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Physiology and Anatomy 2 All Def > All Definitions > Flashcards

All Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

acidosis

A

lower than normal pH level, i.e. accumulation of acid in the body

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2
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone, hypothalamic hormone, released from the neurohypophysis – increases water permeability in the collecting duct, thus decreasing urine volume

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3
Q

aldosteron

A

steroid hormone of the adrenal gland – increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidney and at other places

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4
Q

alkalosis

A

higher than normal pH level, i.e. accumulation of base in the body

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5
Q

ANP

A

atrial natriuretic peptid – secreted in the atrium of the heart, it increases Na+ and urine discharge decreasing blood volume

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6
Q

bilirubin

A

yellowish bile pigment produced by breakdown of heme

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7
Q

clearance

A

a functional measure of the kidney function – the plasma volume that is (theoretically) fully cleared of a certain material per a unit of time in the kidneys

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8
Q

cortical nephron

A

the most frequent nephron type located in the cortex of the kidney with short Henle’s loop

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9
Q

diuresis

A

discharge of urine from the urinary bladder

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10
Q

diuretics

A

drugs that increase the amount of urine and urination

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11
Q

facultative reabsorption

A

controlled reuptake of certain elements of the primary urine (ultrafiltrate) in the distal kidney tubules and collecting duct according to the need of the organism

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12
Q

GFR

A

(glomerular filtration rate) the amount of fluid filtrated per unit of time in the glomeruli of the kidneys

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13
Q

glomerulus

A

the functional unit of the kidneys consisting of the Bowman-capsule and of a coiled capillary system

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14
Q

Henle’s loop

A

a tubule connecting the proximal and the distal tubules in the kidneys

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15
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

cell-group located in the angular area of the glomerulus and the tubules in the nephrons that produces renin (to regulate ionic milieu and fluid balance through the renin-angiotensin system)

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16
Q

juxtamedullary nephron

A

nephron located close to the corticomedullary border in the kidney, with long Henle’s loop descending deep in the renal medulla

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17
Q

nephron

A

functional and anatomical unit of the kidneys; its parts are the glomerulus, proximal- and distal tubules, Henle’s loop and collecting duct

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18
Q

obligate reabsorption

A

the compulsory reabsorption under any circumstances of a portion of some materials (e.g. water, sodium, glucose) in the proximal tubule of the nephron

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19
Q

podocyte

A

epithelial cell type in the Bowman’s capsule attached to the basal membrane of the glomerulus – filtrate passes between its footlike processes into the tubules of the nephron

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20
Q

RBF

A

(renal blood flow), the amount of blood flowing through the kidneys per unit of time

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21
Q

reabsorption

A

backward transport of some ultrafiltrated materials from the tubules to the blood vessels in the kidneys

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22
Q

renin

A

peptid hormone (protease) released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus – transforms angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

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23
Q

RPF

A

(renal plasma flow), the amount of blood plasma flowing through the kidneys per unit of time

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24
Q

tubular maximum

A

a rate limit of transport proteins (maximal transport capacity) in the kidney tubules above which only a portion of the given material is reabsorbed (e.g. glucose in the proximal tubule)

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25
Q

tubule (proximal, distal)

A

small tubes leading from the glomerulus to the collecting duct in the nephron

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26
Q

ultrafiltration

A

filtration in the glomeruli of the kidneys in which water and small organic and inorganic compounds pass the membranes from the plasma to the proximal tubule whereas colloid particles and cells remain unfiltered

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27
Q

urea

A

nitrogen containing compound actively eliminated by the kidneys; the main way to eliminate excess nitrogen

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28
Q

absorption

A

transport of the digested nutrients (amino-acids, sugars, fatty-acids) from the lumen of the intestine to the blood vessels across the intestinal wall

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29
Q

amylases

A

enzymes that digest carbohydrates (in the saliva or pancreatic juice)

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30
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

ring of muscles separating the esophagus from the stomach

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31
Q

CCK

A

cholecystokinin – produced in the small intestine in response to lipids and proteins, it induces emptying of the gallbladder, increases enzyme production in the pancreas and inhibits emptying of the stomach

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32
Q

chief cells

A

pepsinogen producing cells in the stomach

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33
Q

digestion

A

chemical break-down of the nutritive macromolecular polymers (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids) into oligomers, dimers and finally monomers.

