ALL DATES AP EURO Flashcards

Question

***1648

Answer 1

Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War - Calvinism is recognized in HRE - Switzerland becomes a legitimate nation as they were Protestant and now recognized. As a result of this conflict, Prussia begins to come to power

Answer 2

Louis XIV rule - he became king before this but didn't rule on his own until the death of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661 - goes on to revoke the Edict of Nantes in 1685 - he did this to end the French religious wars but rather the Huguenots just moved to where Protestantism was allowed

Answer 3

Scientific Revolution - this enhances the Protestant Reformation as scientific discoveries prove the Catholic Church's beliefs wrong

Answer 4

Galileo dies and Newton is born indicating the growing and evolving Scientific Revolution

Answer 5

Slave trade makes many a Christian extremely wealthy - slave trade was a result of colonization and the want of free labor in colonies - at first the natives were used but many died from disease or escaped so the Europeans looked elsewhere - Africa - first boat came through the middle passage around 1526 - slavery is abolished in Europe in 1833 (Slavery Abolition Act of 1833)

Answer 6

The Commercial Revolution - banks, finance, joint-stock companies = huge increase in commerce - doesn't affect East Europe because they are still mired in medieval manorialism

Answer 7

The Enlightenment - Glorious Revolution to the French Revolution is the timeline roughly - Glorious Revolution focuses on the Enlightenment philosophies - demand for reason, search for tolerance and freedom in social and political structures (shown in William of Orange's politique way of ruling), separation of power shown in William of Orange ruling partially with parliament, and the belief in intellectual progress shown in the Scientific Revolution - Enlightenment philosophers - Voltaire - religious tolerance, Montesquieu - balance of power, John Locke - natural rights and the social contract, Adam Smith - the invisible hand, capitalism, and the laws of supply and demand

Answer 8

Adam Smith publishes Wealth of Nations - calls for laissez-faire economics - let it be - let the economy run itself but regulate the banks and that's it - says the "Invisible Hand" will regulate the economy

Answer 9

Jean-Jacques Rousseau - link between the Enlightenment and the Romantic Era - worked on Locke's social contract related to the natural rights - father of the Romantic Era

Answer 10

English Bill of Rights - assures parliament's control over taxation and ensures Constitutionalism in England - Magna Carta enforced - no man is above the law - this replaces the previous Diving Right of Kings where the Monarch believes they have God's power to rule and believe they basically have no boundaries

Answer 11

Wars of Spanish Succession - result of the death of King Charles II (last Hapsburg in Spain - died in 1700) who didn't have a son - it was a war about who would take the throne in Spain. This puts France and Spain against the Grand Alliance

Answer 12

Treaty of Utrecht - Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession, benefits the English, Prussians, and other members of the Grand Alliance opposing the “Sun King.” - marks the rise of Great Britain (Louis XIV acknowledges Protestant succession in England in the 1701 Act of Settlement as well as kept France and Spain separate countries) and secures the balance of power

Answer 13

Peter the Great Begins Westernization of Russia, creates a cult of personality, and makes the church subservient to the state - marks the emergence of Russia as a European power - abolished slavery in 1723 and turned the slaves to serfs

Answer 14

Frederick the Great of Prussia (Enlightened Absolute Monarch) and Maria Theresa of Austria come to their respective Hohenzollern and Habsburg thrones and begin German dualisms duel - results in Prussia's emergence as a European power

Answer 15

The Seven Years War (known as the French and Indian War in North America) is fought - The British prove dominant against the French in North America and in India. The Prussians survive the conflict and eventually claim the prize of Silesia doubling the lands of the growing state.

Answer 16

French Revolution

Answer 17

The Estates General is summoned by Louis XVI to respond to the economic crisis due to previous wars fought by Louis XIV - the third estate (the commoners) don't have a say in the government so they start the National Constituent Assembly or just the National Assembly

Answer 18

The Tennis Court Oath. The 3rd Estate declares itself the National Constituent Assembly of France and makes a pledge to stay in session until a constitution in formulated

Answer 19

Storming of the Bastille---Symbolic Destruction of the Old Regime Saves the National Constituent Assembly - peasants Revolution in France - peasants wanted to abolish feudalism

Answer 20

Abolition of feudal privileges by National Constituent Assembly

Answer 21

Napoleonic Era

Answer 22

Publication of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen - fixes the abuses of the old regime by implementing freedom of speech, freedom of religion - implemented the natural rights inspired by the Decleration of Independence - implemented by the National Constituent Assembly

