All Cards Flashcards

Question

Between the anode/cathode, where does oxidation/reduction occur?

Answer 1

Oxidation occurs at the Anode, Reduction occurs at the Cathode

Answer 2

Entails a loss of electrons. For example, Calcium tends to have a higher oxidation state (+2) than Sodium (+1)

Answer 3

Sulfate: SO4 2-, Sulfite: SO3 2-, Sulfide: S 2-

Answer 4

Henderson hasselbach; pH= pkA + log([A-]/[HA])

Answer 5

desired solution pH +/- 1 pH of the acid pka

Answer 6

pH= (pK1 + pK2)/2

Answer 7

Collision force and collision frequency

Answer 8

Any element from the third row onwards (highest principle quantum electron at least n=3)

Answer 9

Electron geometry: include lone pairs (h2o is tetrahedral electron geometry) molecular geometry: do not include lone pairs (h2o is bent molecular geometry)

Answer 10

The # of bonds to the central metal ion, NOT the # of ligands attached to the central metal ion

Answer 11

Lewis acids, because they have an empty orbital

Answer 12

Temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure

Answer 13

Pvapor= Xi Pvapor (pure); xi= mole fraction of liquid in solution. Describes the contributing vapor pressure of a miscible liquid in solution

Answer 14

The highest pressure and temperature at which a liquid can be observed; beyond this point, you cannot distinguish between a gas or a liquid, so anything in that region is referred to as a a supercritical fluid

Answer 15

Density between liquid and gas

Answer 16

Under low pressure and high temperature

Answer 17

1. ) Most salts composed of a +1 cation (excluding transition metals) and a -1 anion are soluble in water 2. ) Nitrate (NO3 -) salts are water soluble 3. Most salts containing sulfate anions (SO4 2-) with +1 cations (excluding transition metals) are soluble 4. ) Most salts with 2- or 3- anions (with the exception of sulfate) are insoluble 5. ) Most oxide (O 2-) and hydroxide (OH-) salts are only slightly soluble. KOH and NaOH are exceptions.

Answer 18

Maximum number of moles of solid that can dissolve to make one liter of solution

Answer 19

Water and Carbon Dioxide

Answer 20

Any movement that attempts to return the membrane potential to its resting membrane potential, regardless of whether it is coming from a more positive origin or a more negative origin

Answer 21

Parasympathetic nerves

Answer 22

1st (preganglionic) : acetylcholine, 2nd (postganglionic) : acetylcholine

Answer 23

1st: acetylcholine, 2nd: norepenephrine

Answer 24

They have intercalated disks, which prevents cells from separating during contraction and allows for synchronized contraction.

Answer 25

To bring the depolarizing current deep through the muscle fiber near the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 26

Veins, because unlike arteries the pressure is not strong enough to maintain unidirectional flow

Answer 27

Decreasing a vessel radius by two will increase vessel resistance by 16 (Poisuelles equation: Flow rate proportional to r^4. Flow rate inversely proportional to vessel resistance)

Answer 28

Red Blood Cells

Answer 29

How flexible a vein or artery is.

Answer 30

SA (sinoatrial) node

Answer 31

MIcrocytic anemia, macrocytic anemia

Answer 32

Blood plasma; the plasma is cleared out constantly by the kidneys, where as the composition of the RBC reflects the vitamin intake over its 120 day lifespan

Answer 33

Reynolds number; flow is turbulent above a reynolds number of 3500

Answer 34

Myelination, maintenence, and regeneration of PNS axons

Answer 35

Excitatory signals; cognition, memory, and learning

Answer 36

More fluid with more unsatured phospholipids

Answer 37

Blood flow

Answer 38

Single unit: electrically coupled by gap junctions, single stimulation of one cell will stimulate all adjacent cells Multiunit: not electrically coupled by gap junction

Answer 39

Carbonic acid

Answer 40

Beta cells of the pancreas

Answer 41

A veinous system that returns blood from the digestive tract back to the liver

Answer 42

Alpha cells of the pancreas

Answer 43

To promote reabsorption of sodium and secretion of K+ in the nephron (because action is via sodium potassium pumps, which pumps 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in) ; acts at DCT and collecting ducts, stimulating them to reaborb sodium

Answer 44

The cortex of the adrenal gland, above the kidney

Answer 45

To promote reabsorption of water in the collecting duct via insertion of more aquaporins

Answer 46

The posterior pituitary, which is stimulated by the hypothalamus

Answer 47

Through symports, such as glucose/sodium or amino acid/sodium

Answer 48

Will decreases GFR

Answer 49

Increases glomerular filtration rate

Answer 50

Increase blood volume (to increase blood pressure)

Answer 51

Aldosterone

Answer 52

The detruser muscles contract, and the two urethal tract sphincters relax

Answer 53

Spermatogenia (stem cell)--- (Mitosis, one remains a stem cell)----\> Primary spermatocyte ---(Meiosis 1)---\> Secondary spermatocyte ---- (meiosis 2)---\> spermatids ---- (transformation via formation of acrosome, loss of cytoplasm)---\> spermatozoa

Answer 54

Sertoli Cells

Answer 55

Basal compartment, luminal compartment, separated by tight junction

Answer 56

From the basal comparment (on the outside) to the luminal compartment (at the center)

Answer 57

The meiotic division between the primary oocyte and secondary oocyte, where it is stuck in prophase of meiosis 1

Answer 58

Arrested in Metaphse of Meiosis 2, where it will only finish meiosis 2 and become an ovum after fertilization

Answer 59

Granulosa cells. Granulosa cells + ooctye= follicle cell

Answer 60

Continual growth of the follicle causes an LH surge which mediates rupture. Expansion of the antrum (fluid cavity formed from fluid from granulosa cells). Rupture itself is additionally mediated by enzymes that weaken the cell wall

Answer 61

Lutinizing hormone (LH).

Answer 62

Prostaglandins

Answer 63

Estrogen and progesterone

Answer 64

Progesterone

Answer 65

In males, activated by LH, thus converting cholesterol to testosterone. Female counterpart is called Theca cells

Answer 66

Luteal phase; egg is released from follicle and implants into endometrium, the remaining follicular cells (granulosa) becomes a corpus luteum, which continues to release progesterone and estrogen

Answer 67

Suppresses LH and FSH secretion

Answer 68

They increase steadily through pregnancy

Answer 69

The shedding of blood/uterine lining during menstruation

Answer 70

Estrogen (early in cycle), then inhibin and progesterone (later in the cycle)

Answer 71

Convert cholesteral to testosterone, which is then fed to the granulosa cells so they can produce estrogen

Answer 72

Continued growth of the follicle increases number of granulosa cells, which continually release estrogen. When estrogen levels are low, there is negative feedback on FSH and LH release. However, at very high levels of estrogen, there is actually positive feedback on LH secretion, causing luteal surge. Inhibin also released by granulosa cells simulatneously inhibit FSH release.

Answer 73

Secreted by mature follicles prior to ovulation. Causes suppression of FSH release from anterior pituitary

Answer 74

Progesterone

Answer 75

Corpus luteum requires FSH and LH to maintain itself, but suppresses both hormones via its estrogen and progesterone release

Answer 76

Hepatocyte cells of the liver

Answer 77

Estrogen and progesterone both

Answer 78

LH release

Answer 79

Cells that line the inside of the cardiovascular system (arteries, veins, heart) in a one cell thick layer

Answer 80

Smooth muscle

Answer 81

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 82

Hypothalamus (releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)) -\> pituitary (adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACH)) -\> adrenal cortex (cortisol)

Answer 83

Epinephrine (from adrenal medulla) and glucagon (from pancreas). Target is the liver so that it may begin releasing glucose

Answer 84

Posterior Pituitary

Answer 85

Anterior pituitary

Answer 86

Posterior PItuitary (releases only ADH and oxytocin, which are both direct hormones)

Answer 87

Exposes myosin binding sites on the actin, allowing for the power stroke

Answer 88

The dissociation of Pi from myosin

Answer 89

Lowers blood calcium levels by suppressing osteoclast activity (thus, preventing osteoclast bone breakdown) and increasing calcium secreted by urine

Answer 90

Parathyroid hormone; increases blood calcium concentration by promoting osteoclast activity

Answer 91

Cholesterol

Answer 92

Left hemisphere

Answer 93

The tendency of animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors

Answer 94

Successes and failures result from external factors beyond their control

Answer 95

Hyperarousal, intrusive symptoms (nightmares), avoiding reminders of trauma, negative thoughts and moods. **and emotional numbing**

Answer 96

Intensity value at which an individual is able to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time

Answer 97

The ability to properly detect or reject a certain stimulus in light of distractions. There are four possible ways a participant in an SDT study can respond: a hit, a false alarm, a miss, and a correct rejection

Answer 98

When multiple competing and incompatible demands are placed upon an individual

Answer 99

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Answer 100

Higher aspects of human nature, such as self-actualization (achieving one's full potential) and personal growth. An optimistic view of human nature that people have an innate drive towards self improvement

Answer 101

Attempting to change negative thoughts/beliefs and maladaptive behaviors; replacing destructive thoughts/behaviors with healthy ones

Answer 102

Uncovering how unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood shapes behaviors

Answer 103

Generalization; if the observed relationship applies outside the experiment

Answer 104

Causality; if the change in the independent variable is really causing a change in the dependent variable

Answer 105

Ventral horns

Answer 106

Dorsal horn

Answer 107

Cerebellum, pons

Answer 108

Tectum (inferior colliculi, superior collucili) and the tegmentum (substnatia nigra, red nucleus)

Answer 109

Thalamus, hypothalamus

Answer 110

Disruption of fine motor skills

Answer 111

Coordinate balance, fine motor skills, equillibrium, coordination

Answer 112

Frontal: motor Parietal: Somatosensory Occipital: vision Temporal: Auditory

Answer 113

A startle reflex in infants that is caused by a loud sound or sudden movement and involves spreading out arms, throwing back head and opening hands

Answer 114

Break phosphodiester bonds, such as those found in ATP and cAMP. Hydrolyzes cAMP, so inhibits cAMP pathways

Answer 115

Telencephalon

Answer 116

A study in which there are certain experimental groups, but individuals within those groups cannot be randomly assigned.

