All Cards Flashcards
Revision for Semester 2 Web Development Exam with Mr. Tom Brett
What is the W3C?
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3).
Purpose: Developing protocols and guidelines that ensure long-term growth for the Web.
What is a Web Server?
- Web servers are computers that deliver (serves up) Web pages.
- Every Web server has an IP address and possibly a domain name.
- For example, if you enter the URL http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html in your browser, this sends a request to the Web server whose domain name is pcwebopedia.com. The server then fetches the page named index.html and sends it to your browser.
- Any computer can be turned into a Web server by installing server software and connecting the machine to the Internet.
- There are many Web server software applications, including public domain software from NCSA and Apache, and commercial packages from Microsoft, Netscape and others.
What is IMAP?
- Internet Message Access Protocol
- a protocol for retrieving e-mail messages.
- The latest version, IMAP4, is similar to POP3 but supports some additional features.
- For example, with IMAP4, you can search through your e-mail messages for keywords while the messages are still on mail server. You can then choose which messages to download to your machine.
- IMAP was developed at Stanford University in 1986.
- An IMAP server typically listens on well-known port 143.
What is a Web Architect?
Responsibilities:
- Creating Application Architectures
An application architecture is a framework or template that is used as the basis for the design of an application. Ideally more than one application as this promotes reuse and better apps over time.
- Design Solutions
Each project requires a solution that meets the customers requirements in terms of cost, time and effort. The architect will use the Application Architecture as the basis for the production of an application design that meets the customers requirements. Typically there are tradeoffs depending on the cusotmers priorities. The architect needs to be able to communicate these tradeoffs clearly to the customer so that the impacts of these trade-offs can be understood. The design produced should specify clearly:
> the overall structure of the application
> details of the the key components of the application
> details of all interfaces to other systems
> details of user interfaces
- Consultancy
Architects are often assigned to projects as consultants or mentors to assist the project teams in coming up with good designs for their sites and applications.
What is CAPTCHA?
A CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is a challenge-response system test designed to differentiate humans from automated programs. A CAPTCHA differentiates between human and bot by setting some task that is easy for most humans to perform but is more difficult and time-consuming for current bots to complete.
Describe the tag?
The tag specifies an inline frame.
An inline frame is used to embed another document within the current HTML document.
- An iframe is used to display a web page within a web page.
What is DNS?
Short for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they’re easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www.example.com might translate to 198.105.232.4.
The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesn’t know how to translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned.
What are Server Side Technologies?
- Technologies that exist at the server side
- Where the real work occurs
Examples: Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Fast CGI Mod Perl Active Server Pages (ASP) Personal Home Pages (PHP) Cold Fusion Java Servlets Java Server Page (JSP)
Common Features:
- Read data submitted by the user
- Generate HTML dynamically based on user input
- Determine information about the client browser
- Access database systems
- Exploit the HTTP protocol
What is a Mime?
Short for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, a specification for formatting non-ASCII messages so that they can be sent over the Internet. Many e-mail clients now support MIME, which enables them to send and receive graphics, audio, and video files via the Internet mail system. In addition, MIME supports messages in character sets other than ASCII.
There are many predefined MIME types, such as GIF graphics files and PostScript files. It is also possible to define your own MIME types.
In addition to e-mail applications, Web browsers also support various MIME types. This enables the browser to display or output files that are not in HTML format.
MIME was defined in 1992 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). A new version, called S/MIME, supports encrypted messages.
What is Ontology?
In information technology, an ontology is the working model of entities and interactions in some particular domain of knowledge or practices, such as electronic commerce or “the activity of planning.” In artificial intelligence ( AI ), an ontology is, according to Tom Gruber, an AI specialist at Stanford University, “the specification of conceptualizations, used to help programs and humans share knowledge.” In this usage, an ontology is a set of concepts - such as things, events, and relations - that are specified in some way (such as specific natural language) in order to create an agreed-upon vocabulary for exchanging information.
What is XML?
- XML was designed to transport and store data.
