All Drugs Flashcards
Xylazine
use, class, mechanism, contraindications
Use: Sedation in horses and ruminants + shorter analgesic effect
Class: Alpha 2 agonist
Mechanism: Stimulation of alpha 2 receptors
Contraindications: Reserved for healthy animals, can cause premature delivery in pregnant animals
Notes: Reverse with atipamezole
Detomidine
use, class, mechanism, contraindications, notes
Use: Sedation in horses (can be used in cattle) + shorter analgesic effect
Class: Alpha 2 agonist
Mechanism: Stimulation of alpha 2 receptors
Contraindications: CV disease
Notes: 50-100 times more potent than xylazine, reverse with atipamezole
Dexmedetomidine
use, class, mechanism, contraindications, notes
Use: Sedation in small animals + shorter analgesic effect
Class: Alpha 2 agonist
Mechanism: Stimulation of alpha 2 receptors
Contraindications: CV disease
Notes: Makes over 50% of cats vomit, reverse with atipamezole
Dobutamine
use, class, mechanism, contraindications, adverse effects
Use: Positive inotrope that does not increase heart rate, can be used to correct low blood pressure in anesthetized patients
Class: Beta 1 agonist, also has some effects on dopamine and alpha 1 receptors
Mechanism: Stimulation of beta 1 receptors = increased cardiac output
Contraindications: Hypovolemia must be corrected before administration
Adverse effects: Seizures in cats
Clenbuterol
use, class, mechanism, contraindications
Use: Bronchodilatior, sometimes used to treat equine asthma. Can also be used in dystocia as it inhibits uterine tone/contractions.
Class: Beta 2 agonist
Mechanism: Stimulation of beta 2 receptors
Contraindications: BANNED IN FOOD ANIMALS
Epinephrine
use, class, mechanism
Use: For emergency treatment of anaphylaxis or for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Class: Non-selective adrenergic agonist
Mechanism: Increase arterial pressure through stimulation of alpha 1 receptors, relaxes smooth muscle in bronchi through beta 2 receptor activation
Prazosin
use, class, mechanism, notes
Use: Reduce blood pressure and treatment of functional urethral obstruction
Class: Alpha 1 antagonist
Mechanism: Causes vasodilation of veins and arteries (antagonist of alpha 1 receptors)
Notes: No longer recommended for blocked cats as it may increase the risk of reblocking! Highly protein bound (97%).
Atipamezole
use, class, administration
Use: Reverse sedation, analgesia and cardiovascular effects associated with alpha 2 agonist administration
Class: Alpha 2 antagonist (competitive)
Route of administration: IM in small animal, can be given half IM and IV in horses but must be given slowly if IV.
Esmolol
use, class, effects, adverse effects, notes
Use: Treatment of supraventricular tachycardias
Class: Beta 1 antagonist
Effects: Negative inotrope and chronotrope
Adverse effects: Hypotension and bradycardia
Notes: Short acting
Neostigmine
use, class, mechanism
Use: Increase gut motility, treatment of myasthenia gravis
Class: Cholinergic
Mechanism: Reversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase which causes less ACh breakdown at the synapse
Atropine
use, class, mechanism, effects
Use: Emergency treatment of bradyarrhythmias, facilitate opthalmic exams, acute RAO treatment
Class: Anticholinergic (competitive muscarinic antagonist)
Mechanism: Competitively inhibits acetylcholine or other cholinergic stimulants at postganglionic parasympathetic neurons (reduces parasympathetic effects)
Effects: Increases HR and condution velocity (by reducing parasympathetic input), mydriatic (dilates pupil), bronchodilator
Notes: Similar to glycopyrrolate but atropine is less polar and crosses the BBB more than glycopyrrolate (more CNS effects)
Glycopyrrolate
Use: Emergency treatment of bradyarrhythmias, facilitate opthalmic exams, acute RAO treatment
Class: Anticholinergic (competitive muscarinic antagonist)
Mechanism: Competitively inhibits acetylcholine or other cholinergic stimulants at postganglionic parasympathetic neurons (reduces parasympathetic effects)
Effects: Increases HR and condution velocity (by reducing parasympathetic input), mydriatic (dilates pupil), bronchodilator
Notes: Similar to atropine but glycopyrrolate is more polar and crosses the BBB less than atropine (less CNS effects)
N-butylscopolammonium
bromide/Hyoscine butylbromide
use, class, notes
Use: Relaxes intestine (treats colic) and esophageal smooth muscle (treats choke) only labelled for use in horses in Canada, can facilitate rectal exams or treat acute equine asthma
Class: Anticholinergic
Notes: Increases HR so that cannot be used as an indicator for pain for 30 mins after administration