Answer 117

Just noticeable differences in stimuli are a function and ratio of the current intensity stimulus Weber fraction= (Just noticeable difference)/Intensity

Answer 118

Tonic firing: long and sustained response Phasic Firing: Transient immediate response

Answer 119

Tonic; perception of pain comes on slowly after application of stimulus, and may sometimes persist even after stimulus is removed

Answer 120

How visual perception processing begins first by distinguishing figure (the object ) from its surroundings (the ground). The vase illusion takes advantage of this

Answer 121

Cones work in high light conditions and allow us to see color; therefore, they facilitate phototopic vision

Answer 122

Spatial resolution of an object; primarily receieve input from cones and are sensitive to color and fine pattern details

Answer 123

Temporal resolution of an object; receive input from rods and are sensitive to movement

Answer 124

Top four layers

Answer 125

At the tip (apex of the membrane)

Answer 126

Semicircular canals

Answer 127

Adelta fibers, myelinated, medium diamater?

Answer 128

C fibers, unmyelinated, small diameter

Answer 129

Because olfactory information does not pass through the thalamus to primary processing centers, but rather is direclty relayed to the limbic system after reaching the primary olfactory cortex

Answer 130

Gestalt principles demonstrate how the sum of perceptual parts differs from the perceived whole.

Answer 131

A monocular perceptual cue; when one object seems to obscure another, it can be assumed that one is closer

Answer 132

How completely disparate senses come together in the CNS to produce meaningful perception experiences

Answer 133

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 134

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

Answer 135

Tranquilizing, depressed nerve function

Answer 136

Generativity: Being able to do what one feels is contributing to society, thus gaining the sense they are part of a bigger picture Stagnation: Failing to contribute, leading to feeling unproductive This conflict usually occurs around 45-60

Answer 137

1. ) Sensorimotor, birth through 18-24 months 2. )Preoperational, toddler through early childhood 3. ) Concrete operational, 7-11 4. ) Formal operational, adolesence through adulthood

Answer 138

A theory of hearing that states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane

Answer 139

A method of training that reinforces successive approximations towards a desired response; i.e, want pigeon to play a tune on keyboard, first key pecked pigeon rewarded (positive reinforcement), next pigeon is only rewarded after two keys are pecked

Answer 140

Operant conditioning; Reinforcement only occurs after a fixed number of responses

Answer 141

Operant conditioning: reinforcement occurs at a fixed interval of time completely independent of correct response (i.e. paychecks every two weeks)

Answer 142

Operant conditioning: reinforcement occurs after a variable number of correct responses

Answer 143

Phonological loop: temporary storage of auditory information Visuospatial sketchpad: Temporary storage of visual information Episodic buffer: Integrate representations from loop and sketchpad in ordered timely and coherent manner Central executive: controlling and coordinating the activities of the other three stm systems

Answer 144

Procedural: Like how to ride a bike Priming: Previous knowledge affects how you perceive new information; i.e., lots of exposures to hares in your line of work, when someone says "hair" you think of a bunny and not the stuff on your head

Answer 145

The input of information from physical stimuli into memory (either short term or long term),

Answer 146

An encoding strategy that organizes new information into groups to help you remember them better; more effective than simple rote memorization

Answer 147

Accessing stored memories, moving them from long term memory back into working (short term) memory

Answer 148

In a list of items, you are more likely to remember the first and last items

Answer 149

Hippocampus

Answer 150

Maintenance: rote rehearsal, simple repeating Elaborative: relating the rehearsal of each items to other things you know, such as mnemonics

Answer 151

Delayed conditioning, where the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus and contineues throughout the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (aka: bell, then dog food)

Answer 152

When two stimuli are both associated with a response, but the more salient one will weaken the association between the less salient one and the response

Answer 153

Reliability: consistency of an study (same conditions/subjects will have same outcomes in multiple trials) Validity: accuracy of a study (whether the results are actually correct)

Answer 154

Two stereoisomers that differ in the arrangement of groups on a single carbon (opposite configuration at only one stereocenter out of at least two)

Answer 155

Z: highest priority groups are adjacent E: highest priority groups are diagonal

Answer 156

A double bond or a ring

Answer 157

Double bonds

Answer 158

The epoxide group

Answer 159

Equatorial

Answer 160

One axial, one equatorial

Answer 161

For D Sugars only: If anomeric -OH facing down, alpha. If up, beta. To be more precise: if trans with c6 carbon, alpha. If Cis, beta For linkages, look at the anomeric carbon that is participating in the linkage. If it is alpha, it is an alpha glycosidic bond. If both anomeric carbons are participating in the linkage, then use the nomenclature alpha-1 beta-2 linkage, for example

Answer 162

"Flatten" out cyclic molecule into fischer projection. If carbon 5 (anomeric carbon is carbon 1) has -OH group on right side, then it is a D sugar. If its on the left side, then its an L sugar.

Answer 163

Butyl (the alkyl group after the ester) ethanoate (the carbons leading up to the carbonyl)

Answer 164

From an aldehyde, you can synthesize an amino acid via an aminonitrile intermediate. You get a mixture of both L and D enantiomers because the aldehyde reaction is not stereospecific.

Answer 165

A time based, graphical output of a chromatography run.

Answer 166

Very similar method as for sugars. Most oxidized carbon at the top (-COOH), if the amine group is to the left, it is an L amino acid, if it is to the right, it is a D amino acid

Answer 167

EE: The extent to which one enantiomer exists over the other in a mixture with both enantiomers. Racemic mixture= EE of 0. Formula: enantiomeric excess = % of major enantiomer - % of minor

Answer 168

1600-1900 cm-1

Answer 169

Polar aprotic; polar enough to solvate nucleophile, but not too polar as to lock nucleophile into "solvent cage"

Answer 170

1 equivalent of base per ester bond

Answer 171

Gas chromatography, which can separate them due to their different boiling points

Answer 172

~1640-1680

Answer 173

=C-H, O-H (alcohol only ), N-H,

Answer 174

Alcohol -OH is higher ((3200-3500, vs 2500-3200 for acid) because it is a stronger bond (dissociates less)

Answer 175

Slightly acidic, because upon deprotonation there is resonance stabilization with the oxygen

Answer 176

Yes, but only if the landing area is at the same elevation at which they were both launched

Answer 177

R= (Vo²sin2(theta))/g

Answer 178

F_{required to lift an object}= Weight of Object/(# of “wheels)

Answer 179

1.) F=-kx 2.) PE=½ kx^2

Answer 180

The greater the number of coils, the lower the spring constant

Answer 181

Counterclockwise

Answer 182

In ideal gas: the mean distance a given particle travels before colliding with other particles

Answer 183

Only density (of particles)

Answer 184

Relative abundance

Answer 185

Increase tension or decrease density of the string

Answer 186

T=2pi \* sqrt(m/k) for a spring, T= 2pi \* sqrt(L/g) for a pendulum

Answer 187

Fn= (nv)/2L, n= which harmonic, meaning how many “humps” you see

Answer 188

Harder materials

Answer 189

Slowest: Gas, Liquid, Solid (fastest)

Answer 190

D= 10log(I/Is), where I is the intensity of the sound, Is is the lowest audible sound a human can hear, or any other source/standard intensity sound

Answer 191

Decreases; some of the wave is reflected at the interface between the two mediums

Answer 192

P1-P2=p(y2-y1)g, where P1 and P2 are the pressures felt at depths y1 and y2, and p is the density of the fluid (in simpler terms- P=pgh, as long as h refers to the height below surface of water)

Answer 193

B= pfluid \* *Vfluid displaced* \* g

Answer 194

F= 4pi n(viscocity) L v

Answer 195

Q= A1V1= A2V2

Answer 196

An amino group (-NH2) is transferred from an amino acid to a keto-acid to form the amino-acid version of the keto acid and the keto acid version of the original amino acid.

Answer 197

Lipolysis is the hydrolysis of triacyglycerols to a glycerol and three fatty acid chains. It is controlled by hormone sensitive lipase

Answer 198

The small intestine, by proteases such as trypsin and chymostypsin, as well as in the stomach by the protease pepsin

Answer 199

Ketogenic: Carbon backbone feeds into fatty acid synthesis (can be converted into acetyl coa) Glucogenic: Carbon backbone feeds into glucose synthesis (can be conerted into glucosee)

Answer 200

Lysine and Leucine

Answer 201

The liver. Using these amino acids, protein synthesis, glucose synthesis or, fatty acid synthesis can occur

Answer 202

alpha-ketoglutarate

Answer 203

Urea cycle

Answer 204

Reducing sugar: anomeric carbon has -OH group that can reduce other compounds Nonreducing sugar: anomeric carbon does not have -OH group

Answer 205

Glycosidic bond

Answer 206

An enzyme that must be cleaved before it can be in its active form

Answer 207

Less than 1: Negative cooperativity, binding of one ligand prevents binding of another 1: independent cooperativity, independent binding Greater than 1: Positive cooperativity, binding of one ligand promotes binding of the other

Answer 208

Upregulates glycolysis; activates synthesis of F2,6BP (by upregulating PFK-2), which then allosterically activates PFK-1 to synthesize more F1,6BP

Answer 209

Glycine and proline

Answer 210

1. Side chains, 2. Backbone

Answer 211

One without SDS; used when 3d protein structure needs to be preserved

Answer 212

Peptide sequence at the N terminus of newly synthesized proteins that tells the protein where to go,

Answer 213

Transport of vesicular transport of macromolecules form one end of the cell to the other

Answer 214

Recognizes antibody antigen (commonly microorganisms) complex, becomes activated, cascade of proteolytic cleavages until it is able to poke holes in microorganism

Answer 215

First develop in the bone marrow, then go onto continue maturation in the spleen + lymph nodes

Answer 216

Released by Mast cells (basophils), promotes vasodilation, inflammation, and vessel permeability

Answer 217

Thymus, and then spleen + lymph nodes

Answer 218

Lymph nodes, spleen; Where close to mature B cells and T cells can "hang out" and react with foreign antigens

Answer 219

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

Answer 220

Beta cells: parasympathetic Alpha cells: sympathetic

Answer 221

To increase metabolic rate of all cells affected

Answer 222

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts

Answer 223

Causes calcium absorption by stimulating osteoclastic activity and inhibiting osteoblast acitivity (opposite to calcitonin)

Answer 224

Reduce born resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity

Answer 225

The conscious experience and physiological response of the motion are experienced simultaneously