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34
Q

endopeptidase

A

protease that cuts internal peptide bonds in a peptid chain

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35
Q

exopeptidase

A

protease that cuts amino acids from the end of peptide chains

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36
Q

fermentation

A

anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to simpler compounds usually by bacteria (e.g. fermentation of cellulose in the alimentary canal)

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37
Q

gastrin

A

hormone produced in the stomach – increases HCl secretion

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38
Q

GIP

A

glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone – produced in the small intestine in response to carbohydrates, it induces insulin secretion and inhibits emptying of the stomach

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39
Q

intrinsic factor

A

protein secreted in the stomach, needed for the absorption of B12 vitamin (extrinsic factor)

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40
Q

lactose intolerance

A

lactose contained by milk and some diary products is not metabolized in the gut due to the lack of the enzyme lactase

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41
Q

lipases

A

enzymes in the pancreatic juice that digest lipids (fat)

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42
Q

lipogenesis

A

synthesis of neutral fat from fatty-acids and glycerol

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43
Q

mass peristalsis

A

a fast and powerful peristaltic wave in the large intestine initiated by the sudden distension of the (usually empty) duodenum (frequently results in defecation)

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44
Q

nucleases

A

enzymes digesting nucleic-acids (e.g. DNA, RNA)

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45
Q

parietal cells

A

HCl producing cells in the stomach

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46
Q

peristalsis

A

wormlike movement by which the alimentary canal or other tubular organs having both longitudinal and circular muscle fibers propel their contents

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47
Q

proteases

A

enzymes digesting proteins and polypeptides

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48
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscles separating the stomach from the duodenum

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49
Q

reflux

A

backward flow of stomach content into the esophagus due mainly to weakness of the cardiac sphincter

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50
Q

secretin

A

produced in the small intestine in response to acid, it increases HCO3- production in the pancreas and inhibits emptying of the stomach

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51
Q

villus, villi

A

small, finger-like, vascular processes found densely packed on the inner wall of the gut increasing the absorptive surface

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52
Q

lipoprotein lipase

A

enzyme in the capillary wall catalyzing cleavage of fatty acids from lipids in lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL, etc.)

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53
Q

polyuria

A

the excretion of an abnormally large quantity of urine

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54
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst and water consumption

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55
Q

ketoacidosis

A

acidosis caused by the increased production of acidic ketone bodies (e.g. in diabetes mellitus)

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56
Q

direct calorimetry

A

measurement of heat actually produced by an organism confined in a sealed chamber or calorimeter

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57
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

estimation of the heat produced by an organism by measuring oxygen consumption and respiratory differences of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired air

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58
Q

incretins

A

intestinal hormones increasing insulin secretion

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59
Q

endogenous hyperglycemia

A

blood sugar level is abnormally high without carbohydrate consumption

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60
Q

exogenous hyperglycemia

A

blood sugar level increases abnormally following carbohydrate consumption

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61
Q

anabolism

A

a part of the intermediary metabolism, syntheses of materials, building up the organism’s own materials

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62
Q

catabolism

A

part of the intermediary metabolism, breaking down the absorbed compounds (usually for producing or storing of energy)

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63
Q

citric-acid cycle

A

(Szentgyörgyi-Krebs cycle) – final break-down of the two-carbonic compound acetyl-group that comes from either the glycolysis or the fatty-acid metabolism (beta-oxidation); the end-products are carbon-dioxide and reduced co-enzymes

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64
Q

Cori-cycle

A

a procedure in which the lactic-acid produced in the muscles under anaerobic conditions is remetabolised to sugar in the liver on the expense of the break-down of its 1/3 amount

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65
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

disease due to the lack or ineffectiveness of the insulin hormone; symptoms are sugar in the urine, excess urination and overdrinking, acetone in the saliva, metabolic disturbances, sometimes coma

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66
Q

pentose-phosphate cycle

A

an alternative route to the glycolysis in which 5 C-atom sugars (e.g. ribose, etc.) are formed; NADPH, a co-enzyme necessary for fatty-acid synthesis is also produced here

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67
Q

fatty-acid synthesis

A

enzymatic production of long-chained fatty-acids from acetyl-Coenzyme-A (requires NADPH).

