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DATES FINAL > ALL DATES AP EURO > Flashcards

ALL DATES AP EURO Flashcards

1
Q

***14th Century-1527

A

This is far too specific, but, this is roughly the Italian Renaissance

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2
Q

***1453

A

Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks

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3
Q

1469

A

Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile begins the process of Spanish unification

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4
Q

***1492

A

Spanish Reconquista ends as Spain is classified as a Catholic state - Christopher Columbus discovers New World - begins era of European exploration

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5
Q

***1513

A

Machiavelli The Prince - realpolitik - Bismarck - ends justify the means - practical politics - no moral consideration

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6
Q

***1517

A

Martin Luther 95 Theses - this is after Erasmus’ and More’s criticized the Catholic church but they didn’t have the tools that Luther did to spread their thoughts, the printing press - begins Protestant Reformation

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7
Q

***1521—1648

A

Era of Religious Wars - Protestant to Catholic Reformation to Religious Warfare to Treaty of Westphalia

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8
Q

***1527

A

Sack of Rome - marks the end of the Renaissance and transfers the center of Europe to the Atlantic from the Mediterranean

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9
Q

***1529

A

The Ottoman Turks lay siege to Vienna thereby distracting the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V from prosecuting his war against the rebellious Lutherans within his empire

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10
Q

1534

A

Henry VIII brings Protestantism to England as he establishes the Anglican Church to take power form the nobility and gain power over his subjects as he is a new monarch along with Ferdinand and Isabella

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11
Q

1536

A

John Calvin spreads Calvinism to Geneva, Switzerland - Calvinism believes in pre-destination, Lutheranism believes in good works + faith + sovereignty

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12
Q

***1545-63

A

Council of Trent meets to discuss how to reform the Catholic church - these are Catholics trying to gain popularity again. They did this by establishing clergy celibacy, creating the Index of Prohibited Books, and the Inquisition - established Protestantism as heresy

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13
Q

***1555

A

Peace of Augsburg - ends the civil wars in Germany. Lutheranism is recognized and the principle of territoriality is established

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14
Q

***1567

A

Dutch Wars of Independence and Religion against Philip II - Philip II sends army to kill Dutch Calvinists but fails

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15
Q

***1562—1598

A

The French Civil Wars of Religion and Politics - Massacre of French Huguenots (Bartholomew Day Massacre led by Catherine de Medici)- (think Henry IV’s Edict of Nantes in 1598 to end the wars)

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16
Q

***1598

A

Henry IV passes the Edict of Nantes which allowed Protestantism in France - this ended the religious warfare in France - Henry IV brings Bourbouns to the throne

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17
Q

***1588

A

Spanish Armada fails as Philip II tries to overthrow Elizabeth I and restore Catholicism in England - Elizabeth I was a politique like Henry IV and allowed Protestantism

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18
Q

***1555-1598

A

Philip II

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19
Q

***1639-1646

A

-English Civil War round I erupts after Charles I is forced to call Parliament into session after not for years

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20
Q

1648-1658-

A

Oliver Cromwell is a dictator and rules England replacing Charles I ironically as he tried to get rid of the absolute rule

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21
Q

***1651

A

Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan outlining his belief for the need of an absolute ruler to bring order to society amongst humans whose state of nature was “nasty, brutish, and short.”

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22
Q

***1688, 1689

A

Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights; James II (Stuart line) produced a Catholic heir and is ousted by Parliament in favor of William of Orange and Mary, both Protestants. This demonstrates the victory of the landed aristocracy over absolutism and the upholding of the principles in the 1215 C.E. Magna Carta. It established a constitutional monarchy in England even though England has no singular constitution. Instead, England has a series of precedent and traditions focused on “common law.”

