypoxia, cardiac dysrhythmias

69
Q

Pregnancy risk of AED

A

Birth defects; neural tube, facial clefts, hypospadias

70
Q

Benzodiazepines (diazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam)

A

Given for status epilepticus

71
Q

Baclofen (Gablofen)

A

Alleviates signs and symptoms of spasticityin patients with MS, Spinal cord injuries
Agonist to GABA
If given via intrathecal pump should be given in the spinal canal
DO NOT STOP taking abruptly
Oral acts in an hour

72
Q

Drug given to treat malignant hyperthermia

A

Dantrolene sodium (Dantrium, Revonto, Ryanodex)

73
Q

Diuretic purpose

A

Treat fluid volume excess, increase urine formation and output and secretion of water, sodium and electrolytes

74
Q

Loop diuretic

A

Lasix

75
Q

Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid, Torsemide

A

Lasix

76
Q

Osmotic diuretic

A

Mannitol

77
Q

Lasix (Furosimide)

A

Oral or IV (given to children often)
Works 30-60 min
Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending lib of the loop of henle
Use when creatinine clearance lower than 30 mL/min
Can cause fluid/electrolyte imbalance, OTOTOXICITY (plasma drug level is high)
NOT potassium sparing so take potassium
LIMIT sodium intake
DO NOT TAKE IF: Anuria, pregnancy, sensitivity

78
Q

Potassium normal lab values

A

3.5 - 5 mEq/L

79
Q

HCTZ “Hydrochlorothiazide”

A

Most common diuretic
Long term management of heart failure and hypertension
Use if you have adequate urine output
Decrease reabsorption of sodium, water, chloride and bicarbonate in distal tubules
ONLY THIAZIDE GIVEN IV
Can cause hypo everything

80
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Push water and electrolytes to bowmans capsule to proximal tubules

81
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Indicates movement of substances from tubule into peritubular capillaries, re absorption in proximal tubules

82
Q

Tubular secretions

A

Movement of substances from blood in peritubular capillaries to glomerular filtrate flowing through renal tubules
Secretion occurs in proximal tubules (uric acid, creatinine, hydrogen, ammonia) and distal (potassium, hydrogen, ammonia)

83
Q

Prevacid

A

PPI
Lansoprazole is the generic name
Inhibits gastric acid secretions for a longer period of time and provides faster symptom relief
Similar to H2RAs

84
Q

PUD

A

Heliobacter pylori and NSAIDS
Anywhere in duodenum, esophagus, GI mucosa
Causes bloating, pain, fullness, intolerance, heartburn, nausea

85
Q

Antacids

A

Neutralize gastric acid

86
Q

H2RA “H2 antagonist”

A

inhibit both basal secretion of gastric acid and the secretion stimulated by histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin

87
Q

PPIs

A

Omeprazole, Esomerazole, Lansoprazole

88
Q

Non prescription substances used to reduce N & V

A

Acupuncture, Acupressure, Herbal supplements

89
Q

Zofran

A

Prototype of 5-HT3 antagonist “Ondansetron”
Oral or IV
Given for postoperative N & V
Antagonize serotonin receptors preventing their activation by the effects of emetogenic drugs of toxins

90
Q

What Induces vomiting?

A

Activation of CTZ
5-HT3
Smells, Foods, Ipecac

91
Q

Neurotransitters associated with nausea and vomiting

A 
Muscarinic (M1)
Dopamine (D1)
Histamine ( H1)
5 - Hydroxytryptamine 3 (5 -HT3)
Neurokin 1 (NK1)
92
Q

Vistaril

A 
Antihistamine under class of "Hydroxyzine"
Can cause anticholinergic effects including drowsiness, dizziness, confusion
93
Q

Promethazine

A

Under class phenothiazines
CNS depressant used for N&V
Can cause blurry vision, urinary retention, dry mouth, photosensitivity , drowsiness, confusion
Small doses
Not for children under 2 or elderly w/ dementia
Given I.M, NEVER subcutaneous

94
Q

Dronabinol

A

Active ingredient in “Marinol”
THC
Last resort drug to treat appetite loss and weight loss with HIV patients and N&V in chemo patients
Can cause drowsiness, confusion, “High” feeling, GI issues, V & N
Can be addictive, Do not take if hypersensitive to Dronabinol or sesame oil

Pharmacotherapeutics (1 decks)

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