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68
Q

glucogenic amino-acids

A

amino-acids that can enter into the sugar-metabolic pathways

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69
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

a procedure in which the liver synthesizes de novo sugars from lactic acid and amino-acids (mainly from blood proteins)

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70
Q

glycolysis

A

break-down procedure of 6-C sugars into acetyl (-Coenzyme-A)-group

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71
Q

hyperglycemia

A

elevated blood-sugar level

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72
Q

hypoglycemia

A

decreased blood-sugar level

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73
Q

ketogenic amino-acids

A

amino-acids with ketone-like derivatives that cannot enter into the sugar-metabolism

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74
Q

NAD- (and NADH)

A

co-enzyme that binds hydrogen in the glycolysis and in the citric-acid cycle and carries it to the oxidative phosphorylation

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75
Q

Langerhans’ islets

A

hormone producing (endocrine) cell-groups of the pancreas

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76
Q

lipolysis

A

breaking down neutral fats into fatty-acids and glycerol

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77
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

final phase of the energy metabolism in the mitochondrion; hydrogen is moved from reduced co-enzymes (FADH2, NADH) to oxygen forming water, while released energy is stored in the form of ATP

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78
Q

respiratory quotient

A

the carbon dioxide output divided by the oxygen uptake

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79
Q

ejaculation

A

the forceful removal (ejection) of the sebum through the urethra in the males

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80
Q

emission

A

the release of the semen from it stores (vesicula seminalis) to the urethra before ejaculation

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81
Q

erection

A

the solidification of the penis by being filled up with blood before a sexual act

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82
Q

gametogenesis

A

production of reproductive cells (gametes) in the reproductive organs (oogenesis, spermatogenesis)

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83
Q

gonads

A

organs producing reproductive cells (gametes) (testis, ovary)

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84
Q

hermaphroditism

A

mixed male and female characteristics within the same person

85
Q

interstitial cells

A

(also Leydig-cells) cells that produce testosterone in the testes

86
Q

menopause

A

termination of the female reproductive activity; result of a natural physiological procedure (climax)

87
Q

menstruation

A

removal of the uterine endometria accompanied by bleeding at the end of the menstrual cycle

88
Q

Leydig-cells

A

interstitial cells producing testosterone in the testes

89
Q

climax

A

cessation and termination of the female reproductive activity; a natural physiological procedure (leads to menopause)

90
Q

orgasm

A

the highest point of sexual excitement, marked by strong feelings of pleasure and marked normally by ejaculation of semen by the male and by vaginal contractions within the female

91
Q

ovulation

A

ejection of the matured oocyte (ovum) from the follicle in the ovary

92
Q

reproductive cycle (or menstrual cycle)

A

regularly recurring changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive organs in females

93
Q

semen

A

a mixture of sperm cells and of excretes of different reproductive glands (prostate, vesicula seminalis) which is ejaculated during the sexual intercourse

94
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation and maturation of the sperms in the testes and accessory male reproductive organs

95
Q

puberty

A

the period of human development during which physical growth and sexual maturation occurs

96
Q

adenohypophysis

A

the frontal, glandular portion of the hypophysis (anterior pituitary) that produces trophormones

97
Q

gonadotropins or gonadotrophins

A

hormones that regulate reproductive functions and production of sexual hormones (e.g. FSH, LH-ICSH, prolactin).