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23
Q

***1688

A

John Locke publishes his Second Treatise on Government - “natural rights” - political contract with government - citizens receive natural rights - government receives people who follow the law

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24
Q

1618

A

Defenestration of Prague Begins Round Two of Religious and Civil War in HRE - the Thirty Years’ War - Defenestration of Prague was a result of Ferdinand II (HRE emperor) trying to make Catholicism the empire’s religion and the Bohemian Nobles fought back by throwing Ferdinand’s reps out of a window

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25
Q

***1648

A

Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War - Calvinism is recognized in HRE - Switzerland becomes a legitimate nation as they were Protestant and now recognized. As a result of this conflict, Prussia begins to come to power

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26
Q

1661-1715

A

Louis XIV rule - he became king before this but didn’t rule on his own until the death of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661 - goes on to revoke the Edict of Nantes in 1685 - he did this to end the French religious wars but rather the Huguenots just moved to where Protestantism was allowed

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27
Q

***1543-1680’s

A

Scientific Revolution - this enhances the Protestant Reformation as scientific discoveries prove the Catholic Church’s beliefs wrong

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28
Q

***1642

A

Galileo dies and Newton is born indicating the growing and evolving Scientific Revolution

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29
Q

1492-mid-19th century

A

Slave trade makes many a Christian extremely wealthy - slave trade was a result of colonization and the want of free labor in colonies - at first the natives were used but many died from disease or escaped so the Europeans looked elsewhere - Africa - first boat came through the middle passage around 1526 - slavery is abolished in Europe in 1833 (Slavery Abolition Act of 1833)

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30
Q

***1450-1650 and beyond

A

The Commercial Revolution - banks, finance, joint-stock companies = huge increase in commerce - doesn’t affect East Europe because they are still mired in medieval manorialism

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31
Q

***1689-1789

A

The Enlightenment - Glorious Revolution to the French Revolution is the timeline roughly - Glorious Revolution focuses on the Enlightenment philosophies - demand for reason, search for tolerance and freedom in social and political structures (shown in William of Orange’s politique way of ruling), separation of power shown in William of Orange ruling partially with parliament, and the belief in intellectual progress shown in the Scientific Revolution - Enlightenment philosophers - Voltaire - religious tolerance, Montesquieu - balance of power, John Locke - natural rights and the social contract, Adam Smith - the invisible hand, capitalism, and the laws of supply and demand

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32
Q

***1776

A

Adam Smith publishes Wealth of Nations - calls for laissez-faire economics - let it be - let the economy run itself but regulate the banks and that’s it - says the “Invisible Hand” will regulate the economy

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33
Q

1712-1778

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau - link between the Enlightenment and the Romantic Era - worked on Locke’s social contract related to the natural rights - father of the Romantic Era

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34
Q

***1689

A

English Bill of Rights - assures parliament’s control over taxation and ensures Constitutionalism in England - Magna Carta enforced - no man is above the law - this replaces the previous Diving Right of Kings where the Monarch believes they have God’s power to rule and believe they basically have no boundaries

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35
Q

1701-1713

A

Wars of Spanish Succession - result of the death of King Charles II (last Hapsburg in Spain - died in 1700) who didn’t have a son - it was a war about who would take the throne in Spain. This puts France and Spain against the Grand Alliance

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36
Q

1713

A

Treaty of Utrecht - Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession, benefits the English, Prussians, and other members of the Grand Alliance opposing the “Sun King.” - marks the rise of Great Britain (Louis XIV acknowledges Protestant succession in England in the 1701 Act of Settlement as well as kept France and Spain separate countries) and secures the balance of power

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37
Q

***1698-1725

A

Peter the Great Begins Westernization of Russia, creates a cult of personality, and makes the church subservient to the state - marks the emergence of Russia as a European power - abolished slavery in 1723 and turned the slaves to serfs

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38
Q

***1740

A

Frederick the Great of Prussia (Enlightened Absolute Monarch) and Maria Theresa of Austria come to their respective Hohenzollern and Habsburg thrones and begin German dualisms duel - results in Prussia’s emergence as a European power

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39
Q

1756-63

A

The Seven Years War (known as the French and Indian War in North America) is fought - The British prove dominant against the French in North America and in India. The Prussians survive the conflict and eventually claim the prize of Silesia doubling the lands of the growing state.