Answer 23

Civil Constitution of the Clergy - confiscates Church lands as a method of dealing with financial crisis and in an instant makes the Church the hated opponent of revolution for years to come - weakens the church and embraces secularism within the state

Answer 24

“Father of Modern Conservatism”, the Brit Edmund Burke predicts violent future of French Revolution in his Reflections on the French Revolution

Answer 25

Radical Phase of the French Revolution - led by the Jacobin Party leader Robespierre - execution of Louis XVI - reign of terror - Robespierre is executed in 1795 ending the Radical Phase

Answer 26

Conservative Directory fails to solve financial crisis or famine in France, but Napoleon is winning victories and fame and thus comes to power after abandoning his army in Egypt then later launches a coup on the directory and names himself first consul

Answer 27

Napoleon’s coup d’etat overthrows corrupt Directory

Answer 28

Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France

Answer 29

Napoleon makes the stupid decision to invade Russia - this is because Alexander I is violating Napoleon's Continental System which put a trade embargo on Britain in order to weaken Britain economically to later invade them when they're in an economic crisis. Alexander traded with Britain resulting in Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. Napoleon was eventually defeated due to British opposition, failure of the Continental Blockade System, guerilla warfare in Spain, partisan national movements in areas he conquered, invasion of Russia and power of Czar Alexander I’s leadership, his hubris, and eventually the alliance against him

Answer 30

Haitian Revolution begins as the first successful slave revolt happened. L'ouverdeu is put into power in the France colony as Spain sees an opportunity to weaken France and Britain sees a colony they can take. With the help of Spain and Britain, the slaves get freedom as slavery is abolished in 1794 only to be returned when Napoleon comes to power in 1799. As Napoleon comes to power, he starts the colony back up only to lose the fight against the slaves in 1804 when Haiti is officially free and recognized as a country

Answer 31

The forces of conservatism and reaction dominate the Congress of Vienna - create a balance of power in Europe - Concert of Europe established to crush the forces of nationalism and liberalism sparked by Napoleon's reforms

Answer 32

Romantic Era

Answer 33

the “Long Peace” in Europe between the Napoleonic Wars and the outbreak of WWI

Answer 34

Era of Democratic Revolutions Sweep Across the New World and Western “Liberal” Europe

Answer 35

Age of Metternich - begins with the start of the Concert of Vienna and ends with the Revolutions of 1848 when he was forced out of office

Answer 36

Peterloo Massacre in Britain and Carlsbad Decree in Germany - examples of the government opposing liberalism in the years following the French Revolution

Answer 37

Post-Napoleonic Europe - Industrial Revolution - original industrial revolution in 17th century as a result of the scientific revolution and enclosure movement because the Glorious Revolution had just passed giving the aristocracy power allowing them to pass this enclosure act. The scientific revolution allowed for less labor in the farming area of work allowing urbanization and people to focus on new developments in science and new machinery

Answer 38

Corn Laws In - corn laws were meant to protect local farmers by increasing imported corn - leads in economic decline as people needed to spend so much on food and not enough on manufactured goods

Answer 39

Great Reform Bill in Britain

Answer 40

Repeal of Corn Laws in England - marks the growth in power of capitalism/laissez-faire

Answer 41

The Reform Bill of 1867 becomes law in England - gave middle class men suffrage

Answer 42

Scramble for Africa

Answer 43

Revolution sweeps across Europe and Failure of liberal nationalism - Karl Marx's communist manifesto calling for “scientific socialism” and “dialectical materialism”

Answer 44

The Era of National Unification

Answer 45

The Austrians, reeling from their humiliation in the Seven Weeks War, are forced by the Magyars to establish the “Dual Monarchy” of Ausgleich with Hungary

Answer 46

Bismarck has achieved the formation of the 2nd German Reich through “Blood and Iron”

Answer 47

2nd Berlin Conference---Rules Set for Scramble for Africa

Answer 48

Patriotism in Britain over Russian interference in the Balkans almost leads to war.---Bismarck as “Honest Broker”

Answer 49

Czar Alexander I leads Russia to victory against Napoleon

Answer 50

Crimean War demonstrates the “backwardness” of the Russian state under Nicholas I. Ultimate collapse of Metternich’s “concert of Europe”

Answer 51

Reign of Czar Alexander II of Russia, the Great Emancipator of the Serfs

Answer 52

Russo-Jap war

Answer 53

Revolutions in France as Nationalistic ideals spread and the Constitutional Monarch is replaced with the 2nd French Republic