98
Q

hypophysiotropic area

A

parvocellular region of the hypothalamus that regulates the function of the adenohypophysis; releasing and inhibiting factors (hormones) are produced here

99
Q

inhibiting hormones and factors

A

hormones produced by the parvocellular (small cell) region of the hypothalamus that regulate adenohypophysis functions

100
Q

releasing hormones and factors

A

hormones or hormone-like compounds produced by the parvocellular region of the hypothalamus (hypophysiotropic area) that facilitate adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) hormone production and release

101
Q

neurohemal-organ

A

organs of neuronal origin in that store hormones (usually secreted by other neurons (e.g. neurohypophysis)

102
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (hypophysis) that stores hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurons (a neurohemal organ)

103
Q

trop hormones

A

pituitary (adenohypophysis) hormones that stimulate production and release of other hormones from other glands (e.g. TSH, ACTH, FSH)

104
Q

portal circulation

A

capillaries in one organ are collected into larger vessels (veins), enter the other organ through a narrow entrance (port) and form a second capillary bed to release substances carried from the first organ (e.g. gastrointestinal tract – liver or hypothalamus – hypophysis)

105
Q

thyroglobulin

A

precursor of the thyroid hormones in the acinus of the thyroid gland; a large, iodine containing protein molecule

106
Q

hyper- and hypothyreosis

A

over- or underproduction of the thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland, and its symptoms

107
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine – most effective hormone of the thyroid gland

108
Q

T4

A

tetraiodothyronine – hormone of the thyroid gland

109
Q

cretinism

A

retarded mental and physical state (dwarfism) caused by a low level of thyroid hormones during development

110
Q

myxedema

A

accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the skin causing edema in patients with hypothyroidism

111
Q

corticosteroids

A

steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens)

112
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate sodium/potassium (Na+/K+) ratio (aldosteron, DOC)

113
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

a condition caused by the lack or decreased production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin); symptoms are excessive urination and extreme thirst

114
Q

glucocorticoids

A

hormones produced by the adrenal cortex regulating sugar- and protein-metabolism (cortisol, hydrocortisone)

115
Q

adrenarche

A

the adrenal cortex starts to produce androgen hormones at the age of 5-8, causing

116
Q

Addison’s disease

A

caused by the insufficiency of the adrenal cortex most frequently due to an autoimmun process; it leads to extreme weakness, darkening of the skin and increased discharge of urine

117
Q

Cushing’s symptoms

A

caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood frequently due to steroid medication; it leads to disproportional fat deposition on the trunk, neck and face

118
Q

rachitis (rickets)

A

malformation (weakness) of bones caused by the lack of vitamin-D that leads to a decreased absorption of calcium from the gut during development

119
Q

osteoporosis

A

weakening of the bones due to a loss of minerals (calcium) and organic components

120
Q

osteoblast

A

bone forming progenitor cell

121
Q

osteoclast

A

phagocyte digesting bone tissue allowing remodeling of bone

122
Q

osteocyte

A

bone cell – osteoblasts are transformed into osteocytes; they are located in small cavities within the bone tissue and keep contact with each other through cytoplasmic processes

123
Q

osteoid tissue

A

organic part of the bone matrix made up by fibers and other components, its mineralization finishes bone formation

124
Q

remodeling

A

the continuous degradation and rebuilding of the bone tissue

125
Q

calcification

A

(mineralization) osteoid tissue becomes bone tissue by the precipitation of calcium salts

126
Q

mineralization

A

(calcification) osteoid tissue becomes bone tissue by the precipitation of calcium salts

127
Q

ergocalciferol

A

vitamin D2, precursor of calcitriol, a dietary supplement found in certain fish oils and fungi

128
Q

cholecalciferol

A

vitamin D3 (hormone), precursor of calcitriol, synthesized in the skin upon UV irradiation

129
Q

calcitriol

A

hormone prepared from D2 and D3; increases calcium absorption in the gut and calcium mobilization in the bone, thus increases calcium level in the blood

130
Q

parathormon

A

hormone of the parathyroid glands; increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and calcium mobilization in the bone, thus increases calcium level in the blood

131
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone produced by C cells in the thyroid gland; inhibits osteoclast activity, thus decreases calcium level in the blood

132
Q

exteroceptor

A

receptor receiving stimuli from outside the body

133
Q

interoceptor

A

receptor receiving stimuli from outside the body

134
Q

proprioceptor

A

receptor detecting the position of the body and the state of the muscles, tendons and joints

135
Q

contact receptor

A

the source of the stimulus has to be in contact with the receptor to elicit a response

136
Q

telereceptor

A

the source of the stimulus is distant from the receptor

137
Q

stimulus threshold

A

minimal energy of stimulus that changes action potential frequency in the primary sensory neuron