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40
Q

***1789-1799

A

French Revolution

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41
Q

May 5, 1789

A

The Estates General is summoned by Louis XVI to respond to the economic crisis due to previous wars fought by Louis XIV - the third estate (the commoners) don’t have a say in the government so they start the National Constituent Assembly or just the National Assembly

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42
Q

June 20-27

A

The Tennis Court Oath. The 3rd Estate declares itself the National Constituent Assembly of France and makes a pledge to stay in session until a constitution in formulated

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43
Q

***July 14, 1789

A

Storming of the Bastille—Symbolic Destruction of the Old Regime Saves the National Constituent Assembly - peasants Revolution in France - peasants wanted to abolish feudalism

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44
Q

***August 4, 1789

A

Abolition of feudal privileges by National Constituent Assembly

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45
Q

1799-1815

A

Napoleonic Era

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46
Q

August 26,1789

A

Publication of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen - fixes the abuses of the old regime by implementing freedom of speech, freedom of religion - implemented the natural rights inspired by the Decleration of Independence - implemented by the National Constituent Assembly

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47
Q

***1790

A

Civil Constitution of the Clergy - confiscates Church lands as a method of dealing with financial crisis and in an instant makes the Church the hated opponent of revolution for years to come - weakens the church and embraces secularism within the state

48
Q

***1790

A

“Father of Modern Conservatism”, the Brit Edmund Burke predicts violent future of French Revolution in his Reflections on the French Revolution

49
Q

***1793-94

A

Radical Phase of the French Revolution - led by the Jacobin Party leader Robespierre - execution of Louis XVI - reign of terror - Robespierre is executed in 1795 ending the Radical Phase

50
Q

1795-99

A

Conservative Directory fails to solve financial crisis or famine in France, but Napoleon is winning victories and fame and thus comes to power after abandoning his army in Egypt then later launches a coup on the directory and names himself first consul

51
Q

***1799

A

Napoleon’s coup d’etat overthrows corrupt Directory

52
Q

1804

A

Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France

53
Q

***1812

A

Napoleon makes the stupid decision to invade Russia - this is because Alexander I is violating Napoleon’s Continental System which put a trade embargo on Britain in order to weaken Britain economically to later invade them when they’re in an economic crisis. Alexander traded with Britain resulting in Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812. Napoleon was eventually defeated due to British opposition, failure of the Continental Blockade System, guerilla warfare in Spain, partisan national movements in areas he conquered, invasion of Russia and power of Czar Alexander I’s leadership, his hubris, and eventually the alliance against him

54
Q

1791 Haiti

A

Haitian Revolution begins as the first successful slave revolt happened. L’ouverdeu is put into power in the France colony as Spain sees an opportunity to weaken France and Britain sees a colony they can take. With the help of Spain and Britain, the slaves get freedom as slavery is abolished in 1794 only to be returned when Napoleon comes to power in 1799. As Napoleon comes to power, he starts the colony back up only to lose the fight against the slaves in 1804 when Haiti is officially free and recognized as a country

55
Q

***1815

A

The forces of conservatism and reaction dominate the Congress of Vienna - create a balance of power in Europe - Concert of Europe established to crush the forces of nationalism and liberalism sparked by Napoleon’s reforms

56
Q

***1789-1848

A

Romantic Era

57
Q

***1815-1914

A

the “Long Peace” in Europe between the Napoleonic Wars and the outbreak of WWI

58
Q

***1776-1830

A

Era of Democratic Revolutions Sweep Across the New World and Western “Liberal” Europe

59
Q

***1815-1848

A

Age of Metternich - begins with the start of the Concert of Vienna and ends with the Revolutions of 1848 when he was forced out of office

