All Definitions Flashcards
1
Q
Advocacy group
A
A group that attempts to influence decisions
2
Q
Agri-food
A
The business of producing food through agricultural means
3
Q
Alternate lot
A
A small residential lot integrated with conventional lot sizes to create a fender area of housing that attracts people earning various levels of income
4
Q
Alternative energy source
A
An alternative to greenhouse gas emitting energy sources such as fossils fuels
5
Q
Annual population growth
A
Natural increase plus or minus net migration (immigration minus emigration) in one year
6
Q
Aquaculture
A
The practice of breeding, rearing, and harvesting such in nets or pens in water bodies
7
Q
Bedrock
A
The solid rock base beneath the soil
8
Q
Birth rate
A
The number of births per 1000 people in one year
9
Q
Brain drain
A
The movement of highly educated people out of a country, particularly young professionals
10
Q
Built environment
A
An area created or altered by humans.
Some examples are high-rise buildings, infrastructure networks, complex transportation systems, and suburban neighbourhoods.
11
Q
Carbon footprint
A
The amount of carbon dioxide or other carbon compounds released into the atmosphere by the activities of a person, company, or country
12
Q
Carbon offsetting
A
A way in which an emitter if greenhouse gases can prevent its emissions from increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations by paying someone else to reduce, avoid, or absorb an equal quantity of emissions.
13
Q
Carrying capacity
A
The ability of an area to support a population without degrading the environment
14
Q
Catastrophic hazard
A
A natural hazard that affects large numbers of people or the whole world
15
Q
Census
A
An official government survey of a population
16
Q
Census metropolitan area (CMA)
A
An urban area with a population of at least 100 000 people of whom 50 000 or more live in an urban core.
17
Q
Certification
A
Confirmation that a product of a organization meets certain criteria
18
Q
Child mortality rate
A
Number of deaths children under 5 yeRs old per 1000 live births.
19
Q
Commercial land use
A
A type of land use that includes any development for retail, service, or office use
20
Q
Commodity
A
A product or service that can be bought or used by consumers
21
Q
Coniferous
A
Needle-leaved, cone-bearing trees adapted to cooler, drier environments
22
Q
Conventional agriculture
A
The production of agri-food that uses synthetic products to enhance the growth of crops and produce larger yields.
23
Q
Crop rotation
A
A farming practice in which different crops are planted on the same field from year to year to avoid exhausting the soil of nutrients.
24
Q
Crown land
A
Land belonging to the provincial or federal government.
25
Cultural assimilation
A policy whereby people’s culture are absorbed into the dominant culture.
26
Cultural mosaic
A policy that promotes keeping and maintains people’s cultures, languages, and religions.
27
Death rate
The number of deaths per 1000 people in one year
28
Deciduous
Trees or shrubs that drop their leaves every year.
29
Demography
A sub-field of geography that is the study of population.
30
Dependency load
The combined percent of a country’s population that is under 15 and over 64.
31
Displacement
Movement to another location.
32
Doubling time
How long it takes, in years, for a population to double.
| Calculated by diving 70 by the population growth rate
33
Ecological overshoot
A situation in which a population exceeds the long-term carrying capacity of its own environment.
34
Ecosystem
A self-regulating system, created by the interaction between living organisms and their environment.
35
Ecumene
The settled part of a country.
36
Emigrant
A person who leaves his or her home country to settle in another.
37
Enclave
A distinct area within a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct.
38
Environmental farm plan (EFP)
A voluntary assessment took of a farm’s production of five xD used throughout Canada.
39
Environmental refugees
People forced to leave their traditional territory because of an environmental disruption that threatens their lives or affects their quality of life.
40
Ethnocultural food
Food that is not normally grown in Canada; also known as a world crop
41
Exclusive economic zone
The area of coastal water and seabed near a country’s coast over which the country has exclusive rights to resources and exploration.
42
Exports
Products that are delivered to places outside the country in which they were produced, extracted, or grown.
43
Fertility rate
The average number of children per woman.
44
Flood plain
A low-lying are along a river made up of sediments and subject to flooding.
45
Flow resource
A resource that must be used when and where it occurs, for example, the wind.
46
Forced migration
A mass movement of people who leave their homes against their will.
47
Foreign ownership
Complete or majority control of a business or resource by individuals who are not citizens of that country.
48
Fossil fuels
Fuel, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed deep beneath the surface of Earth by natural processes.
49
Fracking
The process of injecting liquid at high pressure into rocks to open cracks and allow natural gas to escape.
50
Free trade agreement
A contract between nations that encourages trading of goods and services by reducing tariffs and other restrictions.
51
Gentrification
The transformation of a neighbourhood in which deteriorated housing stock is purchased and renovated to create better housing units.
52
Globalization
The process by which countries trade goods, services, ideas, and even culture around the world at an ever-increasing rate.
53
Greenhouse effect
The process by which heat from Earth’s surface is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere and re-radiated back to Earth.
54
Greenhouse gases (GHG)
A group of natural and human-created gases released into the atmosphere that contribute to he greenhouse effect.
55
Gross domestic product (GDP)
The monetary value of all the goods and services produced within a country in one year.
