All Divisions Flashcards
Sensible Heat
Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system in which the exchange of heat changes the temperature of the body or system, and some macroscopic variables of the body or system, but leaves unchanged certain other macroscopic variables of the body or system, such as volume or pressure.
Latent Heat
the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid into a vapor, without change of temperature.
Enthalpy
a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system. It is equal to the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and volume.
Adiabatic Shift
Thermal Mass
Thermal Resistance
Low-E Glass
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Solar gain is the increase in thermal energy of a space, object or structure as it absorbs incident solar radiation. The amount of solar gain a space experiences is a function of the total incident solar irradiance and of the ability of any intervening material to transmit or resist the radiation.
RANGE: 0 to 1
GOOD: 0.25 or less
AVERAGE: 0.35-0.60
HIGH: 0.60 or higher
Degree Days (DD)
a unit used to determine the heating requirements of buildings, representing a fall of one degree below a specified average outdoor temperature (usually 18°C or 65°F) for one day.
Heating Degree Days (HDD)
Heating degree day is a measurement designed to quantify the demand for energy needed to heat a building. HDD is derived from measurements of outside air temperature. The heating requirements for a given building at a specific location are considered to be directly proportional to the number of HDD at that location.
WINTER
Cooling Degree Days (CDD)
Degree days are the difference between the daily temperature mean, (high temperature plus low temperature divided by two) and 65°F. If the temperature mean is above 65°F, we subtract 65 from the mean and the result is Cooling Degree Days.
SUMMER
Balance Point Temperature
The building balance point temperature is the outdoor air temperature when the heat gains of the building are equal to the heat losses.
Internal Load Dominated Building
Skin Load Dominated Building
Thermal Conductivity (k)
Is the rate at which heat passes through 1 sq ft of a 1 in thickness of the material when the temperature differential is 1°F.
Resistivity (r)
Conduction
We touch other surfaces and heat is transferred
Convection
Air molecules contacts our body absorbing heat
Radiation
When our skin surface is hotter than other surfaces “seen” not touched, heat is radiated to these cooler surfaces and vice versa when other surfaces are hotter than our skin.
Evaporation
A liquid can evaporate only by removing large quantities of heat from the surface it is leaving.
Thermal Conductance (C)
Is the same property as Thermal Conductivity (k) when the material is a thickness other than 1 in.
R-value (Thermal Resistance)
In the context of construction, the R-value is a measure of how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer of insulation, a window or a complete wall or ceiling, resists the conductive flow of heat.
FORMULA: R = r X d (resistivity X dimension)
GOOD: high = good insulation
BAD: low = poor insulation
U-Value (Thermal Transmittance)
Thermal transmittance, also known as U-value, is the rate of transfer of heat through a structure (which can be a single material or a composite), divided by the difference in temperature across that structure. The units of measurement are W/m²K. The better-insulated a structure is, the lower the U-value will be.
A U-value is a sum of the thermal resistances of the layers that make up an entire building element – for example, a roof, wall or floor. It also includes adjustments for any fixings or air gaps.
FORMULA: 1/R1 + R2 + …
RANGE: 0 to 1
GOOD: low = good insulation
BAD: high = poor insulation
Outdoor Design Temperature
Ventilation
Infiltration
Permeation of a liquid into something by filtration
Exfiltration
Windward side
Leeward side
The Different Climates
Saturation Point
The stage at which no more of a substance can be absorbed into a vapor or dissolve into a solution.
Dew Point
The atmospheric temperature (varying according to pressure and humidity) below which water droplets begin to condense and dew can form.
Relative Humidity
The amount of water vapor present in air expressed as a percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same temperature.
Thermal Bridging
Jack Studs
Structural Insulated Panel (SIP)
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Absorptance
Emittance / Emissivity
Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT)
The radiant temperature of surrounding surfaces influence human comfort.
The concept of mean radiant temperature is used to quantify the exchange of radiant heat between a human and their surrounding environment, with a view to understanding the influence of surface temperatures on personal comfort.
Altitude
The height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level.
Azimuth
The direction of a celestial object from the observer, expressed as the angular distance from the north or south point of the horizon to the. Point at which a vertical circle passing through the object intersects the horizon.
