All Drugs Flashcards
Diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, chlorpheniramine
1) Use: Allergy, motion sickness, sleep aid 2) Class/MOA: H1 blockers 1st generation/ Reverisble inhibitors of H1 histamine receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: sedation, antimuscarinic, anti alpha andrenergic 4) Fun Facts: Names contain “-en/-ine” or “-en/-ate”
Leuprolide
1) Use: Infertility (Pulsatile), Prostate Cancer (continuous + flutamide), uterine fibroids (continuous), precocious puberty (continuous) 2) Class/MOA: GnRH analog, pulsatile use=agonist properties, continous use=antagonist properites because downregulates GnRH receptor in pituitary causing decrease FSH/LH 3) Side effects/ADEs: Antiandrogen, N/V 4) Fun Facts Leuprolide can be used in lieu of GnRH
Mannitol
1) Use: Shock, drug overdose 2) Class/MOA: Osmotic diuretic 3) Side effects/ADEs: Pulmonary edema, dehydration, CHF, contraindicated in anuria 4) Fun Facts:
Trifluoperazine
1) Use: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, tourrettes 2) Class/MOA: High potency, typical, antipsychotic. Block D2 receptor 3) Side effects/ADEs: Mostly EPS (dyskinesia) b/c high potency 4) Fun Facts: Neurolepic malignant syndrome is dangerous toxicity of all antipsychotic
Methotrexate (MTX)
1) CA: leukemia, lymphoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma; non-CA: abortion, ectopic preg, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis 2) folate analog: inhibits DHFR –> decr dTMP –> decr DNA + protein syn 3) myelosuppression (reverse w/ leucovorin); macrovesicular fatty liver change; mucositis; teratogenic 4) S-phase specific
Epinephrine (in Neurology)
1) Use: Glaucoma 2) Class/MOA: alpha agonist, decreases aqueous humor synthesis due to vasoconstriction 3) Side effects/ADEs: Mydriasis, stinging: do not use in closed glaucoma 4) Fun Facts
Aspirin
1) Use: Low dose (s syndrome in children with viral infections. 4) Fun Facts
Cimetidine
1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, mild esophageal reflux 2) H2 blocker: reversibly blocks histamine H2 receptor –> decr H+ secretion by parietal cell 3) potent cyt P450 inhibitor (Rx interactions); anti-androgenic effects (prolactin release, gynecomastia, impotence, decr libido in males); can X BBB (confusion, dizziness, HA) + placenta; decr renal exretion of Cr 4) N/A
Lispro
1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Rapid-acting
Antimicrobial
-azole, -cillin, -cycline, -navir
Nifedipine
1) HTN, angina, Prinzmetal’s angina, Raynaud’s 2)Ca2+ Channel Blockers/Block voltgae dependent L-type Ca2+ channel of cardiac and smooth muscle and thereby reduce muscle contractility -more vascular sm. muscle effects 3)Cardiac depression, AV block, peripheral edema, flushing, dizziness, constipation
Bethanchol
1) Activates Bowel and Bladder smooth m. Post-op and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention. 2) Direct Cholinomimetic. 4) Resistant to AchE.
Mineral/Vitamin: Ferrous Sulfate
1) Use: Iron defiecnt anemia 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: Constipation 4) Fun Facts
Heparin
1) immediate anticoag for PE, ACS, MI, DVT (pregnancy safe) 2) Anti-thrombin: antithrombin cofactor –> decr thrombin* + decr factor Xa 3) toxicity: bleeding, HIT, osteoporosis, Rx interactions; protamine sulfate antidote (pos charge molec that binds neg charge heparin) 4) short 1/2 life
Penicillin G
1) Gram-positive organisms (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Actinomyces) & syphillis; Bactericidal for gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods, gram-negative cocci, & spirochetes; Not penicillinase resistant 2) IV Penicillin (Prototype Beta-lactam abx;Non-penicillinase resistant); Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes 3) Hypersensitivity rxns; Hemolytic anemia 4) Resistance: Beta-lactamases cleave Beta-lactam ring
Immunosuppressants
Cyclosporine Tacrolimus (FK-506) Sirolimus (rapamycin) Azathioprine Muromonab-CD3 (OKT3)
Tox: Acetaminophen
Rx: N-acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione)
Loratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, cetirizine
1) Use: Allergy 2) Class/MOA: H1 blockers 2nd generation/reversible inhibitors of H1 histamine receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Less sedating than 1st generation because of decreased entry into CNS 4) Fun Facts: Name usually ends in “-adine”
Testosterone, methyltestosterone
1) Use: Hypogonadism, development secondary sex characteristics, stimulates anabolism to promote recovery after burn or injury 2) Class/MOA: Agonist at androgen receptor 3) Side effects/ADEs: Masculinization in females, reduces intratesticular testoerone b/c inhibit relase of LH causing gonadal atropy, premature closing epiphyseal plate, increase LDH, decrease HDL
Acetazolamide
1) Use: Glaucoma, urinary alkalinization, metabolic alkalosis, altitude sickness 2) Class/MOA: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, prevents bicarb reabsorption in PCT 3) Side effects/ADEs: hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, neuropathy, NH3 toxicity, sulfa allergy 4) Fun Facts: ACIDazolamide causes ACIDosis
Fluphenazine
1) Use: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, tourrettes 2) Class/MOA: High potency, typical, antipsychotic. Block D2 receptor 3) Side effects/ADEs: Mostly EPS (dyskinesia) b/c high potency 4) Fun Facts: Neurolepic malignant syndrome is dangerous toxicity of all antipsychotic
5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
1) colon CA, basal cell carcinoma (topical) 2) pyrimidine analog bioactivated to 5F-dUMP (covalently complexes folate) –> complex inhibits thymidylate synthase –> decr dTMP –> decr DNA + protein syn 3) myelosuppression (not reversible w/ leucovorin); OD rescue w/ thymidine; photosensitivity 4) S-phase specific
Brimonide (in neurology)
1) Use: Glaucoma 2) Class/MOA: Alpha agonist, decreases aqueous humor synthesis 3) Side effects/ADEs: no pupillary of vision changes 4) Fun Facts
NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, ketorolac)
1) Use: Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory. Indomethacin is used to close a PDA. 2) Class/MOA: Reversibly inhibits cycooxygenase (both COX-1 and COX-2). Block prostaglandin synthesis. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Renal damage, fluid retention, aplastic anemia, GI distress, ulcers. 4) Fun Facts
Ranitidine
1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, mild esophageal reflux 2) H2 blocker: reversibly blocks histamine H2 receptor –> decr H+ secretion by parietal cell 3) decr renal exretion of Cr 4) N/A
Aspart
1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Rapid-acting
-azole
Antifungal Ex: Ketoconazole
Verapamil
1) HTN, angina, arrhythmias, Prinzmetal’s angina, Raynaud’s, nodal arrhythmias (SVT) 2)Anti-arrhythmics: Ca2+ Channel Blockers(Class IV)/Block voltgae dependent L-type Ca2+ channel of cardiac and smooth muscle and thereby reduce muscle contractility -more heart effects – decrease conduction velocity, increase ERP and PR interval 3)Cardiac depression, AV block, peripheral edema, flushing, dizziness, constipation
Carbachol
1) Glaucoma, pupillary contraction, and relief of intraocular pressure. 2) Direct Cholinomimetic. 4) Carbon copy of Ach
Mineral/Vitamin: Iron dextran = Iron sucrose
1) Use: FE Deficency Anemia 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: anaphalazis 4) Fun Facts
Enoxaparin
1) immediate anticoag for PE, ACS, MI, DVT (pregnancy safe) 2) LMWH antithrombin: act more on factor Xa 3) toxicity but less risk than heparin: bleeding, HIT, osteoporosis, Rx interactions; no antidote 4) compared to heparin: better bioavail, 2~4x longer 1/2 life; sub-Q; no need to monitor
Penicillin V
1) Gram-positive organisms (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Actinomyces) & syphillis; Bactericidal for gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods, gram-negative cocci, & spirochetes; Not penicillinase resistant 2) PO Penicillin (Prototype Beta-lactam abx;Non-penicillinase resistant); Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes 3) Hypersensitivity rxns; Hemolytic anemia 4) Resistance: Beta-lactamases cleave Beta-lactam ring
Cyclosporine
