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Biology Igcse > All Defenitions > Flashcards

All Defenitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genetic modification

A

Changing the genetic makeup of an organism by removing changing or inserting individual genes

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2
Q

Biodiversity

A

Number of different species that leave in an area

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3
Q

Sustainable resource

A

Is produces as rapidly as it is removed from the environment so that it does not run out

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4
Q

Food chain

A

Shows the transfer of energy form one organism to the next beginning with a producer

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5
Q

Good web

A

Network of food chaind

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6
Q

Producer

A

An organism that makes its own nutrients usually using energy from the sun through photosynthesis

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7
Q

Consumer

A

Organism that gets its energy from feeding in other organisms

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8
Q

Herbivore

A

Animal that gets its energy form feeding on plants

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9
Q

Carnivore

A

Is an animal that gets its energy from eating other animals

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10
Q

Decomposes

A

Are organisms that get their energy from dead or waste organic material

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11
Q

Tropic level

A

Position of an organism on the food web or ecological pyramid

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12
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms is one species living in the same are at the same time

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13
Q

Community

A

All of the population of different species in an ecosystem

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14
Q

Ecosystem

A

A unit containing the community of organisms and their environment interacting together

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15
Q

Variation

A

Differences between individuals within the same species

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16
Q

Continuous variation

A

Results in a range of phenotypes between two extremes eg body mass and body length

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17
Q

Discontinues variation

A

Limited number of phenotypes with no intermediated eg ABO bliss groups seed shape in pees

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18
Q

Mutation

A

Genetic change and it is a random change in the base sequence of DNA

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19
Q

Adaptive feature

A

Is an inherited feature that helps and organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

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20
Q

Natural selection

A

Their is genetic variation within a population these organisms reproduce and their offspring struggle for resources and survival, the ones that do survive reproduce and pass on the useful alleles to the next generation

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21
Q

Selective breeding

A

Human identify organisms with desirable features and they breed them together then not all the offspring show the desirable feature so they breed together the off spring that do till they have made a whole new breed

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22
Q

Adaption

A

Is the the process that results from natural selection by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations

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23
Q

Chromosome

A

Made form dna which contain genetic information in the form of genes

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24
Q

Gene

A

Length of dna which codes for a protein

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25
Q

Allele

A

Is an alternate form of a gene

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26
Q

Mitosis

A

Nucleur division giving rise to genetically identical cells

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27
Q

Meiosis

A

Is reduction decision in which chromosome number is halved from diploid to habloid resulting in genetically different cells

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28
Q

Inheritance

A

Transmission of genetic information form generation to generation

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29
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism in terms of the alleles present

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30
Q

Phenotypes

A

The observable features of an organism

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31
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two indetiacl Allie’s of a particular gene

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32
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having to different alleles of a particular gene

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33
Q

Dominant allele

A

Is the allele that is expressed in the genotyoe

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34
Q

Recessive allele

A

Is the gene that is only expressed if there is no dominant allele of the gene present in the genotype

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35
Q

Codominance

A

Is when both Alleles present in a heterozygous organism contribute to the phenotype

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36
Q

Sex linked characteristics

A

A features in which the gene responsible is located on a sex chromosome making it more common in one sec compared to the other

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37
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different to each other

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38
Q

Fertilization

A

Fusion of the nuclei of two gametes

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39
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollin grains from an anther to a stifma

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40
Q

Self pollination

A

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of the flower or the stigma of the same flower or the stigma of another flower on the same plant

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41
Q

Cross pollination

A

Transfer of pollen grain from the stigma of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant of the same species

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42
Q

Prostate gland

A

Produces fluid called semen that provides sperm cells with nutrients

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43
Q

Sperm duct

A

Sperm passes through the sperm duct to be mixed with fluids produced by the glands before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation

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44
Q

Urethra

A

Tube running down the center of the penis that can carry out urine or semen a ring of muscle in the urethra prevents the urine and semen from mixing