60
Q

***1819

A

Peterloo Massacre in Britain and Carlsbad Decree in Germany - examples of the government opposing liberalism in the years following the French Revolution

61
Q

***19th Century

A

Post-Napoleonic Europe - Industrial Revolution - original industrial revolution in 17th century as a result of the scientific revolution and enclosure movement because the Glorious Revolution had just passed giving the aristocracy power allowing them to pass this enclosure act. The scientific revolution allowed for less labor in the farming area of work allowing urbanization and people to focus on new developments in science and new machinery

62
Q

***1815-1846

A

Corn Laws In - corn laws were meant to protect local farmers by increasing imported corn - leads in economic decline as people needed to spend so much on food and not enough on manufactured goods

63
Q

***1832

A

Great Reform Bill in Britain

64
Q

***1846

A

Repeal of Corn Laws in England - marks the growth in power of capitalism/laissez-faire

65
Q

1867

A

The Reform Bill of 1867 becomes law in England - gave middle class men suffrage

66
Q

1850’s and beyond

A

Scramble for Africa

67
Q

***1848

A

Revolution sweeps across Europe and Failure of liberal nationalism - Karl Marx’s communist manifesto calling for “scientific socialism” and “dialectical materialism”

68
Q

***1859-1871

A

The Era of National Unification

69
Q

***1867

A

The Austrians, reeling from their humiliation in the Seven Weeks War, are forced by the Magyars to establish the “Dual Monarchy” of Ausgleich with Hungary

70
Q

***January 18, 1871

A

Bismarck has achieved the formation of the 2nd German Reich through “Blood and Iron”

71
Q

***1885

A

2nd Berlin Conference—Rules Set for Scramble for Africa

72
Q

***1878

A

Patriotism in Britain over Russian interference in the Balkans almost leads to war.—Bismarck as “Honest Broker”

73
Q

***1812

A

Czar Alexander I leads Russia to victory against Napoleon

74
Q

***1853-56

A

Crimean War demonstrates the “backwardness” of the Russian state under Nicholas I. Ultimate collapse of Metternich’s “concert of Europe”

75
Q

***1855-1881

A

Reign of Czar Alexander II of Russia, the Great Emancipator of the Serfs

76
Q

***1904-05

A

Russo-Jap war

77
Q

***1848

A

Revolutions in France as Nationalistic ideals spread and the Constitutional Monarch is replaced with the 2nd French Republic

78
Q

***1852-1870

A

2nd French Empire under Napoleon II in France

79
Q

***1894

A

The Dreyfus Affair rocks the French Third Republic

80
Q

***1837-1914

A

The Victorian Era

81
Q

***1885

A

2nd Congress of Berlin meets to establish the rules of European imperialism. “The Scramble for Africa” is in full swing. Bismarck as “Honest Broker”

82
Q

***June 28, 1914

A

Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzigovina, Austrian-Hungarian Empire

83
Q

***August 1914

A

WWI begins—“Guns of August”

84
Q

***1917

A

United States enters WWI as Germany attacks American ships

85
Q

***November 11, 1918

A

armistice is signed ended the fighting on the Western Front - 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month

86
Q

***1919

A

Versailles Peace Conference

87
Q

***February 1917

A

Czar is overthrown and replaced by a provisional government.
Nov. 1917—Provisional government under Kerensky toppled by Lenin and Trotsky and the Bolsheviks in the “Ten Days Which Shook the World”—the October Revolution.

88
Q

***1917—1921-

A

Civil War between the Reds and Whites in Russia. Trotsky organizes the Red Army and war communism puts all resources into fighting the war. The Whites are supported by the democracies of the world, but are hampered by disunity and long supply lines.

89
Q

***1922-1928-

A

The New Economic Policy is launched by Lenin (d. 1924) in the Soviet Union to help bring back prosperity to a nation devastated by eight years of WWI and the Civil War. This program allows for certain private enterprise while the “soaring heights” of industry remain in control of the government. This policy helps a kulak, or big peasant class¸to develop which will eventually be labeled as capitalist and destroyed as a result of the forced collectivization in the early 1930’s.