Answer 226

Physiological arousal and behavioral response precede the conscious experience of emotion

Answer 227

Exposure to stimulus -\> physiological arousal -\> cognitive evaluation of physiological arousal in context with situation -\> subjective experience of emotion Similar to James Lange, except physiological arousal must be interpreted with situational conext in mind

Answer 228

Global challenges that affect individuals subconsciously, and affect all people in. agiven area, like pollution, city noise. crime

Answer 229

1. External vs Internal (also known as situational vs dispositional) 2. Stable vs unstable

Answer 230

An action that will invariably occur upon trigger

Answer 231

As one takes more and more of an abused drug, the brain will have countermeasures to oppose the effects of the drug (less dopamine receptors, etc). Thus, addiction is primarily motivated not be positive reinforcement (to get high) but by negative reinforcement (don't want to feel shitty)

Answer 232

Mesolimbic pathway

Answer 233

Bilateral lesion of temporal lobe resulting in hypersexuality, hyper orality (putting things in mouth), and overeating

Answer 234

People are motivated to do certain behaviors in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Answer 235

That one's intelligence may grow and change

Answer 236

iq= (mental age)/(chronological age) \* 100

Answer 237

Mitochondria

Answer 238

kcat is a rate constant, describes the turnover of enzyme (once enzyme substrate complex, how fast does it actually catalyze). Km is an equillibrium constant, describes the affinity of the substrate for enzyme

Answer 239

catalytic efficiency = kcat/Km. Therefore, higher efficieny= greater turnover and lower affinity

Answer 240

1. ) Glycogen to G1P; catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase 2. ) G1P to G6P; catalyzed by phosphoglucomutase

Answer 241

Phosphorolysis

Answer 242

To go back to reactants, must use a different pathway altogether

Answer 243

The opposing pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. specifically in regards to lactic acid fermentation by muscles. This lactate is then sent to the liver, converted to pyruvate, and is used in gluconeogenesis to then regenerate glucose. It is a "futile/substrate" cycle, in which there are two opposite metabolic pathways that are controlled by different enzymes

Answer 244

Fatty acid oxidation; gluconeogenesis is required in times of fasting; gluconeogenesis requires 6 NTP; this cannot come from glycolysis due to fasting, therefore it must come from fatty acid oxidation

Answer 245

Function: Allosterically activate PFK-1 to promote glycolysis; allosterically inhibit F1,6BPase to inhibit gluconeogenesis Precursor: F6P Enzymes: To F2,6BP: PFK-2. Back to F6P: F2,6BPase

Answer 246

Homeostasis

Answer 247

Hypothalamus

Answer 248

Neurons that are involved when an individual observes and performs a behavior; they play a central role in obvservational learning and in vicarious emotions (empathy)

Answer 249

Language acquisition in children is the result of both biological (normal brain development) and social factors, especially the interaction between caregivers and children

Answer 250

Tendency to blame others' behavior on internal (she got into a car accident because she sucks at driving) rather than external (she got into a car accident because it was raining really hard) factors Actor observer bias, in addition to attributing others' bad behavior on internal factors, also attributes one's own actions to external causes

Answer 251

Spatial processing, emotion, art, music, visualizatoin

Answer 252

Language, math/logic/reasoning, science

Answer 253

Trick question, the magnetic field is the same strength inside a solenoid regardless of how close one is to the center

Answer 254

Paragmagnetic: will align with and strengthen a magnetic field Diamagnetic: will partially expel a magnetic field; magnetic field creates a field within the species that is opposite to the field,

Answer 255

Osteoclast

Answer 256

Osteoblast

Answer 257

Minor stimulation of osteoclast activity, increase phosphorus reabsorption, increase intestinal absorption of calcium (somewhat opposite to calcitonin)

Answer 258

Epidermis, dermis

Answer 259

They are formed in the epidermis. At the most basal layer of the epidermis (stratum basale), there exists a layer of continously replicated stem cells. Daughters of these cells continue to push up, die, and keratinize until they are at the surface.

Answer 260

Cell-cell junction that provides strong adhesion between cells. This adhesion results from filaments extending through the junction

Answer 261

To prevent leakage between cells

Answer 262

Binds antigen, endocytose antigen and present on surface with MHC 2, helper T binds and releases cytokines which activate the B-Cell, b-cell proliferates and progeny differentiate into either plasma cells or memory B cells.

Answer 263

VH MILK, WTF? (Very heavy milk, wtf)

Answer 264

One that the body cannot synthesize itself

Answer 265

Tryptophan

Answer 266

pI= (pk1 + pk2)/2

Answer 267

Gram positive: Peptidoglycan cell wall directly outside membrane Gram negative: Peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between two membranes Gram negative is resistant to antibiotics and lysozyme, because both act on the peptidoglycan layer which is blocked by the outer membrane

Answer 268

When temperature is low, increase fluidity. When temperature is medium or high (including at physiological temperture), decrease fluidity/increases rigidity . (tries to maintain membrane fluidity homeostasis)

Answer 269

Gram negative

Answer 270

Neurons, cardiac cells

Answer 271

Gram pos: Violet Gram neg: Red or pink

Answer 272

Ceq= C1 + C2 + Cn

Answer 273

Ceq= 1/(1/C1 + 1/C2 + … )

Answer 274

380 nm (violet) to 750 (red)

Answer 275

Enantiomers have the same boiling point. Diastereomers do not

Answer 276

They are inert

Answer 277

If the BP difference between two liquids is less than 30 degrees c

Answer 278

1. ) That the intermolecular interactions exhibited by the mixture are the same as the interactions exhibited by each mixture component alone (i.e., no new intermolecular interactions arise when the two components are placed together ) 2. ) perfect homogeneity

Answer 279

Vitamin B and Vitamin C (pneumonic, jesus walked on water in 0 BC)

Answer 280

Isoprene subunits

Answer 281

Geometric isomerism

Answer 282

More conjugated bonds= energy gap between excited and ground state lower= higher wavelength/ lower energy photon

Answer 283

In a conjugated diene: ![]()

Answer 284

Terpene is hydrocarbon, terpenoid contains heteroatoms

Answer 285

Three acetyl coa molecules condense followed by a decarboxylation

Answer 286

To “absorb” free radical species. i.e. can react with free radicals and contain the radical, rather than propogating the radical chain reaction

Answer 287

Via chylomicrons (low density lipoprotein)

Answer 288

Green Arrange the colors ROYGBV in a circle, with R next to V. The color directly across from that color is its complement.

Answer 289

To separate enantiomers; it is a chiral auxillary that converts the enantiomers into chemically distinct diastereomers that can then be separated using traditional methods

Answer 290

Boiling point; those with a higher boiling point have more IMF's and therefore will exhibit longer retention times

Answer 291

In normal chromotography, the the stationary phase is polar and the solvent is nonpolar. In reverse phase chromotography, this is reversed: the stationary phase is nonpolar, the solvent is polar

Answer 292

Kinase: transfers phosphate group from one species to another Phosphorylase: uses a Pi to break a bond

Answer 293

D 3.7 E 4.3 H: 6 K: 10.5 R: 12 Y: 10 C: 8.2

Answer 294

Lower Km= higher substrate affinity (On michaelis menten graph, Km is the substrate concentration at which Vo reaches ½ Vo max)

Answer 295

Only at 25 degrees c

Answer 296

Strong acid: Fully dissociates in water, pKa\< 0 Weak acid: partially dissociates in water, 0 \< pKa\< 14 Very weak acid: dissociates less than H2O, pKa \> 14

Answer 297

V= Vmax[s]/([s] + Km)

Answer 298

Y intercept stays the same with increasing inhibitor (Vmax remains constant), while x intercept becomes less negative (Km increases) Km increases, Vmax remains constant

Answer 299

X intercept constant (Km remains unaffected), Y intercept increases (Vmax decreases) Km remains constant, Vmax decreases

Answer 300

Noncompetitive: binds allosteric site of free enzyme or enzyme substrate complex Uncompetitive: only binds allosteric site of enzyme substrate complex

Answer 301

Both y intercept and x intercept change, slope (Km/vmax) remains constant Km decreases, vmax decreases

Answer 302

Vitamin B5

Answer 303

Beta sheets- more flexible Alpha helix- more strong

Answer 304

In heart cells, maintains Ca2+ levels. Calcium out of cell, sodium into cell, using Na+ gradient

Answer 305

Parietal lobe

Answer 306

An illusion of movement when two adjacent lights blink on and off

Answer 307

When things that are closer tend to move faster than things that are further away

Answer 308

Two eyes see different images, allowing us depth perception

Answer 309

A defense mechanism; Behaving as if were much younger in order to avoid consequences

Answer 310

R= p(resistivity) (L/A)

Answer 311

P= IV, P= V^2/R, P= I^2R

Answer 312

C= keA/d e is the permitivity of free space, which is altered by k, the dielectric constant

Answer 313

PE= qVavg Functional derivations: PE= ½ CV^2 or PE= 1/2 q^2 /C

Answer 314

Sum of the voltage changes in any closed circuit is equal to zero

Answer 315

At any junction in a circuit, I(before junction) = I1 + I2

Answer 316

Resistors: Series: Req= r1 + r2 + … Parellel: Req= 1/(1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3.. ) This relationship is flipped for capacitors

Answer 317

q=qo (1-e^(-t/(rc)))

Answer 318

I=Io (e^(-t/(rc)))

Answer 319

Anterograde: Kinesin Retrograde: Dynein Along microtubules

Answer 320

DNA- need RNA pol to transcribe to RNA, then ribosomes to make viral proteins. In RNA genomes, can directly use their own RNA to make viral proteins.

Answer 321

Retroviruses have reverse transcriptase and integrase activity to allow their RNA genomes to be transcribed into DNA and integrated into the host genome. Normal RNA viruses simply allow their RNA genomes to be replicated by host machinery.