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45
Q

Testis

A

Contained in a bag of skin (scrotum) and produces sperm ( male gamete) and testosterone (hormone)

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46
Q

Scrotum

A

Sad supporting the testes outside the body to ensure sperm are kept at a temperature slightly lower than body temperature

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47
Q

Penis

A

Passes urine out of the body from the bladder and allows semen to pass into the vagina of a women during sexual intercourse

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48
Q

Oviduct

A

Connects the ovary to the uterus and is lined with ciliated cells push the released ovum down it. Fertilization occurs here

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49
Q

Ovary

A

Contains ova( female gamete) which will mature and develop when hormones are released

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50
Q

Uterus

A

Muscular bag with soft lining where the fertilized egg (zygote) will be implanted so develop into a fetus

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51
Q

Cervix

A

Ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus to keep the developing fetus in place during the pregnancy

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52
Q

Vagina

A

Muscular tube that leads to the inside of a woman’s body where the males penis will enter during sexual intercourse and speed are deposited

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53
Q

Fertilization ( humans)

A

Fertilization is the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete ( sperm) and a female gamete ( egg cell)

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54
Q

Sexually transmitted infection

A

Is an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact

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55
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Process resulting in the production of genetically identical off spring

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56
Q

Drug

A

Is any substance that when taken modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body

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57
Q

Gravitrpism

A

Response in which plants goes towards or away from gravity

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58
Q

Phototropism

A

Response in which plants grow towards or away from the direction of the light source

59
Q

Homeostasis

A

As the maintenance of a constant internal environment

60
Q

Hormones

A

A chemical substance released by a gland carried by the blood that alters the activity at one or more specific target organ

61
Q

Sense organs

A

Groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, temp, touch , sound, chemical

62
Q

Cornea

A

Refracts light

63
Q

Iris

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

64
Q

Lena

A

Focuses light onto the retina

65
Q

Rods

A

Greater sensitivity of rods for night vision

66
Q

Comes

A

3 kinds of cones, they absorb light of different colors, for color vision

67
Q

Reflex action

A

Is a means of interfeating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors

68
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between two neurones
And ensures impulses travel in one direction

69
Q

Nervous system

A

Coordinating and regulating body functions

70
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Is a chemical reaction in cells that uses oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy

71
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrients molecules to release energy without the use of oxygen

72
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing organism

73
Q

Transmissible disease

A

A desease in which the pathogen can be past on from one host to another

74
Q

Active immunity

A

A defence aha if a pathogen by antibody production in the body

75
Q

Passive immunity

A

A short term defence against pathogen by acquiring pathogens from another individual including across the placenta and in breast milk

76
Q

Cholera

A

A disease caused by a bacterium which is transmitted in contaminated water

77
Q

Circulatory system

A

A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves that ensure the one way flow of blood

78
Q

Coronary heart desease

A

Is caused by fatty deposits called Planck building up in the coronary arteries,

Partial blockage - causes angina whisk is like chest pain

And a complete blockage - causes Heart attacks

79
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water and mineral ions and supports the plant

80
Q

Phloem

A

Transports sucrose and amino acids from sources to sinks

81
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water cap our from leaves

82
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of sucrose and amino acids from sources to sinks

83
Q

Moth

A

Where ingestion takes place as chewing of food mechanical digestion + amylase breaking down starch to maltose

84
Q

Oesophagia

A

Connect mouth to stomach where the broken down food goes down

85
Q

Stomach

A

Churns the food l, contains protease (pepsin) which digests protein in the acidic conditions of the stomach, and is lined with muscles that contract to physically squeeze and mix food with digestive juices, and contains hcl to kill and germs

86
Q

Small intestine

A

Produces has, amylase, trepsin and lipase, is made of two pets the duodenum where digestion finishes and the ileum where absorption takes place

87
Q

Large intestine

A

Absorbs water

88
Q

Rectum

A

Stores feaces

89
Q

Anus

A

Removal of feaces

90
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces amylase, protease, lipase
Regulates blood sugar
Produces insulin and glucagon