90
Q

***1924

A

Lenin dies. This begins the power struggle which Stalin eventually wins over Trotsky. This leads to Stalinism (remember to distinguish between Stalinism in practice and Marxism in theory).

91
Q

***1928

A

First 5 Year Plan for heavy industry is launched by Stalin in the USSR.

92
Q

***1929-1930

A

Great Depression hits Europe

93
Q

***1933

A

Hitler is appointed Chancellor by the aging Hindenburg in Germany.

94
Q

***1935

A

Mussolini order the invasion of Ethiopia to “Avenge Adowa”. Bob Marley’s “War”

95
Q

***1936-39

A

Spanish Civil War

96
Q

***August of 1939

A

Nazi/Soviet Pact

97
Q

***Sept. 1, !939

A

WWII begins with the invasion of Poland using “blitzkrieg” or lightning war tactics.

98
Q

***1941

A

The “Final Solution” of the Jewish Question is reached by Nazi leaders at the Gross Wannsee Conference. The elimination of all European Jews using the ghettoes, railroads, and scientific death factories becomes the policy of the Nazis.

99
Q

***June 22, 1941

A

“Operation Barbarossa” is launched. The Nazis invade Russia and quickly penetrate deep into the Russian heartland. The German surround Leningrad (formerly St. Petersburg) and make it to within 50 miles of Moscow only to be stopped by the onset of the Russian winter and Russian reinforcements from Siberia.

100
Q

***Dec. 7, 1941

A

Pearl Harbor brings America into the war although FDR had been helping both the British and Russians through loans and American equipment. American economic capacity will prove critical in the war.

101
Q

***June 6, 1944

A

D-Day

102
Q

***May 8, 1945

A

V-E Day

103
Q

***1947

A

Truman Doctrine - United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces

104
Q

***1947-48

A

Marshall Plan

105
Q

***1948

A

The Berlin Airflift leads to the creation of NATO - India gains independence from Britain. The period of decolonization begins as the European powers can no longer support the colonial administrations or necessarily believe in the Social Darwinistic themes associated with imperialism

106
Q

***1956

A

Hungarian Revolution - Imre Nagy, formerly labeled a Titoist, leads a movement in Hungary to become more independent from Moscow. The Soviets send in troops to crush the movement

107
Q

***1957

A

Treaty of Rome establishes the European Union or European Economic Community. England is absent from initial membership because of its “isolationist” tendencies.

108
Q

***1960

A

Berlin Wall is erected

109
Q

***1962

A

Cuban Missile Crisis

110
Q

***1968

A

“Prague Spring” is crushed by Russian tanks under the order of Leonid Brezhnev and the Brezhnev Doctrine

111
Q

***1979

A

Margaret Thatcher is elected - Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan - Solidarity Movement under Lech Walesa is launched. The irony of this situation is terrific. Within ten years, the Pope and the proletariat had overthrown Stalinism in Poland. During the early 1980’s, the Polish communists party officials attempted to crush the power of Solidarity by imposing martial law and arresting many leaders including Walesa under the urging of Moscow

112
Q

***1985

A

Gorbachev is elected premier of the Soviet Union and begins his policies of glasnot (openness) and perestroika (restructuring of industry, law, and government). The Gorbachev Doctrine establishes Soviet non-interference in Eastern European affairs

113
Q

***1988-89

A

The Velvet Revolutions lead to the overthrow of communist government in Eastern Europe. The revolutions are generally non-violent, not Romania.

114
Q

***1990

A

Germany re-unifeis

115
Q

***1991

A

Fall of the Soviet Union; Boris Yeltsin stops a coup by hardline conservative Soviet communists and Yeltsin establishes a democratic Russian state.

DATES FINAL (1 decks)

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