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PCM Final > All Cards > Flashcards

All Cards Flashcards

1
Q

AIS (adolescent idiopathic scoliosis)

A

Most common
Onset 10-18
Risk of curve progression much higher in females

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2
Q

Ferguson angle

A

Normal is 30-40 degrees

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3
Q

Forward bending test

A

For scoliosis
Pt bends forward then side to side

STRUCTURAL curves do NOT resolve w sidebending
FUNCTIONAL curves DO resolve w side bending

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4
Q

Scoliometer

A

Right thoracic prominence causes right side to deviate up and ball to deviate left

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5
Q

Spondylitis

A

Inflammation of spinal J

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6
Q

Spondylosis, spondyLOlysis, spondylolisthesis

A

Degeneration
Fracture
Anterior displacement following fracture

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7
Q

Early stage scoliosis

A

<30 degrees
Risser 0-2

Success 100%

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8
Q

Likely to progress scoliosis

A

30-49%
Risser 0-3

92% success

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9
Q

Above surgical threshold

A

> 50 degrees
No risser

50% success

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10
Q

Lasegues straigt leg raise test

A

+ is pain 30-60 degrees in ipsi leg
lumbosacral radiculopathy or sciatic neuropathy

⬇️spec ⬆️ sens

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11
Q

Contralateral crosses straight leg raise test

A

+ is pain 30-60 degrees in CONTRA leg
lumbosacral radiculopathy or sciatic neuropathy

⬆️spec ⬇️sens

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12
Q

Cauda equina syndrome

A

Symptoms: lower back pain, incontinence, saddle anesthesia

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13
Q

Spina bifida oculta

A

ASymptomatic

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14
Q

Meningocele

A

Protruding meninges

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15
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

MOST COMMON

Protruding spinal cord

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16
Q

SCIWORA

A

spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality

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17
Q

Nexus criteria: to determine whether a traumatic neck injury needs imaging (99% sensitivity)

A 
Absence of posterior midline cervical tenderness
Alert pt
Not intoxicated
No abnormal neurologic tenderness
No painful distracting injuries

If all are met, no imaging required

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18
Q

Cervical spondylosis

A

Most common cause of acute AND chronic neck pain

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19
Q

Myelopathy

A

Neurologic deficit in SPINAL CORD

Emergent

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20
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Neurologic deficit in NERVE ROOT

Not emergent

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21
Q

Compression test

A

Compress neck in neutral position
+ reproduction of paresthesia/pain
central neuropathy

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22
Q

Spurlings test

A

Compress in neutral, extension then side bent/rotated towards away
If symptoms are reproduced STOP

+ is reproduction of paresthesia/pain
Central neuropathy

⬆️specificity

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23
Q

Neck distraction test

A

+ is alleviation of symptoms

Central neuropathy

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24
Q

Adsons test

A

Abduct extend then ER arm
Extend and rotate head TOWARD (hold breath) then Extend and rotate head AWAY

+ loss or change in pulse
+ paresthesia/pain

Thoracic outlet

25
Q

Roos/EAST test

A

ER position, make a fist and open hands for 3 min
+ reproduction of pain/paresthesia

Thoracic outlet

26
Q

Nuchal rigidity

A

Flex neck to touch chin
+ resistance/stiffness

Meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage

27
Q

Brudzinski

A

With knees and hip flexed, flex neck to touch chin on chest
+ flexion in both hips and knees

Meningitis or subarachnoid bleed

28
Q

Kernig

A

Supine pt
Flex hip and knee to 90
Extend leg

+ resistance or pain behind knee

Meningeal or dural irritation

29
Q

Romberg test

A

Pt stands with feet together and closes eyes

Cerebellar ataxia = loses balance with eyes OPEN

30
Q

Test for pronator drift

A

Arms out and palms up
Closes eyes

+ is pronation of one arm
CST lesion

  1. Tap on arm, should return to normal position
31
Q

IV palsy

A

EXOtropia: eyes drift laterally
Vertical diplopia

Head tilts AWAY from lesion

32
Q

VI palsy (most common)

A

ESOtropia: eyes drift medically

Horizontal diplopia

33
Q

V palsy

A

Lost of corneal reflex (sensory)

Jaw deviates TOWARDS

34
Q

VII palsy

A

Loss of corneal reflex (efferent limb)
Hyperscusis: sensitivity to sound
Crocodile tear syndrome: due to aberrant regeneration of nerve after trauma
Cry when eating

35
Q

VIII vestibular palsy

A

Dysequilibrium

Nystagmus

36
Q

VIII cochlear palsy

A

Destructive lesion - sensorineural deafness

Irritativenlesion - tinnitus (ringing)

37
Q

IX palsy

A

Loss of gag reflex

Loss of taste and sensation on post 1/3 of tongue

38
Q

X palsy

A

Dysphonia
Dysphagia
Loss of gag reflex

39
Q

XI palsy

A

Difficulty turning head to OPPOSITE side

40
Q

XII palsy

A

Tongue deviates TOWARDS

inability to move tongue in OPPOSITE direction

41
Q

CErebellar ataxia gait

A

Wide gait
Staggering
Unsteady

42
Q

Sensory ataxia gait

A

Wide gait
Feet thrown at ground - heel first
Watches ground when walking

43
Q

ParkinsonIan gait

A

Hunched
Baby steps
Decreases arm swing

44
Q

Resting tremor

A

Decreases with activity of that body part

Enhanced by stress or movement of another body part

45
Q

Enhanced physiologic tremor

A

Everyone has this

Enhanced by stress, meds and certain metabolic conditions

46
Q

Essential tremor

A

Most commonly kinetic rather than postural

47
Q

Psychogenic tremor

A

Sudden onset and spontaneous remission

48
Q

Parkinsonian vs essential tremor

A

Asymmetrical Vs symmetrical

Small handwriting vs large, tremulous handwriting

49
Q

Major vs minor dementia

A

Major interferes with daily life

50
Q

Reversible causes of dementia

A 
Hypothyroidism
Vitamin deficiency
Head tumor
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Depression
Hypoperfusion from heart failure
51
Q

Initial screening for dementia - mini cognitive test

A

Repeat 3 words, draw a clock, then repeat the words again
2 points for clock, 1 per word

Score 3-5 means low likelihood of dementia

52
Q

Initial screening for dementia - ascertain 8 item questionnaire

A

0-1 = normal
>2 cognitive impairment likely

⬆️spec ⬆️ sens

53
Q

Initial screening for dementia - GP assessment

A

Only studied in Australians

⬆️ spec ⬆️ sens

54
Q

Chalozion

A

Blocked meibomian glands
Presents on the lid

NON PAINFUL

55
Q

Hordeolum

A

Blocked meibomian glands
On the hairline

PAINFUL

56
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation at base of hair follicles

Cause: allergies, S. Aeureus

57
Q

Arcus servilis

A

White ring around iris
Normal in >60
If <40, check cholesterol

58
Q

Never dilate someone’s eyes who has a…

A

Shallow anterior chamber

Might cause narrow angle glaucoma

PCM Final (1 decks)

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