Answer 54

2nd French Empire under Napoleon II in France

Answer 55

The Dreyfus Affair rocks the French Third Republic

Answer 56

The Victorian Era

Answer 57

2nd Congress of Berlin meets to establish the rules of European imperialism. “The Scramble for Africa” is in full swing. Bismarck as “Honest Broker”

Answer 58

Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzigovina, Austrian-Hungarian Empire

Answer 59

WWI begins---“Guns of August”

Answer 60

United States enters WWI as Germany attacks American ships

Answer 61

armistice is signed ended the fighting on the Western Front - 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month

Answer 62

Versailles Peace Conference

Answer 63

Czar is overthrown and replaced by a provisional government. Nov. 1917---Provisional government under Kerensky toppled by Lenin and Trotsky and the Bolsheviks in the “Ten Days Which Shook the World”---the October Revolution.

Answer 64

Civil War between the Reds and Whites in Russia. Trotsky organizes the Red Army and war communism puts all resources into fighting the war. The Whites are supported by the democracies of the world, but are hampered by disunity and long supply lines.

Answer 65

The New Economic Policy is launched by Lenin (d. 1924) in the Soviet Union to help bring back prosperity to a nation devastated by eight years of WWI and the Civil War. This program allows for certain private enterprise while the “soaring heights” of industry remain in control of the government. This policy helps a kulak, or big peasant class¸to develop which will eventually be labeled as capitalist and destroyed as a result of the forced collectivization in the early 1930’s.

Answer 66

Lenin dies. This begins the power struggle which Stalin eventually wins over Trotsky. This leads to Stalinism (remember to distinguish between Stalinism in practice and Marxism in theory).

Answer 67

First 5 Year Plan for heavy industry is launched by Stalin in the USSR.

Answer 68

Great Depression hits Europe

Answer 69

Hitler is appointed Chancellor by the aging Hindenburg in Germany.

Answer 70

Mussolini order the invasion of Ethiopia to “Avenge Adowa”. Bob Marley’s “War”

Answer 71

Spanish Civil War

Answer 72

Nazi/Soviet Pact

Answer 73

WWII begins with the invasion of Poland using “blitzkrieg” or lightning war tactics.

Answer 74

The “Final Solution” of the Jewish Question is reached by Nazi leaders at the Gross Wannsee Conference. The elimination of all European Jews using the ghettoes, railroads, and scientific death factories becomes the policy of the Nazis.

Answer 75

“Operation Barbarossa” is launched. The Nazis invade Russia and quickly penetrate deep into the Russian heartland. The German surround Leningrad (formerly St. Petersburg) and make it to within 50 miles of Moscow only to be stopped by the onset of the Russian winter and Russian reinforcements from Siberia.

Answer 76

Pearl Harbor brings America into the war although FDR had been helping both the British and Russians through loans and American equipment. American economic capacity will prove critical in the war.

Answer 77

Truman Doctrine - United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces

Answer 78

Marshall Plan

Answer 79

The Berlin Airflift leads to the creation of NATO - India gains independence from Britain. The period of decolonization begins as the European powers can no longer support the colonial administrations or necessarily believe in the Social Darwinistic themes associated with imperialism

Answer 80

Hungarian Revolution - Imre Nagy, formerly labeled a Titoist, leads a movement in Hungary to become more independent from Moscow. The Soviets send in troops to crush the movement

Answer 81

Treaty of Rome establishes the European Union or European Economic Community. England is absent from initial membership because of its “isolationist” tendencies.

Answer 82

Berlin Wall is erected

Answer 83

Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 84

“Prague Spring” is crushed by Russian tanks under the order of Leonid Brezhnev and the Brezhnev Doctrine

Answer 85

Margaret Thatcher is elected - Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan - Solidarity Movement under Lech Walesa is launched. The irony of this situation is terrific. Within ten years, the Pope and the proletariat had overthrown Stalinism in Poland. During the early 1980’s, the Polish communists party officials attempted to crush the power of Solidarity by imposing martial law and arresting many leaders including Walesa under the urging of Moscow

Answer 86

Gorbachev is elected premier of the Soviet Union and begins his policies of glasnot (openness) and perestroika (restructuring of industry, law, and government). The Gorbachev Doctrine establishes Soviet non-interference in Eastern European affairs

Answer 87

The Velvet Revolutions lead to the overthrow of communist government in Eastern Europe. The revolutions are generally non-violent, not Romania.

Answer 88

Germany re-unifeis

Answer 89

Fall of the Soviet Union; Boris Yeltsin stops a coup by hardline conservative Soviet communists and Yeltsin establishes a democratic Russian state.