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Critical Thinking (Becki Saltzmann) > All Content > Flashcards

All Content Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 killers for critical thinking?

A
  1. Overrelying on Authority
  2. Thinking in Black and White
  3. Moral Judgements
  4. Labels
  5. Resistance to Change
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2
Q

What are the 7 ways to think about thinking?

A

Purpose - Why are we doing this?
Questions - What are the best questions to ask?
Assumptions - What can we safely assume?
Perspective - Are we using insights from the wisest point of view?
Information - How strongly is our reasoning supported by relevant information?
Concepts (Systems of Meaning) - Are we all agreeing on this meaning of this idea or concept?
Conclusions - What is the best way to interpret this information?

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3
Q

10 questions to dissect problems properly are?

A

Q1. Is this a fact?
Q2. How relevant is this information, claim or reason?
Q3. Is this statement factually accurate?
Q4. Is this source credible?
Q5. Are these claims or arguments ambiguous?
Q6. Are we uncovering assumptions?
Q7. Are we detecting bias?
Q8. Are we spotting logical fallacies?
Q9. Are there inconsistencies in this line of reasoning?
Q10. How strong is this argument or claim?

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4
Q

5 common cognitive biases

A
  1. Blind Spot Bias
  2. Confirmation Bias
  3. Affect Heuristics
  4. False Consensus
  5. Clustering Illusion
  6. Availability Heuristic
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5
Q

Describe the blind spot bias

A

Everyone else has a bias but me.

Easy to spot biases in others, harder to spot them in oneself.

The believe that only others have biases and we are bias free.

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6
Q

Describe the confirmation bias

A

Favor and recall information in a way that support ones prior beliefs or values.

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7
Q

Describe Affect Heuristics

A

Relying on emotions and feelings instead of analytics

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8
Q

Describe False Consensus Bias

A

The overestimation of how much others agree with us.

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9
Q

Describe the Clustering Illusion

A

Seeing patterns where they aren’t any.

Cause vs. Correlation Problem

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10
Q

Describe Availability Heuristics

A

Overestimation of the likelihood of events that come easy to mind.

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11
Q

Under which 3 conditions is it sensible to trust ones intuition in making decisions?

A

Regularity
Exposure
Feedback

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12
Q

What is counterfactual thinking?

A

The systematic uncovering of alternative outcomes from past events.

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13
Q

What are the 5 steps necessary for counterfactual thinking?

A
  1. Identify a prior event with unexpected positive or negative outcome.
  2. Find internal and external factors leading to that outcome.
  3. Select one factor to modify
  4. Assess the consequences of the modification
  5. Build the counterfactual
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14
Q

Two types of counterfactuals

A
  1. Upward Counterfactual
    a better outcome
  2. Downward Counterfactual
    a worse outcome
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15
Q

What is loss aversion and how can it be countered?

A

The fact that pains from losses impact our decisions more than gains from gains.

Counter: Analyse the decisions making process detached from the decisions outcome.

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16
Q

11 Steps of Analyzing a Decision Making Process

A
  1. Did we use our pre-existing decision framework?
  2. Did we gather relevant information?
  3. Did we gather irrelevant information?
  4. Did we list assumptions to challenge?
  5. Did we make sure our sources are credible?
  6. Did we eliminate biases?
  7. Did we include the right people?
  8. Did we identify at least two alternatives?
  9. Did we weigh evidence supporting the decision?
  10. Did we weigh evidence rejecting the decision?
  11. Did we choose beyond alternatives (yes / no)

11-10 - great process
9-7 good process
4-6 ok process
0-3 poor process

17
Q

Name and describe 4 common logical fallacies

A
  1. Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
    Claiming that a former event caused a latter event.
  2. Ad Hominem
    Ingoring the logic of the argument and attacking the person instead.
  3. Straw Man
    Substitute the argument with a distorted and misrepresented version - attack that instead.
  4. Hasty Generalization
    Conclusions are drawn from limited amount of evidence.
18
Q

2 ways to improve your questions

A
  1. Use bucket questions to optimise your portfolio of questions.
  2. Use interrogation questions to improve the quality of your questions.
19
Q

3 buckets to sort questions in?

A
  1. Knowledge Questions
  2. Opinion Questions
  3. Judgement Questions
    (require reasoning or critical thinking)
20
Q

What are 4 interrogation questions that can be used to improve the quality of a question?

A
  1. Is the question well stated?
  2. Is the question biased?
  3. Does the expression of the question do justice to the complexity of the problem?
  4. Is the question relevant to the issue?

Critical Thinking (Becki Saltzmann) (1 decks)

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