91
Q

Liver

A

Where bile is produced

92
Q

Gall bladder

A

Where bile is stored

93
Q

Ingestion

A

The takin in of substances

94
Q

Digestion

A

The breakdown of food

95
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of nutrients from the intestines to the blood

96
Q

Assimilation

A

The uptake of nutrients by cells

97
Q

Egestion

A

The removal of undigested food molecules from the body as feaces

98
Q

Physical digestion

A

The break down of food into smaller leaves with no chemical change to the food molecules

99
Q

Bile

A

Emulsifies days and oils to increase the surface area for chemical digestion and is an alkaline mixture that neutralizes the mixture of food and gastric juices comming from the stomach to provide a suitable temperature for enzyme Action

100
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble moleculea

101
Q

Amylase

A

Breaks down start into simple sugars

102
Q

Protease

A

Break down proteins into amino acid

103
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

104
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Is the process by which plants synthesis carbohydrates using raw materials and energy from light

105
Q

Chhlorophyll

A

Transfers energy from light onto energy in chemicals for the synthesis of carbohydrates

106
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

Protective layer that prevents water from evaporating

107
Q

Upper epidermis

A

Thin and transparent Tia low light to reach the palisade mesophyll layer
Underneath it

108
Q

Palisade mesophyll tissue

A

Contains chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place

109
Q

Spongy mesophyll tissue

A

Has airspace’s to increase surface area for gas exchange

110
Q

Lower epidermis

A

Contains guard cells and stomata

111
Q

Guard cells

A

Absorb and loose water to open and close the stomata

112
Q

Stomata

A

Where gas exchange takes place open during the day Closes during the night , water evaporates from here too, but like in most plants it’s found on the underside to minimize water loss

113
Q

Vascular bundle

A

Contains xylem and phloem to transport substances around the leaf

114
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction

115
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that is involves in metabolic reactions where it acts as a biological catalyst

116
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of particles through a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration

117
Q

Osmosis

A

Is the net movement of water molecules form an area of high water potential the lute solution to an area of high concentration, the concentrated solution, through a. Partially permiable membrane

118
Q

Diffusion

A

Is the net movements particles from Ana re of high concentration to an area of low concentrations down a concentration gradient as a result of their rapid random movement

119
Q

Cells

A

Basic functional and structural units ima living organism

120
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells working together to perform the same function

121
Q

Organs

A

Groups of tissues working together to perform the same function

122
Q

Organ system

A

Groups of organs working together to perform body functions

123
Q

Ciliated cells

A

Have cilia that push and beat mucus out of airways such as the trachea

124
Q

Root hair cells

A

Absorption

125
Q

Palisade mesophyll cells

A

Photosynthesis

126
Q

Neurons

A

Conduction of electrical
Impulses

127
Q

Red blood cells

A

Transport of oxygen

128
Q

Sperm and egg cells

A

Reproduction

129
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

130
Q

Binomial system

A

An internationally agreed system I’m which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts the genus and the species

131
Q

Movement

A

Is an action done by an animal or part of an animal resulting in a change in position or place

132
Q

Reproduction

A

Making more of the same Kind of organism

133
Q

Sensitivity

A

The ability to detect and react to changes in the internal and external environment

134
Q

Growth

A

A permanent increase in size and dry mass

135
Q

Respiration

A

A chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to releases energy for metabolism

136
Q

Nutrition

A

The taking in of materials for grown development and energy

137
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls activity inside the cell and contains DNA

138
Q

Cell wall

A

Made from cellulose and supports the cell

139
Q

Chloroplast

A

Filled with chlorophyll for photosynthesis

140
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap and keeps the cell firm

141
Q

Cell
Memebdane

A

Controls what substances can go In and out

142
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

143
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions take
Place

144
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where respiration reactions take
Place

Biology Igcse (4 decks)

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