all definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormal profit?

A

Refers to positive economic profit, arising when total revenue is greater than total economic costs (implicit plus explicit costs); is also known as ‘supernormal profit’.

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2
Q

What is absolute advantage?

A

Refers to the ability of a country to produce a good using fewer resources than another country.

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3
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A

The inability of an individual or a family to afford a basic standard of goods and services, defined in relation to a nationally or internationally determined ‘poverty line’.

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4
Q

What is actual output in the PPC model?

A

Occurs somewhere inside an economy’s production possibilities curve (PPC) due to the presence of unemployed resources and productive inefficiency.

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5
Q

What is actual output in the AD-AS model?

A

May be higher or lower than potential output based on the position of an economy’s long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve.

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6
Q

What are ad valorem taxes?

A

Taxes calculated as a fixed percentage of the price of the good or service; the amount of tax increases as the price increases.

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7
Q

What is aggregate demand?

A

The total quantity of goods and services that all buyers in an economy want to buy over a particular time period, at different possible price levels.

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8
Q

What is the aggregate demand curve?

A

The curve that shows the relationship between the total quantity of goods and services that all buyers in an economy want to buy over a particular time period, at different price levels.

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9
Q

What is aggregate supply?

A

The total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy over a particular time period, at different price levels.

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10
Q

What are average costs?

A

Costs per unit of output, calculated by dividing total cost by the number of units of output produced.

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11
Q

What are average fixed costs?

A

Fixed cost per unit of output, calculated by dividing fixed cost by the number of units of output produced.

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12
Q

What is average product?

A

The total quantity of output of a firm per unit of variable input, showing how much output each unit of the variable input produces on average.

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13
Q

What is average revenue?

A

Revenue per unit of output sold, calculated by dividing total revenue by the number of units of output produced.

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14
Q

What is average tax rate?

A

Tax paid divided by total income, expressed as a percentage.

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15
Q

What are average total costs?

A

Total cost per unit of output, calculated by dividing total costs by the number of units of output; also equal to the sum of average fixed costs and average variable costs.

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16
Q

What are average variable costs?

A

Variable cost per unit of output, calculated by dividing variable cost by the number of units of output.

17
Q

What is the balance of payments?

A

A record of all transactions between the residents of a country and the residents of all other countries, showing all payments received and made.

18
Q

What is the balance of trade in goods?

A

The value of exports of goods minus the value of imports of goods over a specific period of time.

19
Q

What is the balance of trade in services?

A

The value of exports of services minus the value of imports of services over a specific period of time.

20
Q

What is the balance on capital account?

A

The sum of inflows minus outflows of funds in the capital account of the balance of payments.

21
Q

What is the balance on current account?

A

The sum of inflows minus outflows of funds in the current account of the balance of payments.

22
Q

What is allocative efficiency?

A

An allocation of resources that results in producing the combination and quantity of goods and services most preferred by consumers.

23
Q

What is anti-dumping?

A

An argument that justifies trade protection policies if a country’s trading partner is suspected of practising dumping.

24
Q

What is appreciation of a currency?

A

An increase in the value of a currency in the context of a floating or managed exchange rate system.

25
Q

What is appropriate technology?

A

Technologies that are well-suited to a country’s particular economic, geographical, ecological, and climate conditions.

26
Q

What is asymmetric information?

A

A type of market failure where buyers and sellers do not have equal access to information, resulting in an underallocation of resources.

27
Q

What are automatic stabilisers?

A

Factors that automatically work toward stabilizing the economy by reducing short-term fluctuations of the business cycle.