- Post-transplant immunosuppression; select autoimmune disorders 2. Binds to cyclophilins. Complex blocks differentiation and activation of Tcells–> inhibiting calcineurin–> preventing production of IL-2 and its receptor 3. Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, tremor, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism 4. Think old man with diabetes who wants to look good for his date so he put in dentures and got hair plugs: old (renal failure, HTN, cholesterol), diabetes (hyperglycemia), dentures (gum hyperplasia), hair plugs (hirsutism, and he is taking the drug because of his hair transplant)
Tox: Salicylates
Rx: NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine), dialysis
Albuterol
1) Use: Asthma, acute exacerbation 2) Class/MOA: Beta 2 agonist, relaxes broncial smooth muscle 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Finasteride
1) Use: BPH, hair growth male pattern baldness 2) Class/MOA: Antiandrogen/5alpha reductase inhibitor (decrease conversion of testosterone to DHT) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Female breast growth
Furosemide
1) Use: Edema (CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, pulmonary edema), HTN, hypercalcemia 2) Class/MOA: Loop diuretic. Inhibits cotransport system (Na, K, 2Cl) of thick ascnding limb, preventing solutes from entering medulla. Prevents concentration of urine. Stimulates PGE release for vasodilation. Increases calcium release. 3) Side effects/ADEs: OH DANG! (Ototoxicity, hypokalameia, dehydration, allergy-sulfa, nephritis, gout) 4) Fun Facts: Inhibited by NSAIDS
Haloperidol
1) Use: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, tourrettes 2) Class/MOA: High potency, typical, antipsychotic. Block D2 receptor 3) Side effects/ADEs: Mostly EPS (dyskinesia) b/c high potency 4) Fun Facts: Neurolepic malignant syndrome is dangerous toxicity of all antipsychotic
Cytarabine (arabinofuranosyl cytidine)
1) leukemia, lymphoma 2) pyrimidine analog –> inhibit DNA polymerase 3) leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia 4) S-phase specific
Timolol, betazolol, carteolol (in neurology)
1) Use: Glaucoma 2) Class/MOA: Beta blocker, decreases aqueous humor secretion 3) Side effects/ADEs: no pupillary or vision changes 4) Fun Facts
COX-2 Inhibitor (celecoxib)
1) Use: Rheumatoid and osteoarthritis; patients with gastritis or ulcers. 2) Class/MOA: Reversibly inhibits the cycooxygenase (COX) isoform 2, which is found in inflammatory cells and vascular endothelium and mediates inflammation and pain; spares COX-1, which maintains the gastric mucosa. Thus, should not have the corrosive effects of other NSAIDs on the GI lining. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Increased risk of thrombosis. Sulfa allergy. Less toxicity to GI mucosa (lower incidence of ulcers, bleeding than NSAIDs). 4) Fun Facts
Famotidine
1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, mild esophageal reflux 2) H2 blocker: reversibly blocks histamine H2 receptor –> decr H+ secretion by parietal cell 3) decr renal exretion of Cr 4) N/A
Glulisine
1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Rapid-acting
-cillin
Penicillin Ex: Methicillin
Diltiazem
1) HTN, angina, arrhythmias, Prinzmetal’s angina, Raynaud’s, nodal arrhythmias (SVT) 2)Anti-arrhythmics: Ca2+ Channel Blockers (Class IV)/Block voltgae dependent L-type Ca2+ channel of cardiac and smooth muscle and thereby reduce muscle contractility -more heart effects – decrease conduction velocity, increase ERP and PR interval 3)Cardiac depression, AV block, peripheral edema, flushing, dizziness, constipation
Pilocarpine
1) Potent stim of sweat, tears, saliva. Contracts ciliary m of eye (open angle) and pupillary sphincter (narrow angle) 2) Direct Cholinomimetic 4) Resistant to AchE
Mineral/Vitamin: Folic Acid
1) Use: PND, traumatic cardiac hemolytic anemia, folate defiency (alcoholism) 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Dalteparin
1) immediate anticoag for PE, ACS, MI, DVT (pregnancy safe) 2) LMWH antithrombin: act more on factor Xa 3) toxicity but less risk than heparin: bleeding, HIT, osteoporosis, Rx interactions; no antidote 4) compared to heparin: better bioavail, 2~4x longer 1/2 life; sub-Q; no need to monitor
Methicillin
1) S. aureua (except MRSA; resistant d/t altered PNC-binding protein target site) 2) PNC-Resistant PNCs; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Narrow spectrum; Penicillinase resistant b/c of bulkier R-group 3) Hypersensitivity rxns; Interstitial nephritis (Methicillin specific)
Tacrolimus (FK-506)
- Post- organ transplant immunosuppression; POTENT 2. Binds to FK protein->inhibiting calcineurin->preventing IL-2 3. Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, tremor 4. Think old with diabetes who is nervous because he is super sick: old (renal failure, HTN, cholesterol), diabetes (hyperglycemia), nervous (tremor), super sick (strong immunosuppressant)
Tox: Amphetamines (basic)
Rx: NH4Cl (acidify urine)
Salmeterol, formoterol
1) Use: Asthma, prophylaxis 2) Class/MOA: Beta 2 agonist, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, long acting 3) Side effects/ADEs: Tremor, arrhythmia 4) Fun Facts
Flutamide
1) Use: Prostate carcinoma 2) Class/MOA: Antiandrogen/ nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor of androgesn at testosterone receptor
Ethacrynic acid
1) Use: Diuresis for people with sulfa allergies 2) Class/MOA: Phenoxyacetic acid derivative. Inhibits Na, K, Cl cotransporter in ascending limb 3) Side effects/ADEs: OH DANG! (Same as furosemide) 4) Fun Facts: Same MOA as furosemide. Can be used in hyperuricemia
Chlorpromazine
1) Use: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, tourrettes 2) Class/MOA: Low potency, typical, antipsychotic. Block D2 receptor 3) Side effects/ADEs: blocking muscarinics (dry mouth), from blocking alpha 1 (hypotension), from blocking histamine (sedation), Neuroloeptic malignant syndromey 4) Fun Facts: Neurolepic malignant syndrome is dangerous toxicity of all antipsychotic
Azathioprine
1) leukemias 2) purine (thiol) analog –> decr de novo purine syn 3) BM, GI, liver; metabolized by xanthine oxidase so incr toxicity w/ allopurinol 4) S-phase specific; activated by HGPRT
Acetazolamide (in Neurology)
1) Use: Glaucoma 2) Class/MOA: Diuretic, decreases aqueous humor secretion due to decreased HCO3- (via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase) 3) Side effects/ADEs: No pupillary or vision changes 4) Fun Facts
Acetaminophen
1) Use: Antipyretic, analgesic, but lacking anti-inflammatory properties. Used instead of aspirin to prevent Reye’s syndrome in children with viral infections. 2) Class/MOA: Reversibly inhibits cycooxygenase, mostly CNS. Inactivated peripherally. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Overdose produces hepatic necrosis, acetaminophen metabolite depletes glutathione and forms toxic tissue adducts in the liver. N-aceylcystine is antidote - regenerates glutathione. 4) Fun Facts
Nizatidine
1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, mild esophageal reflux 2) H2 blocker: reversibly blocks histamine H2 receptor –> decr H+ secretion by parietal cell 3) decr renal exretion of Cr 4) N/A
Regular
1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Short-acting
-cycline
Antibiotic, protein synthesis inhibitor Ex: Tetracycline
Amlodipine
1) HTN, angina, arrhythmias, Prinzmetal’s angina, Raynaud’s 2)Ca2+ Channel Blockers/Block voltgae dependent L-type Ca2+ channel of cardiac and smooth muscle and thereby reduce muscle contractility -more vascular smooth muscle effects 3)Cardiac depression, AV block, peripheral edema, flushing, dizziness, constipation
Methacholine
1) Challenge test –> dx of asthma. 2) Direct Cholinomimetic, stim muscarinic r in airway
Mineral/Vitamin: Vitamin B12
1) Use: Pernicious Anemia 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Lepirudin
1) immediate anticoag for pts w/ HIT 2) antithrombin 3) N/A 4) deriv of hirudin (leeches)
Nafcillin
1) S. aureua (except MRSA; resistant d/t altered PNC-binding protein target site) 2) PNC-Resistant PNCs; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Narrow spectrum; Penicillinase resistant b/c of bulkier R-group 3) Hypersensitivity rxns 4) Use naf for staph!
