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Organic chem minus paywall > All cards in order > Flashcards

All cards in order Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydration

A

Alkene or alkyne + H2 ->(with metal catalyst) alkane or alkene
CH2CH2 + H2 ->(Pt) CH3CH3

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2
Q

Halogenation

A

Alkene or alkyne + Halogen -> haloalkane or haloalkene
CH2CH2 + Cl2 -> CH2ClCH2Cl

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3
Q

Hydrohalogenation

A

Alkene + Hydrohalide -> haloalkane
if the carbon chain is asymmetrical then the hydrogen will attach to the carbon with the most hydrogens already attached
CH2CH2 + HCl -> CH3CH(Cl)CH3

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4
Q

Hydration

A

Alkene + Water ->(high temperature, pressure and strong acid catalyst) Alcohol
CH2CH2 + H2O ->(high temp, pressure, strong acid) CH3CH2OH

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5
Q

Polymerisation

A

alkene/haloalkene ->(heat and pressure) poly(alkene)
CH2CH2 ->(heat and high pressure) -[CH2CH2]-

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6
Q

Elimination

A

Haloalkane + NaOH or KOH ->(Heat) Alkene + Salt + Water
CH3CH(Br)CHCH3 + NaOH ->(heat) CH2CHCH3 + NaBr + H20

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7
Q

Oxidation of primary alcohol

A

Primary Alcohol ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) Aldehyde ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) Carboxylic acid
CH3CH2CH2OH ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) CH3CH2CH=O ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) CH3CH2COOH

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8
Q

Oxidation of secondary alcohol

A

Secondary Alcohol ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >70 degrees) Ketone
CH3CH(O)CH3 ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >70 degrees) CH3COCH3

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9
Q

Reduction of Alkenes

A

Alkene + H2 ->(metal catalyst and extreme heat) alkane

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10
Q

Reduction of nitriles

A

Nitrile ->(LiAlH4 and water) primary amine

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11
Q

Esterification

A

Carboxylic acid + Alcohol <->(heat + mineral acid) Ester + Water
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH <->(heat + mineral acid) CH3C(O)OCH2CH3 + H2O

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12
Q

Amide synthesis

A

Carboxylic acid + Amine ->(heat) Amide + Water

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13
Q

Substitution of alkanes

A

Alkane + Halogen gas ->(UV light) Haloalkane + hydrohalide
CH3CH3 + Cl2 ->(UV light) CH3CH2Cl + HCl

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14
Q

Substitution of haloalkanes with KCN (potassium cyanide)

A

Haloalkane + KCN ->(heat and ethanol) Nitrile
CH3CH2CH2Cl + KCN ->(heat and ethanol) CH3CH2CH2CN

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15
Q

Substitution of haloalkanes with NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

A

Haloalkane + NaOH ->(heat) Alcohol + salt
CH3CH(Br)CH3 + NaOH ->(heat) CH3CH(OH)CH3 + NaBr

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16
Q

Substitution of haloalkanes with halogens

A

Haloalkane + NaI ->(ethanol and stir) Haloalkane(iodine) + salt(Na+halogen)

17
Q

Substitution of haloalkanes with NH3 (ammonia)

A

Haloalkane + 2NH3 ->(ethanol, sealed and heat) amine + ammonium(halogen)
CH3CH2Br + 2NH3 ->(ethanol, sealed and heat) CH3CH2NH2 + NH4Br

18
Q

CH3CH3
Single bonded only hydrocarbon chain

A

Alkane

19
Q

CH2CH2
Hydrocarbon chain with one or more double bond

A

Alkene

20
Q

CH3CCH
Hydrocarbon chain with one or more triple bond

A

Alkyne

21
Q

R-OH
CH3CH2OH

A

Alcohol
suffix: -ol

22
Q

RCHO
CH3CH2CHO

A

Aldehyde
suffix: -al

23
Q

RCOR
CH3C(O)CH3

A

Ketone
suffix: -one

24
Q

R−COOH
CH3CH2COOH

A

Carboxylic Acid
suffix: -oic acid

25
Q

RX
CH3CH2Br

A

Haloalkanes
Prefix: bromo, chloro, flouro, iodo

26
Q

RCOOR
CH3COOCH2CH3

A

Ester
Naming: alcohol with yl suffix followed by carboxylic acid with -oate suffix

27
Q

RCN
CH3CH2CN

A

Nitrile
suffix: -nitrile

28
Q

RNH2
CH3CH2NH2

A

Amine
suffix: -amine

29
Q

RONH2
CH3CONH2

A

Amide
suffix: -amide

30
Q

What are the three types of sugars

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

31
Q

Whats the difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

ALPHA: the hydroxyl group attached to carbon 1 is bonded vertically down
BETA: the hydroxyl group attached to carbon 1 is bonded diagonally upwards

32
Q

What are the two glucose polymers that make up starch

A

Amylose and amylopectinAmylose is an unbranched glucose polymer with alpha 1-4 glycosidic links whereas amylopectin is a branched glucose polymer with 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic links

33
Q

What is cellulose

A

cellulose is a common glucose polymer that contains beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages, it is insoluble in water and indigestible

34
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids formed by the peptide bonds cause by a condensation reaction between the carboxyl end of one amino acid and the amino end of another

35
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein

A

The secondary structure is the folding of the polypeptide into either alpha helices or beta pleated sheets
Alpha helices are a spring structure that is stabilised by hydrogen bonding between each peptides carbonyl oxygen and the amino hydrogen atom another peptide further along the polypeptide
Beta pleated sheets have a wavy appearance due to the sizes of the amino acid chains that protrude from the main sheet and is formed when adjacent polypeptides interact through the hydrogen bonding between the peptides

36
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

The tertiary structure is the three dimensional interaction between the secondary structure present in a polypeptide.

37
Q

what is the quaternary structure of a protein

A

The quaternary structure of a protein is the combination of one or more polypeptides that contain 50 or more amino acids

38
Q

What is an enzyme

A

Enzymes are proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms. They have an active site that is specific for one substrate. the active sight in an amino acid is an indentation in the protein structure that is big enough to fit the chemical reactants in the correct orientation for the reaction to occur to interact with the substrates and once the chemical reaction occurs the products leave the active site leaving the enzyme unchanged in order to begin the next chemical reaction

Organic chem minus paywall (2 decks)

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