- HTML was designed to display data.
- XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language
- XML is a markup language much like HTML
- XML was designed to carry data, not to display data
- XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags
- XML is designed to be self-descriptive
- XML is a W3C Recommendation
How should web content be displayed differently to a typical academic essay?
Academic essays typically adopt a pyramid approach starting with a broad introduction to the topic which is gradually distilled into a narrower argument or exposition in the body. In Web Development this is not appropriate. Rather, the essential information should be presented immediately with the option of digging deeper if desired. This approach looks more like and inverted pyramid and the idea is inspired from journalistic styles of writing.
What is a proxy server?
A proxy server is a server (computer system or application) that acts as a middleman between a client making a request and a server hosting that request. Originally, proxy servers were designed to add structure and encapsulation to distributed networks. Today proxy servers are commonly used to provide anonymity to users wishing to hide their location.
There are three main types of proxy:
Forward: The intranet proxy sends a request to the internet.
Reverse: The intranet proxy receives a request form the clients on the internet.
Open Proxy: Accessible by any internet user.
How can proxy servers benefit internet access?
1) Proxy servers can be used to authenticate a request made by a client before allowing the query to reach a companies internal servers.
2) Proxy servers can also be used to analyse the users geo-locations so that they can be given access to geo-tailored content.
3) Secure and Private Browsing: A proxy server conceals the internal clients from the external network. As the proxy server is in the vanguard, your identity is hidden. This means you are protected from spam and hacker attacks. Most proxy servers do not use cookies; this means that there is no way your info is stored anywhere in their databanks.
4) Caching: This feature reduces your bandwidth use. When proxy servers cache data, work is speeded up. For example, let’s suppose User A has opened site xyz, and it takes 12 seconds for it to load. When User B tries to access the same site, the server will give him the cached page which means it will take hardly 5-6 seconds for the site to load, and it will not use any bandwidth. Overall the delivery of web content is far more efficient. Proxy servers basically, reduce the time you need for a site to be ‘fetched’.
5) Admin: This is very useful for large businesses, where several users are trying to access the Internet through one proxy server. The administrator can easily set firewalls and block sites (porn, social networking, gaming sites and the like) for all users. Filtering content is one of the most common uses of proxy servers.
What are the similarities between XML and XHTML?
- Both languages are created using tags but with XML you pretty much create your own and is only a form of data storage.
- HTML and XML are both markup languages that are used on the web
- HTML and XML can be read by software, but people use internet browsers.
What is Rule #1 of XML?
XML Rule #1: Making a Declaration
Computers are dumb. They need instructions. That is where the XML declaration comes into play.
‹?xml version= “1.0”›
This is the bare essential declaration statement and the first line of every XML document. The declaration is a processing instruction that tells the browser, “Watch for XML.”
What is Rule #2 of XML?
XML Rule #2: Root Elements
All XML documents must have one root element that contains all other elements. Think of the root element as a filing cabinet. A filing cabinet keeps all the files together so there is no chaos. Essentially, that is the job of the root element too. A root element is a container that packages the individual elements of the XML document. For this example, the root element is ‹message.
‹?xml version= “1.0”›
‹message›- root element
What is a proxy server?
A proxy server is a server (computer system or application) that acts as a middleman between a client making a request and a server hosting that request. Originally, proxy servers were designed to add structure and encapsulation to distributed networks. Today proxy servers are commonly used to provide anonymity to users wishing to hide their location.
What is Rule #1 of XML?
XML Rule #1: Making a Declaration
Computers are dumb. They need instructions. That is where the XML declaration comes into play.
‹?xml version= “1.0”›
This is the bare essential declaration statement and the first line of every XML document. The declaration is a processing instruction that tells the browser, “Watch for XML.”
What is Rule #2 of XML?
XML Rule #2: Root Elements
All XML documents must have one root element that contains all other elements. Think of the root element as a filing cabinet. A filing cabinet keeps all the files together so there is no chaos. Essentially, that is the job of the root element too. A root element is a container that packages the individual elements of the XML document. For this example, the root element is ‹message.