Sirolimus (rapamycin)
- Immunosuppression post-KIDNEY transplant (Give with cyclosporine); used with drug-eluting stents 2. Inhibits mTOR. Decreased cell proliferation in response to IL-2 3. Hyperlipidemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia 4. SIROlimus= SERIOUS complications: immunosuppression
Tox: AchE inhibitors, organophosphates
Rx: Atropine, Pralidoxime
Ipratropium
1) Use: asthma, COPD (tiotropium) 2) Class/MOA: Long Acting muscarinic antagonist/ competeitve block of muscarinic receptors, prevents bronchoconstriction 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Ketoconazole
1) Use: Polycystic ovarian syndrome to prevent hirsutism 2) Class/MOA: Antiandrogen/ inhibits 17,20 desmolase and inhibits steroid synthesis 3) Side effects/ADEs: Gynecomastia and amenorrhea
Hydrochlorothiazide
1) Use: HTN, CHF, idiopathic hypercalciuria, nephrogenic DI 2) Class/MOA: Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in early DCT, limiting diluting capacity. Decrease calcium excretion. 3) Side effects/ADEs: HyperGLUC (hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hpercalcemia). Hypokalemic matabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia, sulfa allergy. 4) Fun Facts:
Thioridazine
1) Use: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, tourrettes 2) Class/MOA: Low potency, typical, antipsychotic. Block D2 receptor 3) Side effects/ADEs: blocking muscarinics (dry mouth), from blocking alpha 1 (hypotension), from blocking histamine (sedation), Neuroloeptic malignant syndromey 4) Fun Facts: Neurolepic malignant syndrome is dangerous toxicity of all antipsychotic
6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)
1) leukemias 2) purine (thiol) analog –> decr de novo purine syn 3) BM, GI, liver; metabolized by xanthine oxidase so incr toxicity w/ allopurinol 4) S-phase specific; activated by HGPRT
Direct Cholinomimetics (pilocarpine, carbachol) or Indirect Cholinomimetics (physostigmine, ecchothiophate)
1) Use: Glaucoma 2) Class/MOA: Cholinomimetics, increases the outflow of the aqueous humor; contract ciliary muscle and open trabecular meshwork; use pilocarpine in emergencies, very effective at opening meshwork into canal of Schlemm 3) Side effects/ADEs: Miosis, cyclospasm 4) Fun Facts
Bisphosphonates (Etidronate, pmidronate, alendronate, risedronate, zoledronate (IV))
1) Use: Maligancy associated hypercalcemia, Paget’s diseases of the bone, postmenopausal osteoproposis. 2) Class/MOA: Inhibit osteoclastic activity; reduces both formation and resorption of hydroxyapatite. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Corrosive esophagitis (except zoledronate), nausea, diarrhea, osteonecrosis of the jaw. 4) Fun Facts
Omeprazole
1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal reflux, Zollinger-Ellison syn 2) proton pump inhibitor: irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells 3) incr risk fo C. difficile infct + pneumonia; hip fractures; decr serum Mg2+ w/ long-term use 4) N/A
NPH
1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Intermediate
-navir
Antibiotic, protease inhibitor Ex: Saqyubavir
Hydralazine
1)Severe HTN (pregnancy), CHF, reflex tachycardia (w/ beta-blocker) 2)Increase cGMP to cause sm. muscle relaxation -vasodilates arterioles > veins -Afterload reduction 3) Compensatory tachycardia, fluid retention, nausea, headache, angina, lupus-like syndrome 4) Contraindicated in angina and CAD
Neostigmine
1) Post-op and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, reversal of neuromuscular jxn blockade (post-op). 2) Indirect Cholinomimetic; increases Ach. 4) No CNS penetration
Desferrioxamine (Deferoozamine or Desferal)
1) Use: Thalasemias, or other disease with regular blood transfusions - helps avoid iron overload (causes cirrhosis, CHF, DM) 2) Class/MOA: IRON CHELATOR (NOT ORAL!) 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Bivalirudin
1) immediate anticoag for pts w/ HIT 2) antithrombin 3) N/A 4) deriv of hirudin (leeches)
Dicloxacillin
1) S. aureua (except MRSA; resistant d/t altered PNC-binding protein target site) 2) PNC-Resistant; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Narrow spectrum; Penicillinase resistant b/c of bulkier R-group 3) Hypersensitivity rxns
Azathioprine
- Immunosuppression post-KIDNEY transplant; autoimmune disorders (including glomerulonephritis and hemolytic anemia) 2. Antimetabolite. Blocks 6-mercaptopurine synth-> decreased synthesis of nucleic acids. Toxic to proliferating lymphocytes. 3. Bone marrow suppression. 4. Active metabolite (mercaptopurine) is metabolized by xanthine oxidase so more toxic when given with allopurinol
Tox: Antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agents
Rx: Physostigmine salicylate, control hyperthermia
Beclomethasone, fluticasone
1) Use: 1st line for chronic asthma 2) Class/MOA: Corticosteroid/ inhibits the synthesis of virtually all cytokines. Inactivates NFkB transcription factor for production of TNF alpha, among other inflammatory agents 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Sprionolactone
1) Use: Polycytic ovarian syndrome prevent hirsuitsm 2) Class/MOA: Antiandrogen/inhibits steroid binding 3) Side effects/ADEs: Gynecomastia and amenorrhea
Spironolactone
1) Use: Hyperaldosteronism, K+ depletion, CHF 2) Class/MOA: K+ sparing diuretic. Spironolactone is a competitive aldosterone receptor antagonist in cortical collecting duct. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), endocrine effects (gynecomastia and other androgen effects) 4) Fun Facts: The K+ STAys (Spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride)
Olanzapine
1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette’s 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals. Olanzapine specific: weight gain 4) Fun Facts:
6-thioguanine (6-TG)
1) leukemias 2) purine (thiol) analog –> decr de novo purine syn 3) BM, GI, liver; metabolized by xanthine oxidase so incr toxicity w/ allopurinol 4) S-phase specific; activated by HGPRT
Latanoprost (PGF 2 alpha)
1) Use: Glaucoma 2) Class/MOA: Prostaglandin, increase the outflow of aqueous humor 3) Side effects/ADEs: darkens color of iris (browning) 4) Fun Facts
Chronic Gout Drug (Probenecid)
1) Use: Chronic Gout (urate lowering therapy) 2) Class/MOA: Inhibits resorption of uric acid in the PCT (also inhibits secretion of penicillin) 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Lansoprazole
1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal reflux, Zollinger-Ellison syn 2) proton pump inhibitor: irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells 3) incr risk fo C. difficile infct + pneumonia; hip fractures; decr serum Mg2+ w/ long-term use 4) N/A
Glargine
1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Long-acting
CNS
-triptan, -ane, -caine, -operidol, -azine, -barbital, -zolam, -azepam, -etine, -ipramine, -trptyline
Nitroprusside
1)Malignant HTN 2)Increases cGMP via direct release of NO; short acting 3) Cyanide toxicity
Pyridostigmine
1) Myasthenia gravis (long acting) 2) Indirect Cholinomimetic; increases Ach, increases strength. 4) No CNS penetration
Deferasirox (EXJADE)
1) Use: Thalasemias, or other disease with regular blood transfusions - helps avoid iron overload (causes cirrhosis, CHF, DM) 2) Class/MOA: Iron Cheltors ORAL 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Warfarin (Coumadin)
1) chronic anticoag: post STEMI, VTE prophylaxis, prevent stroke in afib (teratogenic) 2) antiplt: interfere w/ nl syn + carboyxlation of vit-K clotting factors (1972: X, IX, VII, II) + proteins C, S 3) bleeding, teratogenic, skin/tissue necrosis*, Rx interactions; give vit K for OD, give FFP for severe OD 4) cyt P450 met; incr PT (extrinsic path); long 1/2 life; follow PT/INR; PO
Ampicillin
1) Extended-spectrum PNC–Haemophilus influenza, E. Coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella, enterococci (HELPSS kill enterococci) 2) AminoPNCs; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Wider spectrum; Penicillinase sensitive. Also combine w/ clavulonic acid to protect against Beta-lactamase. 3) Hypersensitivity rxs; Ampicillin rash; Pseudomemranous colitis 4) Resistance: Beta-lactamases cleave Beta-lactam ring
Muromonab-CD3 (OKT3)
- Immunosuppression post-KIDNEY transplant 2. Monoclonal antibody to CD3 on T-cells. Blocks interaction with CD3 responsible for T-cell signal transduction 3. Cytokine release syndrome, hypersensitivity reaction 4. Antibodies= hypersensitivity, hypersensitivity= cytokine release -nab= monocolonal antibody therapy (usually)
Tox: B-blockers
Rx: Glucagon
Montelukast, zafirlukast
1) Use: Block Asthma, especially aspirin induced 2) Class/MOA: Antileukotrienes/block leukotriene receptor 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Estrogens (ethinyl estradiol, DES, mestranol)
1) Use: Hypogonadism, ovarian failure, menstural abnormalities, HRT postmenopausal, men with androgen dependent prostate cancer 2) Class/MOA: Binds estrogen receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Increase risk endometrial cancer, bleed postmenopausal, vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma if exposed to DES in utero, increase risk thormbi 4) Fun Facts: contraindicated if ER positive breast cancer or history of DVTs
Triamterene