138
Q

stimulus adaptation

A

the process in which the effect of the stimulus on the receptor decreases in time

139
Q

receptive field

A

part of the environment or body (visual field, skin, etc.) from which the activity of the examined element of the sensory system can be changed

140
Q

receptor potential

A

membrane potential change of the sensory cell in response to the stimulus

141
Q

topography

A

the spatial arrangement of the sensory cells is mapped throughout the sensory system

142
Q

dermatome

A

strip-like part of the skin innervated by one spinal segment

143
Q

homunculus

A

drawing indicating the representation of different body parts on the somatosensory cortex proportionally to the number of receptors, thus causing distortion of the image

144
Q

Weber-Fechner’s law

A

exponential equation showing the relationship between stimulus and response in sensory systems

145
Q

final common pathway

A

skeletal muscles can only be reached through the spinal or brainstem motoneuron

146
Q

somatotopy

A

topography in the somatosensory and motor system

147
Q

intrafusal fiber

A

modified muscle fiber in the muscle spindle

148
Q

extrafusal fiber

A

muscle fibers outside the muscle spindle

149
Q

annulospiral ending

A

terminal of the Ia fiber on the intrafusal fiber

150
Q

miotatic reflex (stretch reflex)

A

monosynaptic reflex starting from the muscle spindle and causing contraction of the muscle on stretching

151
Q

inverse miotatic reflex (tendon reflex)

A

bisynaptic reflex starting from the tendon organ; it protects the muscle and tendon by relaxing the muscle, when extreme tension develops

152
Q

motor unit

A

collection of muscle fibers innervated by the same motoneuron

153
Q

motoneuron pool

A

collection of motoneurons innervating muscle units in the same muscle

154
Q

red muscle fiber

A

muscle fiber characterized by good blood supply, many mitochondria, high myoglobin content and slow fatigue

155
Q

white muscle fiber

A

muscle fiber characterized by few mitochondria, low myoglobin content, quick fatigue, but very fast contraction

156
Q

Renshaw neuron

A

inhibitory neuron in the spinal cord excited by a collateral of the alpha motoneuron and providing negative feedback to the motoneuron

157
Q

decerebrate rigidity

A

increase of the muscle tone caused by the transection of the brain stem above the Deiter’s nucleus

158
Q

muscle tone

A

continuous, slight contraction of the skeletal muscles important in the maintenance of the posture

159
Q

Purkinje neuron

A

GABAergic inhibitory neuron providing the main output of the cerebellum

160
Q

deep cerebellar nucleus

A

most of the cerebellar Purkinje cells project through these nuclei to other parts of the brain

161
Q

vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)

A

the most ancient part of the cerebellum (flocculonodular lobe), its input comes from the vestibular organ, and its main function is to keep posture and balance

162
Q

spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)

A

consists of the vermis and the intermediate part of the hemispheres, it monitors the execution of motor commands issued by the cortex

163
Q

cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)

A

the newest part of the cerebellum, consists of the lateral part of the hemispheres, its role is in the learning, starting and stopping movements

164
Q

basal ganglia

A

collective name for the neostriatum, pallidum, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus, subcortical nuclei involved in motor control

165
Q

Parkinson’s disorder

A

movement disorder caused by the insufficient production and release of dopamine in the neostriatum by dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta; it causes tremor and decreased initiation of movements

166
Q

Huntington’s chorea

A

genetic neurological disorder leading to loss of GABAergic and cholinergic cells in the neostriatum leading to jerky, random, uncontrollable movements

167
Q

perilymph

A

fluid in the perilymphatic space of the inner ear, produced by filtration, thus its composition is the same as that of other extracellular fluids

168
Q

endolymph

A

fluid in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear, produced by secretion, characterized by high K+ levels

169
Q

hair cell

A

secondary sensory cell in the inner ear

170
Q

stereocilium

A

processes on the apical surface of the hair cells filled with actin filaments and bearing mechanosensitive K+ channels at the tip

171
Q

kinocilium

A

long process on the apical surface of the hair cells showing cilium structure in cross section

172
Q

tip link

A

protein structure connecting the tips of the stereocilia; important for the deformation of the membrane and thus for the opening of the K+ channels during bending of the stereocilia