Answer 322

Would decrease bone density

Answer 323

Find [H+] from pKa (using the correct approximations, as Ka will be \<\<1), then from [H+] find pH pH= (pKa- log[HA]) /2

Answer 324

Find final concentration of conjugate base, use pKb (remember, pka+ pkb=14) to find [OH-], then convert to pH Alternatively, pH= (pKa + pH(titrant solution)) /2

Answer 325

pH= (pk1 + pk2)/2

Answer 326

pka + pkb = 14 (only at 25 degrees c)

Answer 327

It is negatively charged

Answer 328

Feature search: searching for target stimulus with one distinct feature Conjunction search: searching for target stimulus with by scanning for a combination of features

Answer 329

When a task becomes automized, there may be errors associated with it. (i.e., ask to as quickly as possible name the ink color of a set of words. If these words are colors, like “red” but ink color blue, it is harder"

Answer 330

They are all means by which we define whether something fits within a category. Feature based theory: things with certain features fit within a category Prototype theory: its similarity to an abstract, simplest form prototype decides whether something fits in a category Exemplar based reasoning: its similarity to an exemplar (i.e., apple for category fruit) decides whether something fits in a category

Answer 331

A problem space is the mental representation of a problem and all the possible paths to solving it. In order to solve a problem, need to minimize problem space

Answer 332

When making decisions or judgements, one is biased towards choosing the choice in which accessing its pertinent data is most accessible; i.e. “are there more words that start with r or have r as third letter?” people more likely to say the former because those words are more easily accesible

Answer 333

.The more likely an event appears to resemble a standard mental “prototype” of an event, the more likely it is deemed. In doing so, people often ignore the “**base rate”,** i.e. in the absence of knowledge of the event, whether that event has a low/ high probability

Answer 334

it states that there is no general intelligence; rather, there are separate domains of intelligence that are independent from one another

Answer 335

Spans from birth to aquisition of language (2 years old). Attempts to understand world with exploration. Develops object permanence.

Answer 336

- From 2 years to 7 years. - Cannot perform mental operations like reasoning, but begin to think in terms of images/ are able to use symbols in play/language - Children in this stage are egocentric; i.e., if hiding behind couch and can't see parent, thinks parent definitely can't see them.

Answer 337

Ability to infer another person's mental state and thus explain/predict their behavior

Answer 338

7 to 11 years old. Characterized by ability to think logically about concrete events, but inability to comprehend hypothetical or abstract concepts. Also gain the ability of theory of mind (no longer egocentric)

Answer 339

From 12 onwards. Children can now think logically about abstract and hypothetical instances.

Answer 340

Children develop use of language through both classical and operant conditioning, as well as observational learning

Answer 341

Language is something individuals are are naturally predisposed to; it cannot be learned from experience alone

Answer 342

Broca's aphasia; loss of ability to speak words but retain ability to comprehend langauge

Answer 343

Lose ability to comprehend language, but can still string together fluid (but nonsensical) sentences)

Answer 344

Beta waves

Answer 345

Stage 1: Theta waves Stage 2: Theta + k complex Stage 3 and 4: delta waves REM: beta waves (similar to wake)

Answer 346

The structure of a language affects the speaker's worldview/cognition

Answer 347

Nativist Theory of language

Answer 348

A instinctive quality of infants that allow them instinctive ability to acquire and produce language

Answer 349

~3030 cm-1

Answer 350

Through SN2, substitutes an alchohol into an alkyl chloride

Answer 351

A color change occurs

Answer 352

Vicinal- both groups are on neighboring carbons Geminal- both groups are on the same carbon

Answer 353

LAH and NaBH4 reduce carbonyls to alcohols. In contrast to NaBH4, which can reduce aldehydes, ketones, and acid chlorides/anhydrides, LAH can also reduce esters and carboxylic acids

Answer 354

Aldol: addition of enolates to to aldehydes or ketones Claisen: addition of enolates to esters

Answer 355

Oxidizes primary alcohol to an aldehyde (rather than all the way to a carboxylic acid)

Answer 356

They are all equivalent, and oxidize alcohols to carbonyls

Answer 357

Turns it into an acid chloride

Answer 358

Triose Phosphate Isomerase

Answer 359

GAPDH Products: 1,3 BPG, NADH

Answer 360

Phosphoglycerate kinase; 3PG and ATP

Answer 361

2,3 BPG; derived from 3PG to 2PG reaction catalyzed by PGM; the intermediate di-phosphorylated compound of this reaction is 2,3 BPG PGM is a phosphorylated enzyme, meaning that it comes phosphorylated and therefore phosphorylates the two position in 3PG before dephosphorylating its 3 position Note: 2,3 BPG can also be catalyzed directly from 1,3 BPG by 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

Answer 362

Enolse; PEP

Answer 363

It is catalytically perfect

Answer 364

To regenerate NAD+

Answer 365

Inhibitors: Citrate, ATP Activators: AMP, F 2,6 BP (made from F6P detour by PFK-2, stimulated by insulin)

Answer 366

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex; Acetyl coa, NADH, CO2

Answer 367

Isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase ## Footnote ![]()

Answer 368

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP

Answer 369

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, malate dehydrogenase (all. the ones that are dehydrogenase)

Answer 370

Intermembrane space

Answer 371

In the matrix of the mitocondria

Answer 372

Phosphoglucokinase, Pyruvate kinase

Answer 373

Succinyl Coa Synthetase

Answer 374

Complex 1, compelx 2

Answer 375

Complexes 1, 3, and 4

Answer 376

34; P/O for NADH is 3, P/O for FADH2 is 2, there are 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 total; 10\*3 + 2\*2= 34

Answer 377

Generate reducing power in the form of NADPH, which is used for anabolic processes. Also to generate five carbon sugars like Ribose 5 phosphate

Answer 378

Bacteria possess a peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall; archaea do not

Answer 379

The fusion of homologous chromosomes into a tetrad in the beginning of meiosis 1

Answer 380

To propel the released egg to the uterus for implantation

Answer 381

All three are only in prokaryotes: Transduction: picking up novel genetic material via infection by bacteriophage Conjugation: direct transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another Transformation: picking up novel genetic material from the environment Transfection refers to this similar process but only in eukaryotic cells

Answer 382

Blood cells (erythrocytes)

Answer 383

In the liver; part of the gluconeogenesis pathway (cori cycle)

Answer 384

Oxaloacetatee

Answer 385

Oxaloacetate; pyruvate carboxylase, then PEP carboxykinase

Answer 386

1. Fatty acid chains are activated by CoA-SH, forming acyl CoA 2. Acyl coa is activated by Carnitine to to form acyl carnitine. 3. 3.Acyl carnitine can easily pass through outer mitochondrial membrane through porins. Crosses inner mitochondrial membrane using acyl carnitine transferase 4. 4. Carnitine is transformed back into acyl coa

Answer 387

deltaEnaught= Enaught(electron acceptor) - Enaught (electron donor) Note: these Enaught values are all standard reduction potentials, even in the Enaught(electron donor); this. is the reason why there is a negative sign

Answer 388

Chylomicrons

Answer 389

wavelength= 2L/n, where n is the nth harmonic

Answer 390

f= nv/(4L), where n = 1,3,5 etc For both open pipe and fixed string, f= nv/(2L), where n = 1,2,3,4,5, etc

Answer 391

Longitudinal: like a spring (back and forth) Transverse: like a string (up and down)

Answer 392

Temperature

Answer 393

Multiply two equillibrium constants together

Answer 394

Binds oxygens in muscle cells. Is a monomer, in comparison to the tetramer hemoglobin, and therefore only has one heme prosthetic group rather than four

Answer 395

1 atm= 760 torr

Answer 396

f beat= abs(f1-f2)

Answer 397

8 cycles; you cannot oxidize the last two carbons, because you require a beta carbon to continue. However, the last two carbons will end up being acetyl coa anyways, so 9 total acetyl coa's are produced even though there are only 8 cycles of beta oxidation

Answer 398

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP

Answer 399

Reactants: Pyruvate, NAD+, CoASH Products: Acetyl CoA, NADH, CO2

Answer 400

To carry triglycerides to cells across the body

Answer 401

The most oxidized carbon (releases as CO2 in a decarboxylation reactino)

Answer 402

Lactate, Pyruvate, all amino acids excluding lysine and leucine. Notably, lipids cannot be converted into glucose via gluconeogenesis

Answer 403

A microsociological perspective. Action is spurred by the meaning we assign to things. Different people may assign different meanings to the same things. These meanings, however, can change over time (i.e.,I see a tree, i view it as a source of shade , I sit under it. Bob sees the same trees, and views it as a source of bugs, and tells me to leave).

Answer 404

Power: the ability to influence and control others Authority: Whether those that are being influenced and controlled believe this power to be legitimate

Answer 405

A norm that is common to a society; breaking it has little consequence (waiting in line, shaking someones hand)

Answer 406

A norm based on the societal morals of wrong and right; i.e. not cheating on your significant other. Consequences are still quite low.

Answer 407

A strongly societally enforced deviant behavior, such as incest

Answer 408

Those that are told a positive stereotype about their group perform better on a task; i.e. when asians are told “asians are good at math”, they perform better on the task

Answer 409

The social position/status that is singularly defining of an individual, above all others statuses they may hold

Answer 410

Ascribed: Born with it Achieved: you achieve it

Answer 411

Those that are labelled as “deviant” are more likely to commit deviant behaviors in the future

Answer 412

The study of a certain culture/social phenomena in which the researcher is not an ingroup in; could go as far as living with the group being studied

Answer 413

When an individual expends less effort in a group than they would have alone (clap less loudly after a performance when part of a crowd)

Answer 414

Society as an organism; all parts of society serve a purpose and work together to reach equillibrium; every part of society depends on other parts of society, balancing their cause and effect is emphasized

Answer 415

101,325 pascals. 1 pascal= 1 n/m^2

Answer 416

Higher mass, lower wavenumber; stronger bond, higher wavenumber

Answer 417

Selectively reacts with carboxylic acids to produce primary alcohol

Answer 418

Id: primal instincts, like sex, aggression, immediate gratification Superego: moral compass, sense of conscience Ego: mediates the id and superego

Answer 419

Neuroticism is emotional instability, where one tends to become easily upset or emotional. The opposite of neuroticism is therefore emotional stability

Answer 420

Extraversion-introversion (gradient), emotional stability - emotional instability (neuroticism) (gradient), Pyschoticism (binary)

Answer 421

Openness, conscientiousness (hard working, well organized, etc), extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (Remember the acronym OCEAN)

Answer 422

When one suffers from a sense of powerlessness, after a persistent failure to avoid some aversive stimulus. Thought to be an underlying cause of depression

Answer 423

Affective: Feelings towards it Behavioral: intent/action towards it Cognitive: beliefs about it (Affective) I do not like X (Behavioral) I will not hang out with X (Cognitive) I think X is bad because..