1) Use: Hyperaldosteronism, K+ depletion, CHF 2) Class/MOA: K+ sparing diuretic. Triamterene and amiloride block Na channel in CCT. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), endocrine effects (gynecomastia and other androgen effects) 4) Fun Facts: The K+ STAys (Spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride)
Clozapine
1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette’s 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals. Clozapine specific: weight gain, agranulocytosis and seizures. 4) Fun Facts: Must monitor WBC. Must watch clozapine clozely
Dactinomycin (actinomycin D)
1) Wilm’s tumor, Ewin’s sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma; peds tumors 2) intercalates in DNA 3) myelosuppression 4) N/A
Opiod Analgesics (morphine, fentanyl, codeine, heroine, methandone, meperidine, dexomethophan diphenoxylate)
1) Use: Pain, cough suppression (dextromethophran), diarrhea (loperamide and diphenoxylate), acute pulmonary edema, maintenance program for addicts (methadone). 2) Class/MOA: Acts as agonists at opioid receptors (mu = morphine, delta = enkephalin, kappy = dynorphin) to modulate synaptic transmission - open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels = decrease in synaptic transmission. Inhibit release of ACh, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, substance P. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), addictive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop with miosis and constipation. Toxicity treated with nalazone or naltrexone (opiod receptor antagonist). 4) Fun Facts
Chronic Gout Drug (Allopurinol)
1) Use: Chronic Gout (urate lowering therapy) 2) Class/MOA: Inhibits xanthine oxidase, decreases conversion of xanthine to uric acid. Also used in lymphoma and leukemia to prevent tumor lysis-associated urate nephropathy. Increases concentration of azathioprine and 6-MP (both normally metabolized by xanthine oxidase). 3) Side effects/ADEs: Do not dive salicylates; all but the highest dosages depress uric acid clearance. Even high doses (5-6 g/day) have only minor uricosuric activity. 4) Fun Facts
Esomeprazole
1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal reflux, Zollinger-Ellison syn 2) proton pump inhibitor: irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells 3) incr risk fo C. difficile infct + pneumonia; hip fractures; decr serum Mg2+ w/ long-term use 4) N/A
Detemir
1)Type I DM, Type II DM, gestational DM, life-threatening hyperkalemia, stress-induced hyperglycemia 2)Insulin/Bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) -Liver: increase glucose stored as glycogen -Muscle: increase glycogen and protien synthesis and K+ uptake -Fat: aids in TG storage 3)Hypoglycemia, very rarely hypersensitivy rxns 4)Long-acting
-triptan
5-HT 1B/1D agonists (for migranes) Ex: Sumatriptan
Fenoldopam
1)Malignant HTN 2)Dopamine (D1) receptor agonist -leads to coronary, peripheral, renal, and splanchnic vasodilation -decreases BP and increases naturesis
Edrophonium
1) Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (short acting). 2) Indirect Cholinomimetic; increases endogenous Ach
Epoeitin
1) Use: anemia 2) Class/MOA: GROWTH FACTOR EPO = increases RBC 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Alteplase (tPA)
1) early MI, early ischemic stroke, direct thrombolysis of severe PE 2) thrombolytic: aid plasminogen –> plasmin to cleave thrombin + fibrin clots 3) bleeding (contraindicate in active bleed, intracranial bleed hx, recent sx, known bleed diathese, severe HTN); tx toxicity w/ aminocaproic acid (inhibits fibrinolysis) 4) incr PT, PTT; no change in plt ct
Amoxicillin
1) Extended-spectrum PNC–Haemophilus influenza, E. Coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella, enterococci (HELPSS kill enterococci) 2) AminoPNCs; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Wider spectrum; Penicillinase sensitive. Also combine w/ clavulonic acid to protect against Beta-lactamase. 3) Hypersensitivity rxs; Ampicillin rash; Pseudomemranous colitis 4) Resistance: Beta-lactamases cleave Beta-lactam ring; AmOxicillin has greater Oral bioavailability vs Ampicillin
Tox: Digitalis
Rx: Normalize K+, Lidocaine, Anti-dig Fab fragments, Mg2+
Zileuton
1) Use: Asthma 2) Class/MOA: Antileukotrienes/5 lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor, blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Clomiphene
1) Use: Infertility and PCOS 2) Class/MOA: Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERMs)/ partial agonist at estrogen receptors in hypothalamus, prevents normal feedback inhibition and increases relase of LH and FSH from pituitary and stimulates ovulaiton 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hot flashes, ovarian enlargement, multiple simultaneous pregnancies, visual disturbances 4) Fun Facts: Remember, infertile, take clomiphene have twins, seeing double
Amiloride
1) Use: Hyperaldosteronism, K+ depletion, CHF 2) Class/MOA: K+ sparing diuretic. Triamterene and amiloride block Na channel in CCT. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), endocrine effects (gynecomastia and other androgen effects) 4) Fun Facts: The K+ STAys (Spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride)
Ziprasidone
1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette’s 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals. Ziprasidone prolongs QT interval.
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
1) solid tumors, leukemias, lymphomas 2) makes ROS; non-covalently intercalate in DNA –> breaks DNA –> decr replication 3) cardiotoxicity* (dilated cardiomyopathy; use dexrazoxane, Fe chelator, to prevent), myelosuppression, alopecia; toxic to tissues following extravasation 4) N/A
Butorphanol
1) Use: Pain; causes less respiratory depression than dull agonists 2) Class/MOA: Partial agonist at opiod mu receptors, agonist at kappa receptors. 3) Side effects/ADEs: Causes withdrawal if on full opiod agonist. 4) Fun Facts
Chronic Gout Drug (Febuxostat)
1) Use: Chronic Gout (urate lowering therapy) 2) Class/MOA: Inhibits xanthine oxidase 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Pantoprazole
1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal reflux, Zollinger-Ellison syn 2) proton pump inhibitor: irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells 3) incr risk fo C. difficile infct + pneumonia; hip fractures; decr serum Mg2+ w/ long-term use 4) N/A
Metformin
1)First-line therapy in Type II DM, can be used in pts w/o islet function 2)Biguanide/ Exact MOA unknown –> decreases gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, increases peripheral glucose uptake (insulin sensitivity) 3)GI upset, lactic acidosis (most serious) 4)Contraindicated in renal failure
-ane
Inhalational general anesthetic Ex: Halothane
Nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate
1)Angina, pulmonary edema 2)Vasodilator – release of NO in sm. muscle –> increases cGMP and sm muscle relaxation -dilates veins >> arteries (decreases preload) 3) reflex tachycardia, hypotension, flushing, headache 4) “Monday Disease” –> devleop tolerance during the week and loss of tolerance during weekend resulting in side effects
Physostigmine
1) Anticholinergic toxicity 2) Indirect Cholinomimetic; increases Ach. 4) crosses BBB
Filgrastim (G-CSF; Neupogen); Sargramostim (GM-CSF; Leukine); Peg-Filgrastim (Neulasta)
1) Use: GROWTH FACTOR any chemo that causes neutropenia; meylosuppressive therapy 2) Class/MOA: stimulates proliferation, matruation and efficacy of NEUTROPHILS via JAK/STAT tyrosine kinase pathway 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts: same as G-CSF
Reteplase (rPA)
1) early MI, early ischemic stroke, direct thrombolysis of severe PE 2) thrombolytic: aid plasminogen –> plasmin to cleave thrombin + fibrin clots 3) bleeding (contraindicate in active bleed, intracranial bleed hx, recent sx, known bleed diathese, severe HTN); tx toxicity w/ aminocaproic acid (inhibits fibrinolysis) 4) incr PT, PTT; no change in plt ct
Ticarcillin
1) Pseudomonas spp. & gram-negative rods; Susceptible to penicillinase; Use w/ Clavulonic acid (to protect against Beta-lactamase) 2) Antipseudomonals; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Extended spectrum 3) Hypersensitivity rxns 4) TCP (Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, & Piperacillin)–Takes Care of Pseudomonas
Recombinant Cytokines
Aldesleukin (interleukin-2) Epoetin alfa (erythropoietin) Filgrastim (CSF-G) Sargramostim (CSF-GM) Alpha-Interferon Beta-Interferon Gamma-Interferon Oprelvekin (interleukin-11) Thrombopoietin
Tox: Iron
Rx: Deferoxamine, deferasirox
Omalizumab
1) Use: Allergic asthma resistant to inhaled steroid and long acting beta agonists 2) Class/MOA: Monoclonal anti IgE antibody, binds mosly unbound serum IgE 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Tamoxifen
1) Use: Treat and prevent recurrence ER positive breast cancer 2) Class/MOA: SERM/Antagonist on breast tissue
Captopril
1) Use: HTN, CHF, diabetic renal disease, prevent heart remodeling from HTN 2) Class/MOA: Inhibit ACE to reduce angiotensin II/bradykinin and vasodilation. Renin release increases 3) Side effects/ADEs: CAPTOPRIL (Cough, Angioedema, Proteinuira, Taste changes, hypOtension, Pregnancy problems, Rash, Increased renin, Lower ATII) Hyperkalemia. Avoid with bilateral renal artery stenosis becauase ACE inhibitors reduce GFR. 4) Fun Facts: ATII receptor blockers (sartans) are similar to these without the cough.