‹?xml version= “1.0”›
‹message›- root element
What is Rule #3 of XML?
All Elements Must have an Opening and Closing Tag
XML documents work as in hierarchical structure, what is often referred to as a tree structure. What opens must close; this means all opening tags must also have closing tags.
‹?xml version= “1.0”›
‹message›- root element
‹/message› - root element closing tag
Most web browsers will forgive the closing tag transgression in HTML. In XML, it is absolute. If you fail to incorporate a closing tag into the structure of your XML, you will confuse the computer. The name of the element in the closing tag must match the opening tag exactly.
‹MESSAGE›
‹message›
‹/messages›
XML sees all three of these tags differently. It will only recognize open and closing tags that match precisely.
Other Rules of XML?
All tags must be a container tag or non-empty tag
How can proxy servers benefit internet access?
Proxy servers can be used to authenticate a request made by a client before allowing the query to reach a companies internal servers. These proxy servers can also be used to analyse the users geo-locations so that they can be given access to geo-tailored content.
i.
Describe the outcome.
HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.
An HTML form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements.
The tag is used to create an HTML form.
The id attribute defines a CSS selector that will help style the form.
The name attribute identifies this particular form for use in the PHP script that handles the form.
The method attribute specifies how to send form-data (the form-data is sent to the page specified in the action attribute).
The form-data can be sent as URL variables (with method=”get”) or as HTTP post transaction (with method=”post”).
Notes on GET:
Appends form-data into the URL in name/value pairs
The length of a URL is limited (about 3000 characters)
Never use GET to send sensitive data! (will be visible in the URL)
Useful for form submissions where a user want to bookmark the result
GET is better for non-secure data, like query strings in Google
Notes on POST:
Appends form-data inside the body of the HTTP request (data is not shown in URL)
Has no size limitations
Form submissions with POST cannot be bookmarked
The action attribute specifies where to send the form-data when a form is submitted.
What should Developers be aware of with regard to Proxy servers?
Although caching does increase the speed of access, because you are accessing the material locally it may not be current. If the material was changed on the remote server on the internet then the material on your local proxy server will not match this new content.
Make a small table in HTML with rows, headings, and data
Firstname
Lastname
Points
Eve
Jackson
94
What methods are available for getting comments from a visitor of a webpage?
- Python
- C#
- PHP
How do hyperlinks work?
Hyperlinks work by encapsulating url addresses inside click-able text or images. Clicking on such an image/text passes the hidden url to the web browser. Hyperlinks can also link videoclips and audio as well as webpages.
Discuss hyper-links with reference to tags..
The hyper-link tag is:
<a>The click-able text goes here</a>
The tag has a few commonly used attributes>
1) href: specifies the URL of the page to be visited.
2) target: specifies how the link should be opened, as a tab or on the same page etc…
3) download: new to HTML 5, specifies that the target will be downloaded once the link is clicked on.
What are the different types of links?
1) Relative Links
2) Site Relative Links
3) Absolute Links
Relative link rely on the path of the file they are located in.
To go up a directory you need to do the following:
<a>Go To Page 2</a>
To go down a directory you must do this:
<a>Go To Page 3</a>
Absolute links do not relate to the path of the file they are in. Instead - clicking on the example link will take you directly to the page - no matter what file it is placed in.
Most absolute links begin with “http://” and follow this simple format:
<a>Go To My Site</a>
For site relative links we use a slash / to signify the root od the site. Thus the following urls are equivalent:
<a>Go To Page 4</a>
and…
<a>Go To Page 4</a>
Advantages of Python for retrieving info from webpage
–
i.
Describe the outcome.
HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.
An HTML form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements.
The tag is used to create an HTML form.
The id attribute defines a CSS selector that will help style the form.
The name attribute identifies this particular form for use in the PHP script that handles the form.
The method attribute specifies how to send form-data (the form-data is sent to the page specified in the action attribute).