Answer 424

A model that describes the dynamics of persuasion 1. Central: Logic driven, results in long lasting change in believes, requires active engagement by the audience 2. Peripheral: An unmotivated, nonanalytical audience, persuaded by cues outside of the central message to cause only a temporary change in attitude

Answer 425

Ones intentions to perform a behavior are based on both his attitude towards the behavior and his perception of its related subjective norms

Answer 426

Gene flow from one species to another via the creation of 1.) a viable hybrid of two species then 2.) mating this viable hybrid back to one of the parentals

Answer 427

higher concentration; although cholesterol lowers fluidiity at high temperatures and raises fluidiity at low temperatures, at physiological temperatures it still tends to decrease fluidity, thus making it good for the structure of lipid rafts

Answer 428

Long chains of hydrocarbons linked together by esters

Answer 429

Localized inflammatory response (autocrine/paracrine signaling)

Answer 430

Both terminals of aldohexose are oxidized to carboxylic acids; using the chirality of this compound, (whether meso or optically active), can determine the original chirality of the hydroxyl groups

Answer 431

Sensitive for aldehydes (or alpha-hydroxy ketones, which may tautomerize to an aldehydee) ; positive test is the presence of a silver mirror

Answer 432

Killiani fischer synthesis

Answer 433

Ruff Degradation

Answer 434

Carbohydrates: D Amino Acids: L

Answer 435

Strong oxidizing agent

Answer 436

The cathode

Answer 437

hv= theta(work function) + ½ mv^2 hv= energy of incident photon ½mv^2 = kinetic energy of the electron displaced

Answer 438

Its phase flips 180 degrees (a peak turns into a trough)

Answer 439

Speed will change; because of this, wavelength will change. Frequency, however, will remain the same

Answer 440

n= c/(speed of light in medium)

Answer 441

50 percent

Answer 442

0, ½, √2/2, √3/2, 1

Answer 443

1, √3/2, √2/2, ½, 0

Answer 444

0, √3/3, 1, √3, not defined

Answer 445

n1sin∅1= n2sin∅2 theta refers to angle made with vertical

Answer 446

1. ) Running light through a material where chemicals are all oriented in the same direction and thus all absorb light in the same direction (polaroid filter) 2. ) Reflection 3. ) Refraction 4. ) Scattering

Answer 447

Heat does not enter or leave the system

Answer 448

Stereotype: Cognitive beliefs (negative or positive)about a group Prejudice: Beliefs and, more importantly, **feelings** about someone based upon their membership within a social group Discrimination: Action against someone based upon their membership within a social group [

Answer 449

Group of individuals that share a common location but do not identify as a mutual group

Answer 450

Primary group: composed of members who have frequent and emotional connections with each other (family, close friends) Secondary group: members that work towards a common goal (coworkers)

Answer 451

A mode of thought that considers no cultural practice to be concretely right or wrong; a person's own beliefs should be understood within the context of their own culture (opposite of ethnocentrism)

Answer 452

Most stable: Triad, one person can leave and the group still exists Most intimate: Dyad, only has one social tie Least stable: Tetrad, because likely splits into two groups of two people

Answer 453

Patients attribute success to internal factors, but failures to external factors

Answer 454

The strict defining of variables into measurable factors

Answer 455

Assumes everyone operates rationally to gain an advantage (i.e., weighing the costs and benefits of everything before doing it, AKA rational theory). Applies this theory to social interactions

Answer 456

The view that knowledge and facts do not exist until society gives them meaning. Ideas and beliefs about reality occur from collaborative consensus with others, rather than pure observation by the individual. (i.e. money has no value until society says so, aka it is a **social construct** )

Answer 457

Ones social network that can be leveraged for the purpose of economic gain

Answer 458

When the presence of others enhances performance on a tastk

Answer 459

When in a group, individuals are more likely to act inappropriately because the crowd conceals their identity

Answer 460

Front stage: The behavior of individuals in social settings, which is involved in impression management (process of trying to influence how one is perceived by others) Back stage: the behavior of individuals when alone, free from evaluation or judgement by others

Answer 461

Charles: V=kT Boyles: V= k/P Avogadros: V= kn Gay lussac: P= kT Pneumonic to remember three of them: Can These Girls Possibly Be Virgins Every other word represents a Gas Law name **C**an = **C**harles Law → **V/T** (Virgins/These) **G**irls = **G**ay-Lussac → **T/P** (These/Possibly) **B**e = **B**oyle's Law → **PV** (Possibly \* Virgins)

Answer 462

Loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (in the basal ganglia).

Answer 463

Depression is aused by decreased activity of monoamines (serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine)

Answer 464

Classification

Answer 465

Decreased output of acetylcholine from cholinergic cells

Answer 466

Antisocial: Disregard for others, impulsive and aggressive behavior (psychopath, sociopath), notably intentially malevolent/sadist Borderline personality disorder: Unstable moods, self image, emotions, issues with relationships (think typical teenager) Histrionic: Constantly seek attention, susceptible peer pressure Narcissistic: Lack of empathy, sense of entitlement, inflated self importance

Answer 467

Binds the N terminus amino acid, even through peptide cleavages; therefore, allows you to figure out what the first amino acid in a polypeptide is Through NAS, substitues Flourine for the amino group

Answer 468

Resin within column is negatively charged; positively charged molecules are thereby bound. The buffer running through the column gradually has either its pH or salt concentration increased; For pH increase specifically by doing so, positively charged molecules continue to lose more protons, losing positive charge, and eluting. Longer retention time= higher pKa of functional group

Answer 469

Active (against concentration gradient) symport (both molecules traveling same direction)

Answer 470

Beta mercapthenol is a reducing agent; therefore will break cysteine disulfide bonds

Answer 471

Size is inversely proportional to elution time; this is because the beads are porous, and therefore the smaller the molecule, the more likely it is to get “stuck”

Answer 472

First law: Energy is not created nor destroyed Second law: Any process increases entropy Third law: Entropy of a solid at absolute zero is zero

Answer 473

Expansion is work done on the surroundings by the system (W_{on system}= -PdeltaV)

Answer 474

UV Vis, i.e. absorbance @ 260nm. When double stranded DNA melts, absorbance increases dramatically; therefore, absorbance is proportional to amount of DNA denatured

Answer 475

Self esteem: Respect one has for oneself Self efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed in a certain situation

Answer 476

If we see others similar to ourselves complete a task properly, this raises our belief in our self efficacy

Answer 477

Gas production: bacteria and gut ferment the lactose both alcoholically and lactically– alcoholic fermentation produces CO2, which causes gas Diarrhea: Extra lactose results in overall higher solute concentration in intestine, drawing water in

Answer 478

Peptide hormones: receptors extracellular, cause signal transduction cascade to affect gene transcription Steroid hormone: receptors intracellular, steroid-receptor complex binds directely to DNA

Answer 479

By recognition of the protein's nuclear import signal

Answer 480

Activity: Remaining physically and socially active improves health for oldheads Continuity: Older adults attempt to maintain habits and behaviors from youth Disengagement: withdraw from society Lifecourse: Aging viewed holistically

Answer 481

#of people less than age 14 or greater than age 65 / # of people between 14 and 65 Higher the ratio, greater proportion of dependents

Answer 482

The population in country will stop growing when it transitions from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates, thus stabilizing the population

Answer 483

Reaction rate: will always increase with increasing temp Equillibrium: depends; will change Keq, but depends on deltaH and deltaS as to whether reactants or products will become more favored

Answer 484

When you know rate constant: N= No e^-kt When you know the half life: (picture below)

Answer 485

Half life (i.e. amount of time it takes to reduce amount of substance by 50 percent) is doubled per halving of reactant

Answer 486

Either an electron or a proton

Answer 487

Personal Identity: things unique to each person irregardless of which groups they identify with, such as hobbies or character traits Social identity: What groups one feels they belong to

Answer 488

Manifest function: An intended consequence of an institution (media meant to disseminate information) Latent function: an unintended consequence of an institution (media polarizes politics)

Answer 489

Race: biological, refers to genetic origins Ethnicity: More of a social construct, cultural identification etc

Answer 490

Measuring labeled glucose metabolism

Answer 491

Extreme dissaproval of a person based on some behavior or quality of the person, i.e stigma against an individual because they smoke weed

Answer 492

Ideas, attitudes, and perspectives that are mainstream, i.e. relevant to most people in society)

Answer 493

Diffusion: spread of beliefs and behaviors form one cultural group to another Transmission: spread of knowledge and values to the next generation; occurs within in groups only

Answer 494

Higher frequency, because they travel slower through the medium (thus, for them, index of refraction is higher). This is the same all the way up to ultra long wavelengths like radio- longer wavelengths are able to travel around larger objects, therefore getting refracted less Side note: this results in dispersion

Answer 495

1/f=1/s + 1/s' where f is focal length, + for a converging/convex mirror, - for a diverging/concave mirror, s is object distance+ if object to left of lens, - if to right (only matters for multilens- for single lens, always postive) s' is image distance, real images + , virtual images -

Answer 496

m= h'/h m= s' (image distance) /s (object distance)

Answer 497

The image is inverted

Answer 498

Real: inverted, opposite side Virtual: Upright, same side (Pnemonic to remember IR, UV)

Answer 499

Multiply the magnification of each lens

Answer 500

Diverging, Converging

Answer 501

Too curved; the rays coming from an object therefore focus before reaching the retina

Answer 502

Vapor pressure= atmosphere pressure

Answer 503

Colligative properties: Properties of a solution that are altered not by the type of solute in solution, but rather the number of molecules of solute in solution Vapor pressure reduction, boiling point elevation, freezing point reduction, osmotic pressure

Answer 504

Concentration of an inhibitor required to reduce enzyme activity or any other biological funcrtion by 50%

Answer 505

Any force must have an equal and opposite reaction force. (you push on a table, the table pushes back on you in an equal and opposite fashion\_

Answer 506

it is inert

Answer 507

Peptide hormone

Answer 508

All steroids. Dervied from cholesterol, which itself is derived from terpenes, which itself is derived from repeating 5 carbon isoprene units

Answer 509

An enzyme that causes the breaking of a bond without redox or water A ligase catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond between two large molecules