Quetiapine
1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette’s 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals.
Daunorubicin
1) solid tumors, leukemias, lymphomas 2) makes ROS; non-covalently intercalate in DNA –> breaks DNA –> decr replication 3) cardiotoxicity* (dilated cardiomyopathy; use dexrazoxane, Fe chelator, to prevent), myelosuppression, alopecia; toxic to tissues following extravasation 4) N/A
Tramadol
1) Use: Chronic pain 2) Class/MOA: Very weak opiod agonist; also inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake (works on multiple neurotransmitters - “tram it all” in) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Similar to opiods. Decreases seizure threshold. 4) Fun Facts
Acute Gout Drug (Colchicine)
1) Use: Acute Gout (urate lowering therapy) 2) Class/MOA: Binds and stabilizes tubulin to inhibit polymerization, impairing leukocyte chemotaxis and deregulation. 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI side effects, especially if given orally (note: Indomethacin is less toxic, also used in acute gout). 4) Fun Facts
Dexlansoprazole
1) peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal reflux, Zollinger-Ellison syn 2) proton pump inhibitor: irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in stomach parietal cells 3) incr risk fo C. difficile infct + pneumonia; hip fractures; decr serum Mg2+ w/ long-term use 4) N/A
Tolbutamide
1)Type II DM –stimulate endogenous insulin release 2)Sulfonylureas (1st generation)/Close K+ channel in beta cell membrane so cell depolarizes –> triggers insulin release via Ca2+ influx 3)Disulfiram-like effects 4)Useless in Type I DM b/c requires some islet cell function
-caine
Local anesthetic Ex: Lidocaine
Lovastatin
1)Lipid-lowering agent (sig. decrease of LDL and slight decrease of triglycerides, increase HDL) 2)HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ Inhibits conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (cholesterol precursor) 3)Hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), rhabdomyolysis
Donepezil
1) Alzheimers 2) Indirect Cholinomimetic; increases Ach
IL-11 (Oprelvekin, Neumega) Rx: thrombocytopenia
1) Use: GROWTH FACTOR thrombocytopenia 2) Class/MOA: stimulates the growth of primative MEGAKARYOCYTE progenitors - increase megakaryocytes, increase peripheral platelets 3) Side effects/ADEs: fatigue, headache, CVE 4) Fun Facts:
Tenecteplase (TNK-tPA)
1) early MI, early ischemic stroke, direct thrombolysis of severe PE 2) thrombolytic: aid plasminogen –> plasmin to cleave thrombin + fibrin clots 3) bleeding (contraindicate in active bleed, intracranial bleed hx, recent sx, known bleed diathese, severe HTN); tx toxicity w/ aminocaproic acid (inhibits fibrinolysis) 4) incr PT, PTT; no change in plt ct
Carbenicillin
1) Pseudomonas spp. & gram-negative rods; Susceptible to penicillinase; Use w/ Clavulonic acid (to protect against Beta-lactamase) 2) Antipseudomonals; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Extended spectrum 3) Hypersensitivity rxns 4) TCP (Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, & Piperacillin)–Takes Care of Pseudomonas
Aldesleukin
- Renal cell carcinoma Metastatic Melanoma 2. Cytokine: Interleukin-2 MOA: increases helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells
Tox: Lead
Rx: CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine
Theophylline
1) Use: Asthma 2) Class/MOA: Methylxanthines/ causes bronchodilation by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, thereby decreasing cAMP hydrolysis, blocks adenosine 3) Side effects/ADEs: cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, metabolized by P450 these limit use 4) Fun Facts
Raloxifene
1) Use: Osteoporosis 2) Class/MOA: SERM/Agonist on bone, reduces resorption of bone
Enalapril
1) Use: HTN, CHF, diabetic renal disease, prevent heart remodeling from HTN 2) Class/MOA: Inhibit ACE to reduce angiotensin II/bradykinin and vasodilation. Renin release increases 3) Side effects/ADEs: CAPTOPRIL (Cough, Angioedema, Proteinuira, Taste changes, hypOtension, Pregnancy problems, Rash, Increased renin, Lower ATII) Hyperkalemia. Avoid with bilateral renal artery stenosis becauase ACE inhibitors reduce GFR. 4) Fun Facts: ATII receptor blockers (sartans) are similar to these without the cough.
Risperadone
1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette’s 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals.
Bleomycin
1) testicular CA, Hodgkin’s lymphoma 2) ROS formation –> causes breaks in DNA strands 3) pulm fibrosis*, skin changes; minimal myelosuppression 4) N/A
Phenytoin
1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple, partial complex, 1st line for generalized tonic clonic, 1st line for prophylaxis of generalized status seizures. Also a class IB antiarrhytimic. 2) Class/MOA: Increases Na+ channel inactivation, I.E. use-dependent blockade of Na+ channels: increase refractory period, inhibition of glutamate release from excitatory presynaptic neuron 3) Side effects/ADEs: Nystagmus, diplopia, ataxias, sedation, teratogenesis (fetal hydantion syndrome), SLE-like syndrome, induction of cytrocrome P-450. Chronic use produces gingival hyperplasia in children, peripheral neuropathy, hirtuim, meglobastic anemia (decrease in folate absorption). 4) Fun Facts: fosphentoin for parenteral use
Acute Gout Drug (NSAIDs)
1) Use: Acute Gout (urate lowering therapy) 2) Class/MOA: Naproxen. 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Bismuth
1) incr ulcer healing, traveler’s diarrhea 2) bind ulcer base to provide physical protection + let HCO3- secretion re-establish pH gradient in mucus layer 3) N/A 4) N/A
Chlorpropamide
1)Type II DM –stimulate endogenous insulin release 2)Sulfonylureas (1st generation)/Close K+ channel in beta cell membrane so cell depolarizes –> triggers insulin release via Ca2+ influx 3)Disulfiram-like effects 4)Useless in Type I DM b/c requires some islet cell function
-operidol
Butyrophenone (neuroleptic) Ex: Haloperidol
Pravastatin
1)Lipid-lowering agent (sig. decrease of LDL and slight decrease of triglycerides, increase HDL) 2)HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ Inhibits conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (cholesterol precursor) 3)Hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), rhabdomyolysis
ADE of all Cholinomimetics
Exacerbation of COPD, asthma, and peptic ulcers
Growth Factor: Romiplostim (Nplade) - Thrombopoeitin analog - Rx for chronic ITP
1) Use: GROWTH FACTOR thrombocytopenia 2) Class/MOA: same as IL-12: stimulates growth of primative megakarycytic progenitors, increasing megakaryocytes, increasing platelets 3) Side effects/ADEs: fatigue, headache, CVE 4) Fun Facts
Aspirin (ASA)
1) antipyretic, analgesic, anti-infl, anti-plt (decr aggregation) 2) irreversibly inhibits COX-1 (and -2) via covalent acetylation –> decr TxA2 + prostaglandins 3) gastric ulcer, tinnitus (CN VIII); chronic use: acute renal failure, interstitial nephritis, upper GI bleed; Reye’s syn in kids w/ viral infct; OD: respir alkalosis + met acidosis 4) plts can’t syn new COX so effect lasts until new plts made; incr bleeding time; no effect on PT, PTT
Piperacillin
1) Pseudomonas spp. & gram-negative rods; Susceptible to penicillinase; Use w/ Clavulonic acid (to protect against Beta-lactamase) 2) Antipseudomonals; Bind PNC-binding proteins; Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan; Activates autolytic enzymes (=Same MOA as PNC). Extended spectrum 3) Hypersensitivity rxns 4) TCP (Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, & Piperacillin)–Takes Care of Pseudomonas
Epoetin alfa
- Anemias (esp in renal failure) 2. Cytokine: Erythropoietin MOA: Stimulates Erythrocyte replication
tox: Mercury, arsenic, gold
Rx: Dimercaprol (BAL), succimer
Guaifenesin
1) Use: Expectorant 2) Class/MOA: Thins respiratory secreitons, doesn’t suppress cough reflex 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Hormone Replacement Therapy
1) Use: Relief/prevent menopausal symptoms (hot flashes, vaginal atrophy) and osteoporosis 2) Class/MOA: 3) Side effects/ADEs: Unopossed estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) causes increase endometrial cancer so add progesterone, possible increase in CV risk
Lisinopril
1) Use: HTN, CHF, diabetic renal disease, prevent heart remodeling from HTN 2) Class/MOA: Inhibit ACE to reduce angiotensin II/bradykinin and vasodilation. Renin release increases 3) Side effects/ADEs: CAPTOPRIL (Cough, Angioedema, Proteinuira, Taste changes, hypOtension, Pregnancy problems, Rash, Increased renin, Lower ATII) Hyperkalemia. Avoid with bilateral renal artery stenosis becauase ACE inhibitors reduce GFR. 4) Fun Facts: ATII receptor blockers (sartans) are similar to these without the cough.
