All Defenitions Flashcards
1
Q
genetic modification
A
Changing the genetic makeup of an organism by removing changing or inserting individual genes
2
Q
Biodiversity
A
Number of different species that leave in an area
3
Q
Sustainable resource
A
Is produces as rapidly as it is removed from the environment so that it does not run out
4
Q
Food chain
A
Shows the transfer of energy form one organism to the next beginning with a producer
5
Q
Good web
A
Network of food chaind
6
Q
Producer
A
An organism that makes its own nutrients usually using energy from the sun through photosynthesis
7
Q
Consumer
A
Organism that gets its energy from feeding in other organisms
8
Q
Herbivore
A
Animal that gets its energy form feeding on plants
9
Q
Carnivore
A
Is an animal that gets its energy from eating other animals
10
Q
Decomposes
A
Are organisms that get their energy from dead or waste organic material
11
Q
Tropic level
A
Position of an organism on the food web or ecological pyramid
12
Q
Population
A
A group of organisms is one species living in the same are at the same time
13
Q
Community
A
All of the population of different species in an ecosystem
14
Q
Ecosystem
A
A unit containing the community of organisms and their environment interacting together
15
Q
Variation
A
Differences between individuals within the same species
16
Q
Continuous variation
A
Results in a range of phenotypes between two extremes eg body mass and body length
17
Q
Discontinues variation
A
Limited number of phenotypes with no intermediated eg ABO bliss groups seed shape in pees
18
Q
Mutation
A
Genetic change and it is a random change in the base sequence of DNA
19
Q
Adaptive feature
A
Is an inherited feature that helps and organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
20
Q
Natural selection
A
Their is genetic variation within a population these organisms reproduce and their offspring struggle for resources and survival, the ones that do survive reproduce and pass on the useful alleles to the next generation
21
Q
Selective breeding
A
Human identify organisms with desirable features and they breed them together then not all the offspring show the desirable feature so they breed together the off spring that do till they have made a whole new breed
22
Q
Adaption
A
Is the the process that results from natural selection by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations
23
Q
Chromosome
A
Made form dna which contain genetic information in the form of genes
24
Q
Gene
A
Length of dna which codes for a protein
25
Allele
Is an alternate form of a gene
26
Mitosis
Nucleur division giving rise to genetically identical cells
27
Meiosis
Is reduction decision in which chromosome number is halved from diploid to habloid resulting in genetically different cells
28
Inheritance
Transmission of genetic information form generation to generation
29
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism in terms of the alleles present
30
Phenotypes
The observable features of an organism
31
Homozygous
Having two indetiacl Allie’s of a particular gene
32
Heterozygous
Having to different alleles of a particular gene
33
Dominant allele
Is the allele that is expressed in the genotyoe
34
Recessive allele
Is the gene that is only expressed if there is no dominant allele of the gene present in the genotype
35
Codominance
Is when both Alleles present in a heterozygous organism contribute to the phenotype
36
Sex linked characteristics
A features in which the gene responsible is located on a sex chromosome making it more common in one sec compared to the other
37
Sexual reproduction
Process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different to each other
38
Fertilization
Fusion of the nuclei of two gametes
39
Pollination
Transfer of pollin grains from an anther to a stifma
40
Self pollination
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of the flower or the stigma of the same flower or the stigma of another flower on the same plant
41
Cross pollination
Transfer of pollen grain from the stigma of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant of the same species
42
Prostate gland
Produces fluid called semen that provides sperm cells with nutrients
43
Sperm duct
Sperm passes through the sperm duct to be mixed with fluids produced by the glands before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation
44
Urethra
Tube running down the center of the penis that can carry out urine or semen a ring of muscle in the urethra prevents the urine and semen from mixing
45
Testis
Contained in a bag of skin (scrotum) and produces sperm ( male gamete) and testosterone (hormone)
46
Scrotum
Sad supporting the testes outside the body to ensure sperm are kept at a temperature slightly lower than body temperature
47
Penis
Passes urine out of the body from the bladder and allows semen to pass into the vagina of a women during sexual intercourse
48
Oviduct
Connects the ovary to the uterus and is lined with ciliated cells push the released ovum down it. Fertilization occurs here
49
Ovary
Contains ova( female gamete) which will mature and develop when hormones are released
50
Uterus
Muscular bag with soft lining where the fertilized egg (zygote) will be implanted so develop into a fetus
51
Cervix
Ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus to keep the developing fetus in place during the pregnancy
52
Vagina
Muscular tube that leads to the inside of a woman’s body where the males penis will enter during sexual intercourse and speed are deposited
53
Fertilization ( humans)
Fertilization is the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete ( sperm) and a female gamete ( egg cell)
54
Sexually transmitted infection
Is an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact
55
Asexual reproduction
Process resulting in the production of genetically identical off spring
56
Drug
Is any substance that when taken modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body
57
Gravitrpism
Response in which plants goes towards or away from gravity
58
Phototropism
Response in which plants grow towards or away from the direction of the light source
59
Homeostasis
As the maintenance of a constant internal environment
60
Hormones
A chemical substance released by a gland carried by the blood that alters the activity at one or more specific target organ
61
Sense organs
Groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, temp, touch , sound, chemical
62
Cornea
Refracts light
63
Iris
Controls how much light enters the pupil
64
Lena
Focuses light onto the retina
65
Rods
Greater sensitivity of rods for night vision
66
Comes
3 kinds of cones, they absorb light of different colors, for color vision
67
Reflex action