Answer 510

Lowers the wave number. This is because conjugation lowers the bond energy

Answer 511

Lower reduction potential, higher reduction potential

Answer 512

Matrix, intermembrane space

Answer 513

Note: when calculating sum(deltaHformation) of reactants and products, **must** multiply each individual reactant/product with their respective coefficient

Answer 514

Electrolytic, because it is not a spontaneous process

Answer 515

Tyrosine → L-DOPA → Dopamine

Answer 516

When immunity is transferred from one individual to another, such as a mother to her child

Answer 517

Leukocytes is the term used for all immune cells. Lymphocytes are a subset of leukocytes, and include T cells and B cells

Answer 518

Erythrocyte (red blood cell)

Answer 519

A phosphorylase adds an inorganic phosphate to a substrate. A kinase transfers a phosphate from one substrate to another

Answer 520

Chromosomal arms of homologous chromosomes cross over twice along their length

Answer 521

Skeletal and Cardiac, NOT smoth

Answer 522

Sacs in the lungs that are designed for high surface area, where gas exchange via capillaries occurs

Answer 523

Microtubules

Answer 524

Confounding: A seems to affect B, but in reality it is a third variable C which is simultaneously affecting A and B, and thus gives the illusion that A is affecting B. (i.e., higher mcat score = better med school acceptance, but actually higher SES = higher mcat and better med school acceptance) Mediating: A affects B, but through a third variable C. A→ C→ B, so C is simply the mechanism by which A affects B Moderating: A affects B, but the strength of this association depends on a third variable C

Answer 525

68, 95, 99.7

Answer 526

Endorphins, secreted from anterior pituitary

Answer 527

Incidence- New cases per year Prevalence how many people have the condition at a certain point in time

Answer 528

The way in which information we know is organized; i.e. a child may have a schema for a dog that has characteristics a.) furry b.) four legs. Sees a cat, according to this schema the cat is also a dog. A script is how to act in a certain situation; a child may have the script to go over and pet the dog

Answer 529

Behaviorist, i.e. operant conditioning

Answer 530

Both want to elucidate what determines behavior change Behaviorism: How behavior modulated primarily via operant conditioning; does not take cognition into account (behavior a → operant conditioning →behavior b, simplistic input/output) Social cognitive theory: Cognition (willpower, efficacy, locus of control) and environment (social learning, social structures) also have an appreciable effect on behavior. I.e. learning through observing others has a relatively greater impact

Answer 531

When confronted with research questions, individuals respond in a socially desirable/acceptable way rather than completely honestly

Answer 532

When individuals drop out of a longitudinal study

Answer 533

It is well known that memory is is quite inaccurate. When individuals are surveyed on past events for research, they may fuck up the remembering part

Answer 534

Distress: negative stress, not enjoyable Eustress: Positive stress: challenging, motivating situation Neustress: Neutral stress; Exposed to something stressful, but doesn't affect u, i.e. natural disasters

Answer 535

Physiological arousal (faster heartbeat), cognitive, behavioral (gasping) Attitude: Affective, behavioral, cognitive (ABC's of attitude)

Answer 536

Variable ratio

Answer 537

Validity as it relates to the manner in which the terms of the study are defined (i.e. study trying to see relationship between SES and depression, need to define what SES means– income? education? )

Answer 538

How, in an observational study, participants change their behavior because they know they are being observed

Answer 539

Norepinephrine

Answer 540

Norms encoded into law

Answer 541

All describe conflict/indecision between choosing an option over another Approach-approach: Two options are both appealing avoidance-avoidance: Two options are both unappealing aproach-avoidance: One option has both positive and negative aspects Double approach-avoidance: Both options have both positive and negative aspecrts

Answer 542

Length of lines; in each trial, only one subject, rest confederates. Confederate in each trial either all give the right or wrong answer, found that even when the right answer was obvious, 75% of participants conform wrongly at least once, and 37 % conform wrongly every time

Answer 543

Usually mentioned in the context of addiction, but can be applied to color vision as well Drugs elicit two opposite states: the high, then the withdrawal as the body attempts to counteract its effect in the opposite direction. When a certain drug is taken repeatedly, the high becomes less, and the withdrawal more, and eventually an addicts motive for using drugs is not its high but the cessation of the withdrawal

Answer 544

Dopamine, noradrenaline (norepenephrine), epinephrine (adrenaline). Released from adrenal medulla

Answer 545

Primary socialization: learning the basic norms of one's culture, typically takes place in the home at a young age Secondary socialization: Learning norms appropriate to a smaller group within a larger society, such as an academic or formal environment

Answer 546

Excessive, pervasive need to be taken care of. Children with DPD more likely to accept abuse from caretakers

Answer 547

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope disentegrates

Answer 548

Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, Nervous

Answer 549

Bone, blood, fat, tendons/ligaments, cartilage

Answer 550

A method that uses potassium phthalimide and diethyl bromomalate to synthesize amino acids (in reality, can synthesis any primary alkyl amine). Will create a mix of l and d amino acids

Answer 551

Basic: Blue Acidic: Red

Answer 552

Ligaments: attach bone to bone Tendons: attach muscle to bone

Answer 553

It is reformed around each separated set of chromosomes

Answer 554

1 liter= 1000 cm^3

Answer 555

Expansion in terms of volume is linearly proportional to change in temperature

Answer 556

Closed: Matter cannot be exchanged between the system and the surroundings, but energy can Isolated: No matter nor energy can be exchanged between the system and the surroundings

Answer 557

Consanguinal: Based on genetic relationship Affinal: Based on marriage Fictive: Kinship that is not consanguinal or affinal (like adoptive children)

Answer 558

Similarities: Both deal with personality development, both agree that unresolved conflict in any of the developmental stages will impact adult personality Differences: Freud has 5 stages, Erikson has 8; freud's stages only happen in childhood, Erikson's happen throughout adulthood, erikson's has to do more with overcoming prescribes conflicts

Answer 559

An attributional bias (a type of cognitive bias that attempts to rationalize one's own behavior or the behavior of others) in which one believes good things happen to people that work hard and bad things happen to people who are lazy

Answer 560

When group members already have similar opinions prior to group discussion

Answer 561

Conceptualizes illness as a societally accepted form of deviance; therefore, sick people have special: Rights, where they can be exempt from things (like going to work, etc) and Obligations, where they must make every possible effort to get better, and seek + follow through with medical treatment

Answer 562

Thyroxine are modified amino acid hormones released by the thyroid; they are hydrophobic however, and therefore act similarly to steroid hormones, using transport proteins in the blood and binding to intracellular receptors

Answer 563

Peptide hormone

Answer 564

duodenum → jejunum → illeum

Answer 565

cecum → colon → rectum

Answer 566

The centrosome, which is composed of two centrioles

Answer 567

Endocytosis → vesicle → early endosome → late endosome → lysosome The lysosome environment is highly acidic and acts as the digestive destination of the cell

Answer 568

Enveloped: possesses a phospholipid bilayer in addition to protein capsid Unenveloped: does not possess a phosholipid layer

Answer 569

Adrenal medulla

Answer 570

Cortex: Lipophilic steroid hormones derived from cholesterol, such as cortisol and aldosterone Medulla: catecholamines; epinephrine, norephinephrine, dopamine

Answer 571

Pyranoses: 6 membered Furanoses: 5 membeered

Answer 572

The product of the axes' quanitity

Answer 573

Bone marrow

Answer 574

First leaks into interstitial space, drains into the lymphatic system which ultimately drains into veins found near the heart

Answer 575

Because so large, cannot be deposited directly into bloodstream. Therefore, leaks into interstitial space and through the lymphatic system to re enter the blood stream via a vein near the heart

Answer 576

All refer to “long bones”, like ones in limbs Epiphysis: rounded ends of the bone covered in cartilage Diaphysis: middle shaft containing yellow bone marrow Metaphysis: where epiphysis and diaphysis meet

Answer 577

Hyaline: Reduces friction between bones at joints, also the cartilage in your nose Elastic: Withstands distortions, in your ear Fibrous: Limits movement, resists compression and stretch - the cartilage between vertebrae of the spine All cartilage lacks nerves and blood supply

Answer 578

Acrosome: at tip, enzymes to aid fertilization Nucleus: Takes up majority of space in head Mitochonrial spiral: Takes up all of midpiece, used to power flagellum Flagellum: Tail that allows for motility Mature sperm (spermatocyte) has little to no cytosol

Answer 579

He was the first to develop humanism (humans are inherently good, can use **willpower** to strive towards proper self actualization), which is in contrast to Freud's view which was largely deterministic (behavior determined by unconscious desires)

Answer 580

Conformity is not driven by obedience; conformity is just about following people around you, obedience is about receiving awards/ avoiding punishments from authority Can also think about conformity vs obedience on a spectrum, obedience is more extreemee

Answer 581

Deviance is a learned behavior that results from continuous exposure to others who violate norms/laws - learn that the rejection of norms **is** the new norm. Used as a critique of prisons; prisoners stuffed together will learn deviance from one another

Answer 582

They are all concerned with how the presence of others affects individual behavior, on a gradient of implicit to explicit influence by individuals of a group.

Answer 583

1. ) Normative, individual conforms in order to fit in/ avoid disapproval, occurs when **individuals identify with fellow group members and thus want to be accepted** 2. ) informational, individual conforms because of uncertainty of what to do/ believing that others know better what to do, occurs when **individuals view other group members as having more expertise**

Answer 584

Groupthink is when individuals in a group reach an incorrect or irrational decision because members are willing to sacrifice critical evaluation of decisions for group harmony and progress towards a final decision. Likely to occur with groups that exhibit high harmony, homogenous, and with biased, powerful leadership

Answer 585

Kohlberg's stages of development discuss how individuals develop morally, aka "what they consider is the right thing to do" . Stage 1.) Pre conventional, one acts based upon direct reward/punishment to the self Stage 2.) Conventional, one acts based upon society's norms and values Stage 3.) Post conventional, one acts based upon their own ethical principles

Answer 586

Culture shock: When individuals are exposed to a new culture (such as immigrants) and experience disorientation uneasiness and fear due to the new culture Culture lag: Social problems created by time delay between rapid changes in material culture (technology, fashion) and slower changes in non material culture (values, beliefs, laws)

Answer 587

People with rich parents tend to be rich themselves due to a plethora of factors, those including social capital and cultural capital

Answer 588

1. Ratio reinforcement 2. Variable schedule

Answer 589

Primary reinforcer: innately desirably reward (food, praise) Secondary reinforcer: Learned reward (money, good grades)

Answer 590

Phenylalanine, isoleucine, tyrosine, tryptophan, threonine (remember: PITTT)

Answer 591

Both silence mRNA's at the post transcriptional level by binding a complementary mRNA sequence. siRNA's are more specific: siRNA's require perfect complementarity and will cleave the transcript everytime miRNA's are less specific: miRNA's can bind without being perfectly complementary, and will simply prevent translation, However, if there is perfect complementarity, will also cleave the transciprt.