Aripiprazole
1) Use: Pos and negative schizoprenia symptoms. Bipolar, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette’s 2) Class/MOA: Atypical antipsychotic. Varied effect on 5-HT2, dopamine, alpha and H1 receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Fewer EPS and anticholinergics than typicals.
Cyclophosphamide
1) solid tumors, leukemia, lymphoma, some brain CAs 2) alkylating agent: covalently X-link DNA at guanine N-7 3) myelosuppression; hemorrhagic cystitis (partly prevent w/ mesna, thiol grp of mesna binds toxic metabolite) 4) need liver bioactivation
Carbamazepine
1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: first line in partial simple, partial complex & generalized tonic clonic seizures 2) Class/MOA: Increases Na+ channel inactivation 3) Side effects/ADEs: Diplopia, ataxia, blood dyscrasias (agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia), liver toxicity, teratogenesis, induction of cytrochrome P-450, SIADH, Steven’s-Johnson syndrome 4) Fun Facts: fist line for trigeminal neuralgia
The alpha inhibitors (Entanercept)
1) Use: Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis. 2) Class/MOA: Recombinant form of human TNF receptor that binds TNF. 3) Side effects/ADEs: All TNF alpha inhibitors predispose to infection including reactivation of latent TB since TNF blockade prevents activation of macrophages and destruction of phagocytosed microbe. 4) Fun Facts: EntanerCEPT is a TNF decoy reCEPTor.
Sucrafate
1) incr ulcer healing, traveler’s diarrhea 2) bind ulcer base to provide physical protection + let HCO3- secretion re-establish pH gradient in mucus layer 3) N/A 4) N/A
Glyburide
1)Type II DM – stimulates endogenous insulin release 2)Sulfonylureas (2nd generation)/Close K+ channel in beta cell membrane so cell depolarizes –> triggers insulin release via Ca2+ influx 3)Hypoglycemia 4)Useless in Type I DM b/c requires some islet cell funciton
-azine
Phenothiazine (neuroleptic, antiemetic) Ex: Chlorpromazine, compazine
Simvastatin
1)Lipid-lowering agent (sig. decrease of LDL and slight decrease of triglycerides, increase HDL) 2)HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ Inhibits conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (cholesterol precursor) 3)Hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), rhabdomyolysis
Organophosphate poisoning (e.g. Parathion)
Irreversibly inhib AchE. (DUMBBELSS) Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bronchospasm, Bradycardia, Excitation of skeletal m and CNS, Lacrimation, Sweating, and Salivation
Asprinin
1) Use: PLATELET INHIBITOR 2) Class/MOA: Actylates and irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 to prevent conversion of arachadonic acid to thromboxane A2 3) Side effects/ADEs: increase BT, no effect on PT, PTT | Gastric ulcertation, bleeding, hyperventilation, Reye’s Syndr
Clopidogrel
1) ACS, coronary stenting, decr incidence + recurr of thrombotic stroke 2) ADP R inhibitor: inhibit plt aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP R; inhibit fibrinogen binding via Gp IIb/IIIa 3) N/A 4) N/A
Clavulonic Acid
1) Often added to PNC abxs to protect the abx from destruction by Beta-lactamase (penicillinase) 2) Beta-lactamase inhibitor 3) – 4) CAST (Clavulonic Acid, Sulbactam, & Tazobactam)
Filgrastim
- Recovery of bone marrow 2. GM-CSF (Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor)
Tox: Copper, arsenic, gold
Rx: Penicillamine
N-acetylcysteine
1) Use: Expectorant, CF patients, antidote for acetaminophen overdose 2) Class/MOA: Mucolytic, loosen mucous plugs (CF patients) 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Anastrozole/ exemestane
1) Use: Postmenopausal women with breast cancer 2) Class/MOA: Aromatase inhibitor
What do all diuretics do to serum/urine NaCl?
Increase NaCl in urine. Decrease NaCl in serum
Lithium
1) Use: Bipolar, SIADH 2) Class/MOA: Not established. Related to phosphoinositol cascade (?) 3) Side effects/ADEs: Movement, Nephrogenic DI, hypOthyroidism, Pregnancy (LMNOP) 4) Fun Facts: May cause fetal cardiac defects, excreted by kidneys
Ifosfamide
1) solid tumors, leukemia, lymphoma, some brain CAs 2) alkylating agent: covalently X-link DNA at guanine N-7 3) myelosuppression; hemorrhagic cystitis (partly prevent w/ mesna, thiol grp of mesna binds toxic metabolite) 4) need liver bioactivation
Gabapentin
1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple, partial complex & generalized tonic clonic seizures 2) Class/MOA: Designed as a GABA analog, but primarily inhibits HVA Ca2+ channels 3) Side effects/ADEs: sedation, ataxia 4) Fun Facts: also used for peripheral neuropathy and bipolar disorder
The alpha inhibitors (Infliximab)
1) Use: Chron’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis. 2) Class/MOA: Anti-TNF antibody 3) Side effects/ADEs: All TNF alpha inhibitors predispose to infection including reactivation of latent TB since TNF blockade prevents activation of macrophages and destruction of phagocytosed microbe. 4) Fun Facts INFLIimab INFLIX pain on TNF
Misoprostol
1) prevent NSAID-induced peptic ulcers; maintenance of patent ductus arteriosus; also induce labor (ripens cervix) 2) PEG1 analog: incr production + secretion of gastric mucus barrier; decr acid production 3) diarrhea; contraindicated in women of childbearing age (abortifacient) 4) N/A
Glimepiride
1)Type II DM – stimulates endogenous insulin release 2)Sulfonylureas (2nd generation)/Close K+ channel in beta cell membrane so cell depolarizes –> triggers insulin release via Ca2+ influx 3)Hypoglycemia 4)Useless in Type I DM b/c requires some islet cell funciton
-barbital
Barbituate Ex: Phenobarbital
Atorvastatin
1)Lipid-lowering agent (sig. decrease of LDL and slight decrease of triglycerides, increase HDL) 2)HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ Inhibits conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (cholesterol precursor) 3)Hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), rhabdomyolysis
Rx for Organophosphate poisoning
Atropine + Pralidoxime = regenerate active AchE
Ticlopidine, Clopidogrel (Plavix)
1) Use: PLATELET INHIBITOR 2) Class/MOA: Inhibit platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP RECEPTORS | inhibit fibrinogen binding by preventing glycoprotein Iib/I
Ticlopidine
1) ACS, coronary stenting, decr incidence + recurr of thrombotic stroke 2) ADP R inhibitor: inhibit plt aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP R; inhibit fibrinogen binding via Gp IIb/IIIa 3) neutropenia (unique) 4) N/A
Sulbactam
1) Often added to PNC abxs to protect the abx from destruction by Beta-lactamase (penicillinase) 2) Beta-lactamase inhibitor 3) – 4) CAST (Clavulonic Acid, Sulbactam, & Tazobactam)
Sargramostim (CSF-GM)
- Recovery of bone marrow 2. GM-CSF (Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor)
Tox: Cyanide
Rx: Nitrite + thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin
Bosentan
1) Use: Pulmonary arterial hypertension 2) Class/MOA: Compeitively antagonizes endothelin 1 receptors, decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Progestins
1) Use: OCP, Mirena IUD, treatment of endometrial cancer and abnormal uterine bleeding 2) Class/MOA: Binds progesterone receptors, reduce growth and increase vascularizaiton of endometrium 4) For OCP have to take at same time everyday so not as effective contraceptive
What do all diuretics do to serum/urine K?