56
High pressure
The force exerted on Earth’s surface resulting from cold air sinking.
57
High-density residential infill
The development is new housing options in established neighbourhoods. This new housing may be in the form of secondary suites or garage suites, or be built in newly established narrow lots or alternate lots.
58
Immigrant
A person who moves to a different country or region to take up permanent residence.
59
Imports
Products that are produced, extracted, or grown outside a country and brought into that country to be used.
60
Industrial land use
A type of land use for manufacturing and assembly plants, as well as developments for processing, warehousing, or storage.
61
Infrastructure
The networks of transportation, communications, education, and other public services that are needed for a community to operate.
62
Institutional land use
A type of land use for public facilities, including development for community, educational, governmental, health care, and religious purposes.
63
Leapfrog development
Scattered development located outside existing built-up suburban areas, leaving gaps that further reduce overall density.
64
Low pressure
The force exerted in Earth’s surface resulting from warm air rising.
65
Mitigate
Take steps to reduce the effects of a hazard or disaster.
66
Multiplier effect
An effect in which money spent on an event generates additional money spent in other ways.
67
Natural environment
An area with undisturbed elements. Some examples are areas that have land, water, and rocks.
68
Natural increase
The number of births minus the number of deaths.
69
Net migration
The annual gain or loss of population from movement of people in or out. (Immigration minus emigration)
70
Open and green space
A type of land use set aside for recreation and conservation efforts.
71
Organic agriculture
The production of agri-food that uses only allowed substances, or none at all when spraying crops.
72
Per capita
Per person
73
Phantom power
The use of power by devices that are not being used but are still plugged in.
74
Point system
An evaluation of immigrant applicants that awards points by categories, including language skills, education, and age.
75
Population density
The average number of people in a given area, calculated by dividing the number of people by the area in square kilometres.
76
Population distribution
The way in which a population is spread across an area.
77
Portable water
Water that is clean enough for drinking and preparing food.
78
Primary industry
An industry that extracts natural resources, such as mining, fishing, and agriculture.
79
Protectionism
The practice of shielding a country’s own industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.
80
Pull factors
Forced that attract people to new places and draw them away from their previous location.
81
Quaternary industry
An industry that is knowledge-based, such as scientific research and information technology.
82
Radiate
Send out or spread out heat energy in rays.
83
Refugee
A person who is forced to her or his country to find safety.
84
Renewable energy source
An energy source that is regenerated on a human timescale.
85
Replacement level
The average number of babies needed per woman to maintain country’s population; generally 2.1
86
Residential land use
A type of land use that imposes the majority of a typical Canadian city. Residential land use includes low-, medium-, and high-density housing developments.
87
Secondary industry
An industry that uses raw materials to manufacture products, such as automobiles.
88
Settlement hierarchy
An order of settlements by size of population and services available.
89
Shelterbelt
A line of trees or shrubs planted to protect an area from strong winds and the erosion they cause.
90
Sovereignty
Supreme power or authority; independence.
91
Sphere of influence
The region served by a settlement.
92
Stockpiling
Collecting a large supply of something for the future.
93
Suburb
A residential area on the outskirts of an urban core.
94
Sustainable
Able to be used without being completely used up or destroyed.
95
Tariff
A kind of tax that applies to certain imports or exports.
96
Tectonic
Processes related to the structure of Earth’s crust.
97
Tertiary industry
An industry that provides services, such as health care and banking.
98
Threshold population
The number of people needed to support a given function or service.
99
Tilling
The process of preparing farmland for the following planting season.
100
Trade balance
The difference between a nation’s exports and imports.
101
Transboundary water body
A body of water or a watershed that is in more than one country.
102
Transportation land use
A type of land use designated for corridors and amenities, such as roads, public transit, and parking.
103
Tsunami
A potentially destructive large sea wave generated by an earthquake, a volcanic eruption, or an undersea landslide.
104
Typhoon
A storm that occurs in the Indian or western pacific oceans; called a hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean.
105
Urban doughnut
An economic effect of urban sprawl in which businesses and institutions move to the suburbs and leave empty spaces, or a hole, in the downtown.
106
Urban growth boundary (UGB)
A land-use planing took that controls urban expansion by keeping it within a designated area.
107
Urban heat island effect
A daytime elevation in the outdoor urban air temperature that results, in part, from the buildings, asphalt, and other infrastructure absorbing heat in the day and emitting it in the evening, which causes the urban temperature to rise at night.
108
Urban reserve
Aboriginal land that has become urban through expansion of neighbouring communities of land in a city that an aboriginal group is granted permission to purchase that acquires reserve status.
109
Urbanization
An increase in the number of people living or working in urban places.
110
Vector-borne disease
A disease transmitted to humans through other hosts, most often insects like mosquitoes and ticks.
111
Visible minorities
Persons who are non-Caucasian or non-white and do not report being aboriginal.
112
Youthification
The trend of young adults living in cities because of the decreasing affordability of owning homes and vehicles, and starting a family.
113
Zoning by-law
A law that states how land may be used in a community. It also addresses the types of buildings and where structures may be located, as well as restricting lot sizes and building heights.
