ALL CARDS Flashcards
What is Bottom-Up Processing?
With Bottom-Up Processing, the perceptual process starts ‘at the bottom’ with raw sensory information that is sent ‘up’ to the brain for higher level mental ‘processing’. Raw sensory data are progressively analyzed at higher and higher levels until they reach the relevant cortical areas in the brain where they are processed and a perception is constructed based on this information. Unlike top-down processing, the bottom-up perceptual process relies ENTIRELY ON SENSORY DATA
aka. Data driven processing
Name the 5 Sensory Receptors
Vision: Retina
Hearing: tympanic membrane
Taste: Taste Buds
Touch: Skin, nerves
Smell: Olfactory receptor
What affects Divided Attention?
Our ability to divide our attention depends on how much conscious effort is required for the various tasks in which we are engaged. In turn, this depends on the similarity of the tasks, their complexity and how experienced we are at doing them
What are the 3 Visual Perception Principles
The Gestalt Principles
Depth cues
Perceptual Set
Name 3 Gestalt Principles (there are more)
Figure ground organization
The Principle of Figure-Ground Organization
We use this principle when we visually organize a scene so that we separate an object (“figure”) from the background
What our eyes focus on is the “figure” and it stands out from the “ground” which is the rest of its surroundings.
Distinction
-Contour, Distinctive color and Patterns that obviously differ.
Closure
The principle of closure is the perceptual tendency to close up fill in or ignore gaps in an image in order to view an image in order to view an object as a whole.
Similarity
The principles of similarity is the tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar traits (colors, size, shape, texture) as belonging to together as a group or whole
Proximity
The principle of proximity is the tendency to perceive parts of a visual image which are positioned close together as belonging together in a group
What are the Independent, Dependent, and Control Variables?
Independent Variable - The variable being manipulated in an experiment to affect the Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable - The variable being measured in the experiment, affected by the manipulation of the IV
Controlled Variable - Any variable that is kept constant between research conditions
How is a Taste Aversion formed?
Through Classical Conditioning. If someone associates a particular food with a bad experience, such as nausea, then they may develop a taste aversion
What are the 2 Binocular Depth Cues?
Convergence - Detecting the tension in eye muscles as the converge together for closer objects, or apart for objects further away.
Retinal Disparity - The very slight difference (disparity) in the location of the images on the retinas (due to their slightly different angles of view) which enables us to make judgements about the depth or distance of the object
What is Justice in Ethics?
Justice is the fairness of treatment for all subjects, from selection in sampling through to result collection
What is a Within Subjects Design?
An experimental design where the same participants are used in both the control and experimental conditions?
What is Counterbalancing in a Within Subjects Design?
Counterbalancing involves dividing the group of participants in half and arranging the order of conditions so that each condition occurs in a different sequence. Allows the order affect to be accounted for.
What are the Gestalt Principles? (definition)
The Gestalt Principles are ways in which we organize the visual feature of a scene by grouping them to perceive a whole, complete form.
-In other words these are how the human mind completes a picture without having to actually see the whole picture
What is Mixed Methods Research?
Mixed Methods Research is a popular methodology that incorporates both quantitative and qualitative research. The findings of this type of research are strengthened because they use data obtained from quantitative measures as well as explanations or commentary obtained using qualitative measures
What are the 7 steps in research?
Identify the Research Problem - What are you investigating?
Formulate a hypothesis - What are you trying to prove?
Design the method - how will you prove your hypothesis
Collect the data - Go through with your method and collect data
Analyse data - Organize data into useful statistics
Interpret results - Form a conclusion on your data
Report the findings -
What are the 4 things that are included in a Hypothesis
- A testable prediction about the direction of interaction between variables (higher, lower, increased etc)
- The population that from which your study sample is drawn
- Both conditions of the independent variable
- The dependent Variable (that which is being measured)
What is Sustained Attention?
Sustained Attention involves maintenance of attention on a specific stimulus or task for a continuous period of time without being distracted.
What are the two types of Between Subjects Design
Independent Groups Design - Involves randomly Allocating members of the sample to either the control or experimental groups.
Eliminates bias, but Participant difference may be a confounding variable
Matched-participants design - Involves pairing participants based on certain shared characteristics, then allocating one to the experimental, and one to the control group.
Eradicates possible Participant differences, but involves pre-tests to match participants (time consuming) and falls appart when participants are removed.
What are 3 types of sampling?
Convenience sampling - Fast and convenient, minimize cost and planning
Highly biased, and likely not representative of your chosen population
Random Sampling - Quick and inexpensive, unbiased
A chance that it may not be representative of the population
Stratified Sampling - representative of population and ratios.
Time consuming and complicated, and information and characteristics are needed.
What affects Sustained Attention?
- Engagement of task
- Complexity
- Reward
- Fatigue
- Emotional State
What is Sensation?
Sensation involves receiving sensory information from the environment
What is Integrity in Ethics?
Integrity.
Integrity involves the researcher’s commitment to the honest conducting and reporting of research. Integrity also relies upon scrutiny of the research and of its procedures so that the knowledge and understanding gained through research can be trusted in its broader application.
What are the three stages of Perception?
Selection:
Selection is the process of attending to certain sensory stimuli and excluding others
Involves conscious and unconscious selection
Organization:
Organization is the process of regrouping sensory stimuli to form a meaningful understanding
Interpretation:
Interpretation is the process to which information is given meaning so that it can be understood
Involves bringing together other incoming sensory information and existing knowledge (memories/experiences/emotional state) to make sense of information.
What is Attention?
Attention is the process of focusing on specific stimuli or aspects of the sensory environment whilst ignoring and therefore excluding others
What is a Placebo?
A placebo is a fake or false treatment used so that no participants know whether they are being exposed to the control or experimental condition.
What is an Extraneous variable?
A variable other than the Iv that can affect the DV. Interferes with the causal link between IV and DV. (such as a car crash during a dental experiment)