Increase urine K. Decrease serum K
Buspirone
1) Use: Generalized anziety disorder 2) Class/MOA: Stimulates 5-HT1A receptor. 3) Side effects/ADEs: No sedation, addiction or tolerance 4) Fun Facts: No interactions with barbituates or benzodiazepines
Carmustine
1) brain tumors (incl glioblastoma multiforme) 2) alkylating agent: nitrosourea 3) CNS toxicity: dizziness, ataxia 4) needs bioactivation; X’s BBB –> CNS
Topiramate
1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple, partial complex & generalized tonic clonic seizures 2) Class/MOA: Blocks Na+ channels, increases GABA action 3) Side effects/ADEs: Sedation, mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss. 4) Fun Facts
The alpha inhibitors (Adalimumab)
1) Use: Psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis 2) Class/MOA: Anti-TNF antibody 3) Side effects/ADEs: All TNF alpha inhibitors predispose to infection including reactivation of latent TB since TNF blockade prevents activation of macrophages and destruction of phagocytosed microbe. 4) Fun Facts
Octreotide
1) acute variceal bleeds, acromegaly, VIPoma, carcinoid tumors 2) long-acting somatostatin analog 3) nausea, cramps, steatorrhea 4) N/A
Glipizide
1)Type II DM – stimulates endogenous insulin release 2)Sulfonylureas (2nd generation)/Close K+ channel in beta cell membrane so cell depolarizes –> triggers insulin release via Ca2+ influx 3)Hypoglycemia 4)Useless in Type I DM b/c requires some islet cell funciton
-zolam
Benzodiazepine Ex: Alprazolam
Rosuvastatin
1)Lipid-lowering agent (sig. decrease of LDL and slight decrease of triglycerides, increase HDL) 2)HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/ Inhibits conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (cholesterol precursor) 3)Hepatotoxicity (increase LFTs), rhabdomyolysis
Atropine Use/MOA
1) Blocks Organophosphate poisoning. Used to treat bradycardia and opthalmic applications 2) Muscarinic antagonist.
Abciximab (Rheopro), Eptidibatide (Integrilin) and Tirofibiban (Aggrastat)
1) Use: PLATELET INHIBITOR 2) Class/MOA: Monoclonal antibody that binds to the GLYCOPROTEIN RECEPTOR Ib/IIIa on activated platelets, preventing aggregation 3) Side effects/ADEs: bleeding, thrombocytop
Prasugrel
1) ACS, coronary stenting, decr incidence + recurr of thrombotic stroke 2) ADP R inhibitor: inhibit plt aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP R; inhibit fibrinogen binding via Gp IIb/IIIa 3) N/A 4) N/A
Tazobactam
1) Often added to PNC abxs to protect the abx from destruction by Beta-lactamase (penicillinase) 2) Beta-lactamase inhibitor 3) – 4) CAST (Clavulonic Acid, Sulbactam, & Tazobactam)
Alpha-Interferon
- Hepatitis B and C Kaposi’s Sarcoma Leukemia Malignant Melanoma 2. Inhibit viral protein synthesis and activates NK cells to kill virally infected cells
Tox: Methemoglobin
Rx: Methylene blue, vit C
Dextromethorphan
1) Use: antitussive=cough suppressant 2) Class/MOA: Antagonizes glutamate recptors, synthetic codeine analog 3) Side effects/ADEs: Mild opioid effect when used in excess, mild abuse potential 4) Fun Facts: Naloxone can be given for overdose
Mifepristone (RU 486)
1) Use: Terminiation of pregnancy +misoprostol (PGE1) 2) Class/MOA: Competitive inhibitor of progestins at progesterone receptors 3) Side effects/ADEs: Heavy bleeding, GI effects (nausea, vomiting, anorexia), abdominal pain
What do all loop diuretics vs thiazides do to urine calcium?
Loop diuretics increase it. thiazides decrease it from enhanced paracellular calcium reabsorption in PCT and loop of henle.
Fluoxetine
1) Use: Depression, GAD, panic disorder, OCD, bulimia, PTSD, social phobias 2) Class/MOA: SSRI 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI stress, sexual dysfunction, serotonin syndrome (when combined with MAO inhibitors or TCAs) 4) Fun Facts: Takes 4-8 weeks to have an effect
Lomustine
1) brain tumors (incl glioblastoma multiforme) 2) alkylating agent: nitrosourea 3) CNS toxicity: dizziness, ataxia 4) needs bioactivation; X’s BBB –> CNS
Phenobarbital
1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple, partial complex & generalized tonic clonic seizures 2) Class/MOA: increased GABAA 3) Side effects/ADEs: Sedation, tolerance, dependence, induction of cytrochrome P-450 4) Fun Facts: 1st line in pregnant women, children
Aluminum hydroxide
1) esophageal reflux dz’s 2) antacid 3) can affect absorption, bioavail or urinary excretion of other Rx by altering gastric + urinary pH or by delaying gastric emptying; hypokalemia; constipation + hypophosphatemia; proximal musc weakness; osteodystrophy; seizures 4) N/A
Pioglitazone
1)Monotherapy in Type II DM or in combination therapy 2)Glitazone/Thiazolidinedione: Incraeses insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue;, binds PPAR-gamma nuclear transcription regulator 3)Weight gain, edema, hepatoxicity, heart failure
-azepam
Benzodiazepine Ex: Diazepam
Niacin (B3)
1)Lipid-lowering agent (decreases LDL and TG, sig increases HDL) 2)Inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue, reduces hepatic VLDL secretion into circulation 3)Red flushed face, hyperglycemia (acanthosis nigrans), hyperuricemia (excerbates gout)
Atropine ADE
3) Increase body temp, rapid pulse, dry mouth, dry/flushed skin, cycloplegia, constipation. Can cause acute angle-glaucoma in elderly, urinary retention in men with BPH, hyperthermia in infants
Dipyridamole
1) Use: PLATELET INHIBITOR 2) Class/MOA: increase cAMP = decrease ADENOSINE uptake/cyclic nucleotide PDE = decreased aggregation 3) Side effects/ADEs: serious bleeding risk 4) Fun Facts
Ticagrelor
1) ACS, coronary stenting, decr incidence + recurr of thrombotic stroke 2) ADP R inhibitor: inhibit plt aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP R; inhibit fibrinogen binding via Gp IIb/IIIa 3) N/A 4) N/A
Cefazolin
1) Gram-positive cocci, Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae. **Cefazolin–used prior to surgery to prevent S. aureus wound infections. 2) Beta-lactam, 1st Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Orgs covered by 1st Generation=PEcK–Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae; Orgs typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)
Beta-Interferon
Multiple Sclerosis
Tox: CO
Rx: 100% O2, Hyperbaric O2
Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine
1) Use: Nonprescription nasal decongestants: Reduce hyperemia, edema and nasal congestion, obstructed eustachian tubes 2) Class/MOA: Sympathomimetic alpha antagonistic 3) Side effects/ADEs: Hypertension, CNS stimulaiton/anxiety (pseudoephedrine) 4) Fun Facts: also used as a stimulant and to make meth
Oral contraception (synthetic progestins, estrogen)
1) Use: Prevent pregnancy 2) Class/MOA: Estrogen and progestins inhibit LH/FSH and prevent estrogen surges so no LH surge and no ovulaiton. Progestins cause thickenign of cervical mucus, limiting access of sperm to uterus. Also inhibits endometrial proliferation, making endometirum less suitable for implanation of embryo 3) Side effects/ADEs: Contraindicated in smokers >35 yo becuase increase risk of DVT and CV events, patients with history of thormoembolism and storke or estrogen dependent tumor
Paroxetine
1) Use: Depression, GAD, panic disorder, OCD, bulimia, PTSD, social phobias 2) Class/MOA: SSRI 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI stress, sexual dysfunction, serotonin syndrome (when combined with MAO inhibitors or TCAs) 4) Fun Facts: Takes 4-8 weeks to have an effect
Semustine