173
Q

organ of Corti

A

the organ of hearing in the inner ear

174
Q

fenestra rotunda

A

membrane covered opening between the cochlea and the middle ear, it lets the perilymph move when the stapes pushes the membrane at the fenestra ovale

175
Q

fenestra ovale

A

membrane covered opening between the cochlea and the middle ear, stapes transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the perilymph through this opening

176
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

auxiliary olfactory organ in many animals opening into the nasal or buccal cavity and detecting mainly pheromones

177
Q

epitop

A

characteristic part of the odor molecule that can be detected by a specific 7TM receptor on the apical surface of the olfactory sensory neuron

178
Q

umami

A

the fifth basic taste evoked by peptides, amino acids and most importantly glutamate in the food

179
Q

microsmatic

A

animal with inferior olfactory abilities (i.e. humans)

180
Q

macrosmatic

A

animal with superior olfactory abilities

181
Q

taste bud

A

structure serving the sense of taste, it contains sensory and supporting cells

182
Q

Chinese restaurant syndrome

A

temporary, unconvenient symptoms caused by overdosing the taste enhancing, but also neuroexcitatory monosodium glutamate (MSG)

183
Q

scotopic vision

A

monochromatic vision produced through the rods in low light

184
Q

photopic vision

A

chromatic vision produced through the cones under well-lit conditions

185
Q

dark current

A

continuous inflow of Na+ and Ca++ into rods and cones in dark through cGMP-regulated channels, causing hypopolarization and glutamate release

186
Q

hemidecussation

A

partial crossing of optic fibers in the chiasma opticum ensuring that information collected from the same part of the visual field by the two retinas is analyzed in the same hemisphere

187
Q

optical illusion

A

distortion of visual perception at the cortical level caused by previous experiences

188
Q

sclera

A

the outermost, white layer of the eyeball

189
Q

cornea

A

frontal, transparent part of the sclera with the highest refracting power

190
Q

conjunctiva

A

very sensitive epithelial membrane covering the sclera and cornea and lining the inside of the eyelids

191
Q

iris

A

circular, pigmented membrane behind the cornea, perforated by the pupil; its contraction regulates the amount of light passing into the eye

192
Q

choroid

A

the middle, vascularized layer of the eyeball, including the iris and the ciliary body (ciliary muscles)

193
Q

fovea centralis

A

a depression in the center of the macula of the retina, the area of the most acute vision, where only cones are present

194
Q

blind spot (optic disc)

A

the spot on the retina, where the axons of the ganglion cells and blood vessels penetrate the wall of the eyeball; no receptor cells are found here

195
Q

musculus ciliaris

A

the lens is attached to the ciliary body (ciliary muscles) in the eye, its contraction is needed for accommodation

196
Q

glaucoma

A

eye disease caused by an excessive intraocular pressure due to a disturbance in the production and reabsorption of the aqueous humor

197
Q

cataract

A

eye disease caused by an opacity of the lens

198
Q

presbiopia

A

in elderly people the lens looses its flexibility, thus accommodation is no longer possible for short distances; corrected by reading glasses

199
Q

cis-retinal

A

organic compound derived from vitamin A; in visual pigments it absorbs the energy of photons

200
Q

transducin

A

G-protein in rods and cones, activated by the photopigment during light detection

201
Q

rhodopsin

A

photopigment of the rods

202
Q

opsin

A

protein part of the photopigment

203
Q

horizontal cell

A

inhibitory interneuron in the retina connecting receptor cells

204
Q

amacrin cell

A

interneuron in the retina establishing horizontal connections mostly close to the ganglion cells

205
Q

melanopsin

A

photopigment contained by the W ganglion cells

206
Q

M ganglion cell

A

ganglion cell projecting to the magnocellular layer of the corpus geniculatum laterale

207
Q

P ganglion cell

A

ganglion cell projecting to the parvocellular layer of the corpus geniculatum laterale

208
Q

color blindness

A

disturbance of color vision caused in most cases by a mutation in the genes coding for the photopigments; the most common form is the red/green color blindness

Physiology and Anatomy 2 All Def (1 decks)

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