The form-data can be sent as URL variables (with method=”get”) or as HTTP post transaction (with method=”post”).
Notes on GET:
Appends form-data into the URL in name/value pairs
The length of a URL is limited (about 3000 characters)
Never use GET to send sensitive data! (will be visible in the URL)
Useful for form submissions where a user want to bookmark the result
GET is better for non-secure data, like query strings in Google
Notes on POST:
Appends form-data inside the body of the HTTP request (data is not shown in URL)
Has no size limitations
Form submissions with POST cannot be bookmarked
ii. Enter Name
Describe the outcome.
The tag defines a label for an element.
The element does not render as anything special for the user. However, it provides a usability improvement for mouse users, because if the user clicks on the text within the element, it toggles the control.
The for attribute of the tag should be equal to the id attribute of the related element to bind them together.
This code snippet simply labels the text to accompany the input box where the user should input their name.
Write a short note on the protocols under which hyper-links operate?
???
iii.
web
<br></br>
hardware
This code snippet simply labels and creates radio buttons for users to pick a module. The first module option (given a value of ‘1’) is for Web modules. The second radiobutton option (that has a value of ‘2’) is for Hardware modules. Both radiobutton options have CSS id selectors associated with them.
What are the typical problems that arise with hyperlinks, their causes and their solutions?
The three most common problems with hyperlinks is that they 1) stop working, 2) or go to the wrong location. Also, a convention which is commonly ignored is the colouring of visited links. This is highly useful and time savining guiding users through the content on your site.
Hyperlinks going the wrong locationis simply human error and may the result of carelessness. Broken hyperlinks may be a result of moving a files location inside the directory. Websites use site relative links and if a file is moved to another directory or its name is changed then this will affect any hyperlinks associated with that page.
Describe 5 different job roles in a Web Development team.
The archetypal web team involves the following roles:
- Senior Management Team (SMT) -approves online strategy, monitors high-level adherence to business goals and provides resource.
- Web Steering Group (WSG) - expedites online strategy by co-ordinating development priorities among all departments with a stake in the web and reports progress to the Senior Management Team.
- sets internal web standards (e.g. coding, online branding, etc.), monitors development on a cyclical basis and acts as a ‘Court of Last Resort’ for inter-departmental web conflict. - Web Manager - co-ordinates day-to-day maintenance required to ensure the site operates to a minimum acceptable standard.
roject manages the implementation of all development activity approved by the WSG.
The Web Manager monitors performance based on approved KPIs and ensures all activity conforms with required standards. - Content Producer - The role of a Content Producer is to create & maintain high quality online content - be that plain text, video, podcasts, twitter updates, etc.
- Designer -To assist with defining the organisation’s web design standards.
To produce highly usable and visually engaging templates.
To adhere to content production and development schedules, based on the advice of the Web Manager. - Developer - To assist with defining code standards.
To expedite coding in support of maintenance and project requirements.
To assist with technical activity in conjunction with other service providers, in particular hosting.
What is SEO?
Search Engine Optimization is the process of improving the visibility of a website on organic (“natural” or un-paid) search engine result pages (SERPs), by incorporating search engine friendly elements into a website.
Advantages of SEO:
FREE TARGETED TRAFFIC
The primary advantage of SEO over any other type of internet marketing. Once your site is ranked in the top 10 for your keyword phrase, you should be able to keep it there with a minimum of fuss. This means that you will receive free traffic as long as you keep it up
Superb ROI
Return on investment is one of the major advantages of SEO over paid advertising.A site takes some time to get rank and after the site ranked, the ROI will be great.
COST EFFECTIVENESS
SEO is one of the most cost-effective ways of marketing. If the site is properly designed and optimized then it has a longer standings s compared to the Pay Per Click Advertising.
BETTER USABILITY
The site is easily available to the large portion of the online users. A better optimized and designed website always attracts lot of visitors
HIGHER SALES
Increased visibility, cost effectiveness and accessibility leads to the higher sales.