1) brain tumors (incl glioblastoma multiforme) 2) alkylating agent: nitrosourea 3) CNS toxicity: dizziness, ataxia 4) needs bioactivation; X’s BBB –> CNS
Valproid acid
1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: partial simple, partial complex, 1st line in tonic clonic generalized seizures and in absence generalized seizures. 2) Class/MOA: Increases Na+ channel inactivation, increases GABA concentration 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI distress, rare but fatal hepatotoxicity (measure LFT), neural tube defects in fetus (spinal bifida), tremor, weight gain. Contraindicated in pregnancy. 4) Fun Facts: Also used for myoclonic seizures
Magnesium hydroxide
1) esophageal reflux dz’s, constipation 2) antacid; osmotic laxative: provide osmotic load to draw out H2O 3) can affect absorption, bioavail or urinary excretion of other Rx by altering gastric + urinary pH or by delaying gastric emptying; hypokalemia; diarrhea; hyporeflexia; hypotension; cardiac arrest; diarrhea, dehydration 4) may be abused by bulimics
Rosiglitazone
1)Monotherapy in Type II DM or in combination therapy 2)Glitazone/Thiazolidinedione: Incraeses insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue;, binds PPAR-gamma nuclear transcription regulator 3)Weight gain, edema, hepatoxicity, heart failure
-etine
SSRI Ex: Fluoxetine
Cholestyramine
1)Lipid-lowering agents (decrease LDL, slightly increase TG and HDL 2)Bile Acid Resins/Prevent intestinal reabsorption of bile acids (liver has to make more) 3)Bad taste, GI discomfort, decreases absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol gallstones
Homatropine
1) Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia 2) Muscarinic antagonist
Heparin
1) Use: immediate ANTICOAG for PE, stroke, ACS, MI, DVT | used during pregnancy | follow PTT 2) Class/MOA: INHIBITS THROMBIN ACTION | cofactor for activation of ANTI-THROMBIN, decrease thrombin and Xa, short 1/2 life 3) Side effects/ADEs: Bleeding, thrombocytopenai (HIT),
Cilostazol
1) intermittent claudication, coronary vasodilation, prevent stroke/TIAs (w/ ASA), angina prophylaxis 2) PDE III inhibitor –> incr cAMP in plts –> inhibit plt aggregation; vasodilator 3) nausea, HA, facial flush, hypotension, ab pain 4) N/A
Cephalexin
1) Gram-positive cocci, Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae 2) Beta-lactam, 1st Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Orgs covered by 1st Generation=PEcK–Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae; Organisms typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)
Gamma-Interferon
- Chronic Granulomatous disease 2. Activates macrophages and Th1 cells Suppresses Th2 cells. 4. (G)amma = (G)ranulomatous
Tox: Methanol, ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
Rx: Fomepizole> ethanol, dialysis
Methacholine
1) Use: Asthma challenge testing 2) Class/MOA: Muscarinic receptor agonist 3) Side effects/ADEs: 4) Fun Facts
Terbutaline
1) Use: Reduces premature uterine contraction 2) Class/MOA: B2 agonist that relaxes the uterus
Sertraline
1) Use: Depression, GAD, panic disorder, OCD, bulimia, PTSD, social phobias 2) Class/MOA: SSRI 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI stress, sexual dysfunction, serotonin syndrome (when combined with MAO inhibitors or TCAs) 4) Fun Facts: Takes 4-8 weeks to have an effect
Streptozocin
1) brain tumors (incl glioblastoma multiforme) 2) alkylating agent: nitrosourea 3) CNS toxicity: dizziness, ataxia 4) needs bioactivation; X’s BBB –> CNS
Ethosuximide
1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: 1st line in generalized absence seizure 2) Class/MOA: Blocks thalamic T-type Ca2+ channels 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI distress, fatigue, headache, urticaria, Steven’s-Johnson syndrome (EFGH- Ethosuximide, Fatigue, GI, Headache) 4) Fun Facts
Calcium carbonate
1) esophageal reflux dz’s 2) antacid 3) can affect absorption, bioavail or urinary excretion of other Rx by altering gastric + urinary pH or by delaying gastric emptying; hypokalemia; hypercalcemia; rebound incr in acid 4) can chelate + decr effectiveness of other Rx (ie, tetracycline)
Acarbose
1)Monotherapy in Type II DM, or in combination therapy 2)Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor/ Inhibits intestinal brush-border alpha-glucosidases –> get delayed sugar hydrolysis and glucose absorption -decreases postprandial hyperglycemia 3)GI disturbances
-ipramine
TCA Ex: Imipramine
Colestipol
1)Lipid-lowering agents (decrease LDL, slightly increase TG and HDL 2)Bile Acid Resins/Prevent intestinal reabsorption of bile acids (liver has to make more) 3)Bad taste, GI discomfort, decreases absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol gallstones
Tropicamide
1) Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia 2) Muscarinic antagonist
Enoxaparin (LMWH, Lovenox)
1) Use: Anticoagulation 2) Class/MOA: Cofactor for activation of ANTITHROMBIN and Xa (work better on Xa), better bioavailibilty and 2-4 times longer 1/2 life - can be administered subQ and without lab monitoring 3) Side effects/ADEs: can’t reverse esily
Dipyridamole
1) intermittent claudication, coronary vasodilation, prevent stroke/TIAs (w/ ASA), angina prophylaxis 2) PDE III inhibitor –> incr cAMP in plts –> inhibit plt aggregation; vasodilator 3) nausea, HA, facial flush, hypotension, ab pain 4) N/A
Cefoxitin
1) Gram-positive cocci, Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens 2) Beta-lactam, 2nd Generation Cephalosporins; Beta-lactam rx that inhibits cell wall synthesis but are less susceptibl to penicillinases. Bactericidal 3) Hypersensitivity rxns, Vit K deficiency. Low cross-reactivity w/ Penicillins. Increased nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides. 4) Orgs covered by 2nd Generation=HEN PEcKS–Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens; Organisms typically not covered by Cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA & Enterococci. (Exception= Ceftaroline-covers MRSA)
Oprelvekin
- Thrombocytopenia 2. IL-11
Tox: Opiods
Rx: Naloxone/naltrexone
What is bronchoconstriction mediated by?
1 ) Inflammatory processes 2) prasympathetic tone so therapy is direct at these 2 pathways
Tamsulosin
1) Use: BPH 2) Class/MOA: Alpha 1 antagonist, inhibits smooth muscle contraction. Selective for alpha 1 A,D receptors on prostate (not vascular alpha 1B receptor)
Citalopram
1) Use: Depression, GAD, panic disorder, OCD, bulimia, PTSD, social phobias 2) Class/MOA: SSRI 3) Side effects/ADEs: GI stress, sexual dysfunction, serotonin syndrome (when combined with MAO inhibitors or TCAs) 4) Fun Facts: Takes 4-8 weeks to have an effect
Busulfan
1) CML; also to ablate BM before BMT 2) alkylating agent 3) pulm fibrosis*; hyperpigmentation 4) N/A
Benzodiazepines for epilepsy (diazepam or lorazepam)
1) Use: Epilepsy drug, used in: 1st line for acute generalized status seizures 2) Class/MOA: Increases GABAA action 3) Side effects/ADEs: sedation, tolerance, dependence 4) Fun Facts: also used for seizures of eclampsia (1st line is MgSO4)
Magnesium citrate
1) constipation 2) osmotic laxative: provide osmotic load to draw out H2O 3) diarrhea, dehyration 4) may be abused by bulimics
Miglitol
1)Monotherapy in Type II DM, or in combination therapy 2)Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor/ Inhibits intestinal brush-border alpha-glucosidases –> get delayed sugar hydrolysis and glucose absorption -decreases postprandial hyperglycemia 3)GI disturbances
