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1
Q

AIS (adolescent idiopathic scoliosis)

A

Most common
Onset 10-18
Risk of curve progression much higher in females

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2
Q

Ferguson angle

A

Normal is 30-40 degrees

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3
Q

Forward bending test

A

For scoliosis
Pt bends forward then side to side

STRUCTURAL curves do NOT resolve w sidebending
FUNCTIONAL curves DO resolve w side bending

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4
Q

Scoliometer

A

Right thoracic prominence causes right side to deviate up and ball to deviate left

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5
Q

Spondylitis

A

Inflammation of spinal J

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6
Q

Spondylosis, spondyLOlysis, spondylolisthesis

A

Degeneration
Fracture
Anterior displacement following fracture

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7
Q

Early stage scoliosis

A

<30 degrees
Risser 0-2

Success 100%

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8
Q

Likely to progress scoliosis

A

30-49%
Risser 0-3

92% success

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9
Q

Above surgical threshold

A

> 50 degrees
No risser

50% success

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10
Q

Lasegues straigt leg raise test

A

+ is pain 30-60 degrees in ipsi leg
lumbosacral radiculopathy or sciatic neuropathy

⬇️spec ⬆️ sens

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11
Q

Contralateral crosses straight leg raise test

A

+ is pain 30-60 degrees in CONTRA leg
lumbosacral radiculopathy or sciatic neuropathy

⬆️spec ⬇️sens

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12
Q

Cauda equina syndrome

A

Symptoms: lower back pain, incontinence, saddle anesthesia

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13
Q

Spina bifida oculta

A

ASymptomatic

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14
Q

Meningocele

A

Protruding meninges

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15
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

MOST COMMON

Protruding spinal cord

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16
Q

SCIWORA

A

spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality

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17
Q

Nexus criteria: to determine whether a traumatic neck injury needs imaging (99% sensitivity)

A 
Absence of posterior midline cervical tenderness
Alert pt
Not intoxicated
No abnormal neurologic tenderness
No painful distracting injuries

If all are met, no imaging required

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18
Q

Cervical spondylosis

A

Most common cause of acute AND chronic neck pain

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19
Q

Myelopathy

A

Neurologic deficit in SPINAL CORD

Emergent

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20
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Neurologic deficit in NERVE ROOT

Not emergent

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21
Q

Compression test

A

Compress neck in neutral position
+ reproduction of paresthesia/pain
central neuropathy

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22
Q

Spurlings test

A

Compress in neutral, extension then side bent/rotated towards away
If symptoms are reproduced STOP

+ is reproduction of paresthesia/pain
Central neuropathy

⬆️specificity

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23
Q

Neck distraction test

A

+ is alleviation of symptoms

Central neuropathy

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24
Q

Adsons test

A

Abduct extend then ER arm
Extend and rotate head TOWARD (hold breath) then Extend and rotate head AWAY

+ loss or change in pulse
+ paresthesia/pain

Thoracic outlet

25
Roos/EAST test
ER position, make a fist and open hands for 3 min + reproduction of pain/paresthesia Thoracic outlet
26
Nuchal rigidity
Flex neck to touch chin + resistance/stiffness Meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage
27
Brudzinski
With knees and hip flexed, flex neck to touch chin on chest + flexion in both hips and knees Meningitis or subarachnoid bleed
28
Kernig
Supine pt Flex hip and knee to 90 Extend leg + resistance or pain behind knee Meningeal or dural irritation
29
Romberg test
Pt stands with feet together and closes eyes Cerebellar ataxia = loses balance with eyes OPEN
30
Test for pronator drift
Arms out and palms up Closes eyes + is pronation of one arm CST lesion 2. Tap on arm, should return to normal position
31
IV palsy
EXOtropia: eyes drift laterally Vertical diplopia Head tilts AWAY from lesion
32
VI palsy (most common)
ESOtropia: eyes drift medically | Horizontal diplopia
33
V palsy
Lost of corneal reflex (sensory) | Jaw deviates TOWARDS
34
VII palsy
Loss of corneal reflex (efferent limb) Hyperscusis: sensitivity to sound Crocodile tear syndrome: due to aberrant regeneration of nerve after trauma Cry when eating
35
VIII vestibular palsy
Dysequilibrium | Nystagmus
36
VIII cochlear palsy
Destructive lesion - sensorineural deafness | Irritativenlesion - tinnitus (ringing)
37
IX palsy
Loss of gag reflex | Loss of taste and sensation on post 1/3 of tongue
38
X palsy
Dysphonia Dysphagia Loss of gag reflex
39
XI palsy
Difficulty turning head to OPPOSITE side
40
XII palsy
Tongue deviates TOWARDS | inability to move tongue in OPPOSITE direction
41
CErebellar ataxia gait
Wide gait Staggering Unsteady
42
Sensory ataxia gait
Wide gait Feet thrown at ground - heel first Watches ground when walking
43
ParkinsonIan gait
Hunched Baby steps Decreases arm swing
44
Resting tremor
Decreases with activity of that body part | Enhanced by stress or movement of another body part
45
Enhanced physiologic tremor
Everyone has this | Enhanced by stress, meds and certain metabolic conditions
46
Essential tremor
Most commonly kinetic rather than postural
47
Psychogenic tremor
Sudden onset and spontaneous remission
48
Parkinsonian vs essential tremor
Asymmetrical Vs symmetrical | Small handwriting vs large, tremulous handwriting
49
Major vs minor dementia
Major interferes with daily life
50
Reversible causes of dementia
``` Hypothyroidism Vitamin deficiency Head tumor Normal pressure hydrocephalus Depression Hypoperfusion from heart failure ```
51
Initial screening for dementia - mini cognitive test
Repeat 3 words, draw a clock, then repeat the words again 2 points for clock, 1 per word Score 3-5 means low likelihood of dementia
52
Initial screening for dementia - ascertain 8 item questionnaire
0-1 = normal >2 cognitive impairment likely ⬆️spec ⬆️ sens
53
Initial screening for dementia - GP assessment
Only studied in Australians ⬆️ spec ⬆️ sens
54
Chalozion
Blocked meibomian glands Presents on the lid NON PAINFUL
55
Hordeolum
Blocked meibomian glands On the hairline PAINFUL
56
Blepharitis
Inflammation at base of hair follicles | Cause: allergies, S. Aeureus
57
Arcus servilis
White ring around iris Normal in >60 If <40, check cholesterol
58
Never dilate someone’s eyes who has a...
Shallow anterior chamber Might cause narrow angle glaucoma

PCM Final (1 decks)

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