Aspects of web design that increase SEO:
- Add a blog
- Add Google Analytics to each page
- Reduce code bloat
- Make each page unique
- Use meta description tags
- Remove repetitive wording from the website layout
- Add footer links to every page
- Create a separate web page for each keyword or keyword phrase
- Use keyword rich title tags on each page
What is the difference between a directory search and a keyword search?
A search engine, such as Yahoo or Google, is an online tool that helps users of the Internet find the sites and information they’re looking for. Most search engines use automated programs (sometimes called spiders) to look for relevant information based on keywords entered by the user.
A search directory, such as Yahoo Directory, is a catalog of websites organized by category to allow users to easily browse for the information they need. Unlike search engines, which locate and display relevant information based on a formula or algorithm using an automated software program, search directories are organized by real people who discover new sites and relevant information by exploring the Internet themselves and by reviewing submitted sites.
Both search engines and directories can help drive customers to your website. Neither guarantees that your site will be included in their listings.
What is CSS and what advantages does it offer web developers when it comes to accessibility and SEO.
1) CSS decreases the code to content ratio making it easier to crawl, leading to a better search index. CSS reduces the overall size of a website and therefore increases download speeds.
2) Using standard html tags such as <h1> make important content easily identifiable
3) CSS allows you to put your content higher up in the HTML document making it more prominent to crawlers. Using CSS you can then style the content so that appears anywhere on the site, even though it remains on top of the HTMl doc.
WARNING: One should never hide text using CSS; showing user-friendly text to the user and showing a different more crawler friendly version of the text to the crawlers. This can be seen as spamming and can result in penalization or banning.
What is Scope Creep?
work with a new client starts off as well as you would expect, but over time the project seems to get bigger and bigger while your price remains the same. The client either (a) seems to think
that the “extra”work is within the scope of the original agreement, or (b) simply doesn’t realize that he or she is asking for more than was originally agreed. Either way, you’re losing money.
AKA
scope creep is the process by which a project grows beyond its originally anticipated size.
How can you avoid the monster that is Scope Creep?
Step 1: Understand the Outcome
Step 2: Be Critical of Your Client’s Ideas
Step 3: Clearly Define the Scope of Works
Step 4: Price Right - breaking down projects into their smallest constituent parts and ensuring that everything is accounted for
Step 5: Get It in Writing
What does IT refer to?
Information Technology refers to all aspects of managing and processing information
List 6 IT roles
- Website designer
- Web application developer
- Web architect
- Web site manager
- DBA
- Network engineer
- SEO analyst
What does Ontology refer to in a business context?
Ontology is the study of how a particular domain, or system, is organized. In business, ontology describes the flow of information through a business hierarchy.
- Web Ontology Language (OWL)
What is the importance of standards in IT?
Standards help govern with ease which information can be exchanged and understood between people, businesses and systems.
ISO 9000
International Organization for Standardization
W3C
World Wide Web Consortium
IEFT
Internet Engineering Task Force
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
TIA
Telecommunications Industry Association
What is Crowdsourcing?
a task ordinarily performed by one person is
outsourced to a large group or community
What is understood by the term ‘collective intelligence’?
– the ability of a group to exhibit a greater
degree of intelligence by solving problems collaboratively compared
to the intelligence of an individual member
List some common technologies and tools.
- Ajax - – enables Web applications to interact with users in much the same way they do with desktop applications
- Wikis - Web pages that can be viewed and
modified by anybody with a Web browser and
access to the Internet - Folksonomy - – tagging of online contentso non‐technical users can classify and find information
- Web feed services - content publicly available to users via
Web feeds(e.g., RSS,Atom);
syndication - Podcasts - audio/videodigital‐media files
distributed throughWeb feedsto subscribed
users - Semantic Web - Web data thatis
contextualized with the addition of machine‐
readable metadata - Mash-ups - Web pages that integrate content and scripts from
multiple Web sites to create new applications
What does a ‘Blog’ refer to?
Blog (shortfor “Web log”) – a collection of personal thoughts posted on a public Web site