Meridian
Zenith
Solar Angle
Passive Heating
Passive Cooling
Shared Shade
Trombe Wall
Porous Material
Non-porous Material
ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
IBC
International Building Code
IECC
International Energy Conservation Code
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
Inertia
a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force.
Metabolism
The rate at which we generate heat (the metabolic rate) depends mostly upon our level of muscular activity, partly upon what we eat and drink (and when), and partly on where we are in our normal cycle. Our heat production is measured in metabolic (met) units.
Hypothalamus
A region of the forebrain below the thalamus which coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity. Triggers changes in our blood circulation patterns in response to signals from our skin and changes in our core body temperature.
Vasoconstriction
The construction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. Reduces blood circulation to your extremities in cold weather
Vasodilation
The dilation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure. Increases blood circulation to extremities in warmer weather and allows your body to real ease heat via sweat.
Psychrometry
The study of moist air.
Dry-Bulb (DB)
An ordinary exposed thermometer bulb, especially as used in conjunction with a wet bulb.
DB temperature is the ambient air temperature as measured by a standard thermometer, thermocouple, or resistance temperature device.
Wet-Bulb (WB)
One of the two thermometers of a psychrometer, the bulb of which is enclosed in wetted material so that the water is constantly evaporating from it and cooling the bulb.
WB temperature is measured by a thermometer with a wetted bulb rotated rapidly in the air to cause evaporation of its moisture- as with a sling psychrometer.
Operative temperature
The average of the dry-bulb temperature and the mean radiant temperature (MRT)
Wet-Bulb Depression
The difference between DB and WB temperatures
Insolation
Exposure to the sun’s radiation
Draft
Unwanted local cooling of the body. Draft sensation depends on air speed, activity and clothing.
Radiant asymmetry
The difference between temperature of two opposite surfaces as experienced by a body seated between them, when one of these surfaces is markedly different in temperature from all other surfaces within a space.
PHIUS
Passive House Institute US
Heat Recovery Ventilator (HRV)
is a system that exchanges the stale indoor air with fresh, outside air. During the heating season, an HRV also captures the heat from the exhausted air and transfers it to the incoming air, preheating it before it enters the home.
Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERV)
is the energy recovery process in residential and commercial HVAC systems that exchanges the energy contained in normally exhausted air of a building or conditioned space, using it to treat (precondition) the incoming outdoor ventilation air.
WUFI
is an acronym for Wärme Und Feuchte Instationär—which, translated, means heat and moisture transiency.
Centrifugal Fan
Cooling Tower
Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Direct Exchange Unit (DX)
Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
Split System
Mini Split System
Chiller
Boiler
Heat Pump
Refrigerant
Evaporator
Condenser
Furnace
Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS)
Variable Air Volume VAV)
a type of heating, ventilating, and/or air-conditioning system. Unlike constant air volume systems, which supply a constant airflow at a variable temperature, VAV systems vary the airflow at a constant or varying temperature.
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)
HVAC systems consist of outdoor units connected to multiple indoor units via refrigerant piping to provide cooling and heating to individual zones.
Water to Water System
Water to cool the condenser with a Chiller
Water to distribute
Rectified Photography
Provides a cost effective method for recording a high level of detail on relatively flat structures and objects such as building facades, floors, stained glass windows and wall paintings.
Convergent Photography
Is aerial photography with the camera (or cameras) intentionally titled so that the central perspective ray of one exposure is inclined to that of an adjacent station.
Orthophotography
Is aerial photography of the earth’s surface that is corrected to account for the earth’s surface and can be used to measure true distances.
Photogrammetry
Is the use of photography in surveying and mapping to measure distances between objects.
Labor and material bonds
Ensure payments to subcontractors, suppliers, and employees in the event of a defaulting contractor.
Whose responsibility is it to prepare the final application of payment?
The Contractor
Sheepsfoot
A tool used to compact soil
How many inspections are Architects required to make?
Architects are required to make two site inspections. One at substantial completion and one at final completion.
Standard site visits and general construction observations are not considered inspections.
Bid security
Is required to ensure that the successful bidder will enter into a contract with the owner. The amount of the bus security is either set as a fixed price or as a percentage of the Vid; it is usually 5% of the estimated construction cost or the bid price.
Performance bond
Is a statement by a surety company that obligates complete construction of the project in the event that the contractor defaults on his or her obligations.