Answer 592

Start: AUG Stop: UAA, UAG, UGA

Answer 593

The formation of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

Answer 594

Endoderm: Digestive organs (pancreas, liver) as well as the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts Ectoderm: Nervous system and intugementary system (skin, hair, nails, lining of mouth, nostril, anus, aka anything that has physical contact with outside) Mesoderm: Circulatory system, muscles. bones (connective tissue)

Answer 595

Totipotent: can multiply into an entire organism, (including placenta) Pluripotent: can differentiate into any cell type, but cannot itself diffeerentiate into an entire organism (excluding placenta) Multipotent: Can differentiate into different cells of a specific tissue (like different blood cells)

Answer 596

Purpose: to act as a detergent in order to solubilize fats during digestion. Bile composed of bile salts, which has a hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail Involved in **mechanical digestion**, because it is a nonenzymatic procses that physically breaks large lipid globules into smaller pieces Synthesized in liver.

Answer 597

Cardiac: Muscular junction between lower esophagus and stomach, controls entry into stomach Pyloric: Muscular junction between stomach and duodenum of small intestine, controls entry into duodenum

Answer 598

Pepsinogen: produced by chief cells of the stomach, secreted into stomach Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsinogen: produced by pancreas, secreted into duodenum (of the small intestine) via pancreatic duct. All three are proteolytic enzymes

Answer 599

As the diaphagm contracts, intrapleural pressure decreases. In doing so, the lungs expand, forcing air into the alveolars and thus increasing alveolar pressure

Answer 600

PTH: lowers phosphate levels Calcitriol: Raises phosphate levels

Answer 601

Homotropic regulation: when a molecule serves as both a substrate and a regulatory molecule of an enzyme's activity. An example: oxygen is a homotropic regulator of hemoglobin

Answer 602

Acid chlorides; the leaving group (Cl-) is more stable that an acid anhydride's leaving group (carboxylate ion). Consider that HCl is a strong acid, while carboxylic acid is a weak acid

Answer 603

Competitive inhibition is reversible; suicide inhibition is not. In fact, non competitive and uncompetitive is also not reversible

Answer 604

When there are unfilled D orbitals, allowing d-d orbital electron transfers or (in the case of complex ions) metal to ligand electron transfers, resulting in the absorption of light resulting in a colored solution

Answer 605

1000 liters

Answer 606

Lactone: cyclic ester Lactam: Cyclic amide

Answer 607

Four usually

Answer 608

A measure to control for the order in which treatments are given. I.e. if A then B is given in one subject, then B then A is given in another

Answer 609

When the ego is overwhelmed or weaker than the id, it will employ defense mechanisms

Answer 610

Motivation results from expectancy (believing one is capable of achieving the outcome) and Value/valence (is the outcome something they want) Incentive theory only involves extrinsic rewards motivating behavior; aka includes only the valence aspect of expectancy theory

Answer 611

From base to top: Physiological, Safety, belongingness/love, Esteem, Self actualization

Answer 612

Motivation is a result of disruption of homeostasis, which generates a biological need A need (thirst) produces a drive (to drink water)

Answer 613

Pretending to play a role will cause ones attitudes to align with the behavior being role played, i.e. defending an assigned debate topic causes someone to agree with it

Answer 614

Both are cognitive biases (irrational thought processees leeading to illogical conclusions) Optimism: underestimates probability that bad things will happen to self Overconfidence: degree to which people are sure of their belief is greater than the accuracy of their belief

Answer 615

Structures in the intestines that are associated with fat absorption into the lymphatic system

Answer 616

Viable trisomies: 13, 18, 21 There are no viable monosomies

Answer 617

The centromere is closer to the ends of the chromosome rather than in the middle; therefore, there is along q arm and a short p arm All the genes on the short arm of a given acrocentric chromosome are also on the short arms of other acrocentric chromsomes in the genome

Answer 618

Sister: Exact replicates Homologous: Same chromosome/genes, different alleles

Answer 619

Generated from the beta oxidation of fatty acids (through acetyl-coa intermediate) Main use: for the brain to use in periods of starvation (i.e. no glucose)

Answer 620

4 year old, more parallel, 8 year old, more cooperative

Answer 621

Concrete operational, age 7-11

Answer 622

Folkways: are norms that are somewhat arbitrary and simply custom, whereas Mores are norms that if broken break a certain moral code

Answer 623

Compares individuals with a disease or characteristic of interest to similar individuals without that disease or characteristic

Answer 624

When individuals are related by choice and not by blood (married couples, step siblings)

Answer 625

Breakdown of cultural norms within a population, causing fragmentation and lack of cohesiveness. Caused by low income, heterogeneity, or rapid changes in society

Answer 626

Cognitive appraisal: stimulus -\> appraisal --\> physiological arousal --\> emotion Schachter Singer: stimulus -\> physiological arousal --\> appraisal --\> emotion

Answer 627

Thinning: reducing the frequency of awards for a given correct response Fading: reducing the frequency of prompts given

Answer 628

Role strain: Stress from too many competing demands within a single role Role conflict: stress from competing demands between two roles

Answer 629

65 and over, as they are reflecting on their lif e

Answer 630

Young adulthood (19-40)

Answer 631

In adolesence (12-18)

Answer 632

Primary: Aging due to biological factors and the physical body Secondary: aging due to behavioral aspects such as diet and exercise

Answer 633

If a completely random event happens a lot in a certain time period (5 tails in a row), it will be less likely to happen in the future (less likely to get tails in the next 5 flips)

Answer 634

After a prior gain of money, people are more open to assuming risk because the new gain is not treated as their own

Answer 635

Assimilating: identify with new culture, reject old culture Integration: Identifying with both native and new culture simultaneousy

Answer 636

Ego: Mostly conscious, small portion unconscious Superego: Small portion conscious, mostly unconscious Id: Completely unconscious

Answer 637

How a persons behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and their surrounding environment Related to Social Cognitive theory

Answer 638

Positive sanction: An action that supports a given behavior to make it more normative Negative sanction: An action that shames a given behavior to make it less normative Positive in reinforcement/punishment is used in the “give” vs “take away” context, rather than positive/negative valence context

Answer 639

Impure end product, because when heating too fast, both liquid molecules may evaporate simultaneously

Answer 640

Beta keto acids

Answer 641

Exocrine: secrete digestive enzymes, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct Endocrine: secrete hormones (insulin and glucagon) into the bloodstream

Answer 642

Ligand binds, alpha subunit of g protein exchanges GDP for GTP, alpha unit dissociates and activates adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP activates protein kinase A, which then goes on to cascade

Answer 643

No, only mitosis/meiosis in eukaryotes does

Answer 644

After formation of the platelet plug, clotting factors induce the conversion of prothrombin to thombrin via cleavage, which will then convert fibrogen to fibrin also via cleavage, forming a mesh over the platelet plug Synthesized in the liver

Answer 645

1. ) Basal body, the motor of the flagellum 2. ) Hook, transmits force to the filament 3. ) Filament, what actually propels the bacteria forward

Answer 646

Low, high; if a solution has a higher osmotic pressure, it means it has more solutes in it

Answer 647

Patm= pgh Rests on assumption that hydrostatic pressure at bottom of column is equal to pressure felt at surface exposed to atmosphere

Answer 648

Mechanically advantageous

Answer 649

In even number: final two carbons remain as acetyl coa In odd number: final three carbons are converted into propionyl coa

Answer 650

Cis bonds must be isomerized into trans bonds

Answer 651

Generally, tends to disrupt hydrophobic interactions, because those are in the interior and therefore their disruption will have a much greater effect on tertiary structure

Answer 652

There are no enduring, constant personality traits; rather, there are variations in behavior that occur across different situations ; still allows for stability in personality because people behave according to their interpretation of situations

Answer 653

Similar to socialization; involves internalization of cultural values by parents

Answer 654

Self esteem: what you feel your value is worth Self concept: your overall perception of yourself/ your perception of your identity

Answer 655

Children learn actively through social interactions with parents and caregivers, promoting acquisition of culturally valued behaviors and beliefs, as well as language (interactionist appraoch to language acquisition)

Answer 656

2, 4, and 6

Answer 657

Sensorimotor

Answer 658

Concrete operational

Answer 659

Primary site of ribosome synthesis

Answer 660

A nucleosome consists of DNA wrapped around a histone in a single ball. Positively charged AA's on the histone interact with the negatively charged backbone of dna to keep them together.