Is a means of interfeating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors
68
Synapse
Junction between two neurones
And ensures impulses travel in one direction
69
Nervous system
Coordinating and regulating body functions
70
Aerobic respiration
Is a chemical reaction in cells that uses oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy
71
Anaerobic respiration
Chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrients molecules to release energy without the use of oxygen
72
Pathogen
Disease causing organism
73
Transmissible disease
A desease in which the pathogen can be past on from one host to another
74
Active immunity
A defence aha if a pathogen by antibody production in the body
75
Passive immunity
A short term defence against pathogen by acquiring pathogens from another individual including across the placenta and in breast milk
76
Cholera
A disease caused by a bacterium which is transmitted in contaminated water
77
Circulatory system
A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves that ensure the one way flow of blood
78
Coronary heart desease
Is caused by fatty deposits called Planck building up in the coronary arteries,
Partial blockage - causes angina whisk is like chest pain
And a complete blockage - causes Heart attacks
79
Xylem
Transports water and mineral ions and supports the plant
80
Phloem
Transports sucrose and amino acids from sources to sinks
81
Transpiration
Loss of water cap our from leaves
82
Translocation
Movement of sucrose and amino acids from sources to sinks
83
Moth
Where ingestion takes place as chewing of food mechanical digestion + amylase breaking down starch to maltose
84
Oesophagia
Connect mouth to stomach where the broken down food goes down
85
Stomach
Churns the food l, contains protease (pepsin) which digests protein in the acidic conditions of the stomach, and is lined with muscles that contract to physically squeeze and mix food with digestive juices, and contains hcl to kill and germs
86
Small intestine
Produces has, amylase, trepsin and lipase, is made of two pets the duodenum where digestion finishes and the ileum where absorption takes place
87
Large intestine
Absorbs water
88
Rectum
Stores feaces
89
Anus
Removal of feaces
90
Pancreas
Produces amylase, protease, lipase
Regulates blood sugar
Produces insulin and glucagon
91
Liver
Where bile is produced
92
Gall bladder
Where bile is stored
93
Ingestion
The takin in of substances
94
Digestion
The breakdown of food
95
Absorption
The movement of nutrients from the intestines to the blood
96
Assimilation
The uptake of nutrients by cells
97
Egestion
The removal of undigested food molecules from the body as feaces
98
Physical digestion
The break down of food into smaller leaves with no chemical change to the food molecules
99
Bile
Emulsifies days and oils to increase the surface area for chemical digestion and is an alkaline mixture that neutralizes the mixture of food and gastric juices comming from the stomach to provide a suitable temperature for enzyme Action
100
Chemical digestion
Breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble moleculea
101
Amylase
Breaks down start into simple sugars
102
Protease
Break down proteins into amino acid
103
Lipase
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
104
Photosynthesis
Is the process by which plants synthesis carbohydrates using raw materials and energy from light
105
Chhlorophyll
Transfers energy from light onto energy in chemicals for the synthesis of carbohydrates
106
Waxy cuticle
Protective layer that prevents water from evaporating
107
Upper epidermis
Thin and transparent Tia low light to reach the palisade mesophyll layer
Underneath it
108
Palisade mesophyll tissue
Contains chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place
109
Spongy mesophyll tissue
Has airspace’s to increase surface area for gas exchange
110
Lower epidermis
Contains guard cells and stomata
111
Guard cells
Absorb and loose water to open and close the stomata
112
Stomata
Where gas exchange takes place open during the day Closes during the night , water evaporates from here too, but like in most plants it’s found on the underside to minimize water loss
113
Vascular bundle
Contains xylem and phloem to transport substances around the leaf
114
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction
115
Enzyme
A protein that is involves in metabolic reactions where it acts as a biological catalyst
116
Active transport
Movement of particles through a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration
117
Osmosis
Is the net movement of water molecules form an area of high water potential the lute solution to an area of high concentration, the concentrated solution, through a. Partially permiable membrane
118
Diffusion
Is the net movements particles from Ana re of high concentration to an area of low concentrations down a concentration gradient as a result of their rapid random movement
119
Cells
Basic functional and structural units ima living organism
120
Tissues
Groups of cells working together to perform the same function
121
Organs
Groups of tissues working together to perform the same function
122
Organ system
Groups of organs working together to perform body functions
123
Ciliated cells
Have cilia that push and beat mucus out of airways such as the trachea
124
Root hair cells
Absorption
125
Palisade mesophyll cells
Photosynthesis
126
Neurons
Conduction of electrical
Impulses
127
Red blood cells
Transport of oxygen
128
Sperm and egg cells
Reproduction
129
Species
A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
130
Binomial system
An internationally agreed system I’m which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts the genus and the species
131
Movement
Is an action done by an animal or part of an animal resulting in a change in position or place
132
Reproduction
Making more of the same Kind of organism
133
Sensitivity
The ability to detect and react to changes in the internal and external environment
134
Growth
A permanent increase in size and dry mass
135
Respiration
A chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to releases energy for metabolism
136
Nutrition
The taking in of materials for grown development and energy
137
Nucleus
Controls activity inside the cell and contains DNA
138
Cell wall
Made from cellulose and supports the cell
139
Chloroplast
Filled with chlorophyll for photosynthesis
140
Vacuole
Filled with cell sap and keeps the cell firm
141
Cell
Memebdane
Controls what substances can go In and out
142
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
143
Cytoplasm
Where chemical reactions take
Place
144
Mitochondria
Where respiration reactions take
Place