Answer 661

Sodium dodecyl sulfate denatures the protein by disrupting hydrophobic core and coats it with a negative charge proportional to the protein length (normalizing m/z ratios) B mercampthenol reduces disulfide bridge

Answer 662

Heterochromatin

Answer 663

1.) Spleen, 2.) Lymph nodes

Answer 664

Striated: Cardiac, skeletal? Unstriated (smooth): smooth muscle

Answer 665

Smooth muscles (which is why its called smooth, sarcomeres usually gives appearence of striation in striated muscles)

Answer 666

VTA (produces dopamine) → hippocampus → amygdala → prefrontal cortex → nucleus accumbens (how to remember: make it HAPN)

Answer 667

Semantic (words, facts) and procedural (how to ride a bike) memory

Answer 668

External urethral sphincters

Answer 669

Calcium binds to troponin, causes tropomyosin to move and reveal myosin binding sites (which are situated on actin), myosin (which is already “cocked” due to atp hydrolysis) crosslinks with the myosin binding sites and performs the power stroke

Answer 670

A single , exposed RNA molecule that is pathogenic because it silences host gene RNA and replicates within it

Answer 671

Helps carry hydrophobic metabolites in the blood, and

Answer 672

Fertilization → Zygote (single celled) → morula (ball of cells after successive mitosis of zygote) → Blastocyst (hallow ball of cells with two layers) → Gastrula (formation of three layers via formation of primitive streak) → formation of nervous system (neurulation, formation of nervous system from ectoderm) “More Blasting Gas, I'm Nervous”

Answer 673

Sensation: Conversion of physical stimuli into action potentials Perception: Use of sensory information and pre-existing knowledge to create a functional representation of the world

Answer 674

In series; everything before (M vs P ganglionic cells, different areas of the visual field, etc) is processed in parallel

Answer 675

D= 100/F (f in centimeters)

Answer 676

Converging, Diverging

Answer 677

Stotal= S1 + S2

Answer 678

Hydrophobic effect, want to shield interior from water

Answer 679

Mixed inhibitors can bind both the free enzyme and the enzyme substrate complex , and Kd1 (free enzyme) does not necessarily equal Kd2 (complex). Noncompetitive inhibitors are a special case of mixed inhibitors where the inhibitor can bind both equally well (Kd1= Kd2). Uncompetitive inhibitors bind the ES complex only

Answer 680

X intercept: -1/Km Y intercept: 1/Vmax Slope: Km/Vmax

Answer 681

Work output (W) / Work input (Q H)

Answer 682

Usually result in melting points that are lower (melting point depression due to impurities)

Answer 683

Depends on how strongly the mobile phase adsorbs onto the stationary phase; i.e. in standard phase TLC, polar solvents have stronger eluting strength because the stationary phase is also polar

Answer 684

Number of equivalents of a reactive species / Liter of solution

Answer 685

The main function of intermediate filaments is to create cell cohesion and provide mechanical strength to cells, especially epithelial cells (in the form of keratin). Connects desmosomes to each other Microtubules: functions include cell trafficing of intracellular cargo (dynein/kinesin rides on it), mitosis and meiosis (connects to centromere, pulls them back) and flagellar motion Microfilaments: pretty much actin, so contraction an dshit

Answer 686

Extent to which one's race is central to their identity (self concept)

Answer 687

Cross sectional: A study that takes a “snapshot in time” of a certain group/phenomenon Longitudinal: A study that compares a certain group/phenomenon at different time intervals No; a study can be both, can have multiple cross sectional “snapshots” and different time intervals

Answer 688

Happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, anger Means the physical expression of these emotions are consistent across cultures

Answer 689

Process of making a judgement based off the emotion it evokes

Answer 690

Motives that stimulate people (satisfy our craving for stimulation) but aren't necessarily necessary for survival, such as curiosity, adventure, etc

Answer 691

His studies on obedience; most famous one was the experiment where participants acted as “teachers” who shocked confederates with increasingly intense shocks; predicted that most would stop shocking, but actually found that **65% of participants shocked all the way through**

Answer 692

Act as the primary immune cells of the CNS, phagocytose pathogens, waste materials, and damaged cells

Answer 693

1. ) If small and hydrophillic (like an ion), through the tight junctions of the endothelial cells 2. ) If hydrophobic and relatively small, directly through the membranes of the endothelial cells 3. ) If large and/or hydophillic, through carrier proteins of the epithelial cells

Answer 694

Yes, all prokaryotes have cell walls

Answer 695

Small intestine responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients, whereas the large intestine is involved in the absorption of water

Answer 696

SN1: rate= k[electrophile] (zeroth order in respect to nucleophile, carbocation formation is only rate limiting step; therefore, it is only electrophile strength that matters, not nucleophile strength) SN2: rate= k[electrophile][nucleophile] (both species affect rate, and thus both species strengths are important for reaction rate )

Answer 697

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Answer 698

When hypoxia occurs, ETC activity slows; thus, electrons may leak from the ETC out into the intermembrane space, which may oxidize O2 to radicals; in doing so, oxidative stress is increased, resulting in the increased permeability of the mitochondrial membranes; cytochrome C escapes, activates **caspase proteases,** the resultant cascade eventually leading to programmed cell death

Answer 699

HPLC is better for small proteins, Gel electrophoresis better for large proteins

Answer 700

No, it is chiefly in prokaryatic ells

Answer 701

Endometrium: The very inner layer of the uterus, where the egg implants Myometrium: the layer of smooth muscle underneath the endometrium

Answer 702

Covalent, actually, because it is due to the overlapping of the empty metal orbital with the donated ligand orbital

Answer 703

Smooth, cardiac

Answer 704

Relaxes bladder, promotes urination (think- when you're scared, your sympathetic system kicks on and you pee your pants)

Answer 705

Osteocytes are mature and mitotically inactive cells that control bone remodeling by releasing signals; they are created from osteoblasts, who build the bone matrix around themselves eventually encasing themselves; Osteocytes are located within **lacunae** in the **Haversian system;** they are immobile but can release signals through the **caniculae**.

Answer 706

Reabsorption of water

Answer 707

Kidney osmolarity increases as you go deeper into the kidney

Answer 708

Skeletal muscle

Answer 709

Working memory

Answer 710

The purpose is to control circadian rythms/ internal pacemaking of cells in the body; it is located in the hypothalamus Information about light from photoreceptors hit the SCN; when light is high, release less melatonin, when light is low, release more melatoninn

Answer 711

Occurs during ages 3-6; whether children can establish themselves (iniative) or fail to do so because they are stifled or discouraged (guilt)

Answer 712

Central tenet: The mind and the self emerge through the process of communicating with others 1. ) preparatory stage, interact with other through **imitation**, but cannot take perspective of others (egocentric) 2. ) Play stage: Pretend play, focused on **role taking*****,*** therefore assuming the persepctive of others (not egocentric anymore) 3. ) game stage: Start to understand views/beliefs of **general other** (society as a whole); children begin acting how they feel society asks them to act;

Answer 713

A change that does not result in moving up or down society's status categories; i.e. a doctor moves his practice from florida to dallas (intragenerational horizantal mobility)

Answer 714

The conversion of temporary, labile memories into long lasting, stable memories

Answer 715

1: Theta waves 2: Sleep spindles and k complexes 3: Delta waves (REM has similar patterns to a waking brain)

Answer 716

How semantic memory has “nodes” that are interconnected with other nodes; thinking of one of these nodes will activate other adjacent nodes via spreading activation (i.e. you have an uncle who is a firefighter; you see a firetruck, and you think of your uncle)

Answer 717

Correlations: only when both variables are continuous Regressions: Dependent must be continuous, Independent can be either

Answer 718

Personality is mainly determined by genes, the expression of which can be altered by the environment (so its not proposing that personality is 100% only influenced by genes)

Answer 719

Personality disorder: 10%, anxiety; 20%, mood: 10%

Answer 720

Function is to increase number of red blood cells produced by bone marrow; secreted from the kidney

Answer 721

Decrease fatty acid release by decreasing activity of hormone sensitive lipase, while increasing fatty acid synthesis

Answer 722

Fat: packaged into chylomicrons by cells of small intestine, then enter the lymph where it drains back into the blood in a vein near the heart Other nutrients: enter the hepatic portal to go directly to the liver

Answer 723

Proximal tube

Answer 724

The process by which one group designates another with a racial identity ; i.e. “everyone from mexico doesn't know how to speak english”; the designator group generally holds more power and exerts social control over the designated group

Answer 725

One in which an atom of the same element simultaneously gets oxidized and reduced

Answer 726

Proximal collecting duct

Answer 727

Both catalyze linking of two molecules together; however, a synthase does not require the hydrolysis of a high energy molecule (like atp), whereas a synthetase does

Answer 728

only skeletal

Answer 729

emf - I(Rinternal)= terminal voltage

Answer 730

Oxytocin and ADH

Answer 731

Normative: Organization bound. by shared values and/or goals Utilitarian: Organization bound by compensation (either money or diploma) Coercive: Organization bound by force

Answer 732

1. Dissociative identity disorder, characterized by presence of two or more identities and amnesia 2. Dissociative amnesia, characterized by inability to remember important autobiographical information

Answer 733

A secondary reinforcer is one that is conditioned to be a positive reinforcement (not necessarily within the reinforcement regime itself, ie a sticker for getting a shot) A token. isa type of secondary reinforcer that may be traded in for a desirable reward

Answer 734

both; creates double stranded DNA from rna, so first step is dna from rna (rna dependent dna polymerase), then dna from dna

Answer 735

Second step, because there is likely a smaller initial activation energy

Answer 736

It is l, which determines the shape of the orbital (whether the orbital is s, p, or d)

Answer 737

Cold water, because entropy in the gas. todissolved transition decreases, and therefore it is more favorable at lower tmperatures

Answer 738

NADH: 2 FADH2: one or two

Answer 739

Cleavage, resulting in formation of two carbonyls

Answer 740

The I band and the H zone

Answer 741

Proline is rigid, and it therefore usually in the unstructured “turns” between secondary structure elements. It is therefore unlikley to be found in either alpha helices or beta sheets

Answer 742

Yes, can occur in either anaphase 1 or anaphase 2

Answer 743

Similar to beta mercampthenol, reducing agent that breaks disulfide bridges

Answer 744

Seminiferous tubules → epididymus → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra → penis

Answer 745

Where immature spermatozoa mature and become motile ; additionally, in. the event that no ejaculation occurs, this is where sperm are reabsorbed

Answer 746

Coenzyme q (receives electrons from complexes 1 and 2), cytochrome c (receives electrons from complex 3), and oxygen (receives electrons from complex 4)

Answer 747

providing knowledge about one's condition and its treatment

Answer 748

1. ) Repression, unconsciously employed by ego to push distrubing thoughts. intothe subconscious 2. ) supression, like repression but conscious 3. ) Reaction formation: repressing a feeling by outwardly expressing the exact opposite of it 4. ) Projection: Attributing one's own negative thoughts to another person 5. ) Displacement: Satisfying an impulse (like aggression) by redirecting it to another thing 6. ) Regression: Regressing back to a child like state 7. ) Sublimation: Satisfying an impulse in a socially acceptable way

Answer 749

The “me” is the collection of values, pressures, attitudes, etc of society that are organized into the social self through role taking The “i” is the part of the self that has desires, freedom, creativity, a reaction to the me

Answer 750

Third stage, “game stage”

Answer 751

Individuals base their sense of self on how they feel others view them; ie. use social interactions as a mirror

Answer 752

hippocampus, hypothalamus , amygdala, thalamus “hippo wears a hat”

Answer 753

Thoughts that are primarily unconscious, but. canbe recalled if necessary Ego, superego

Answer 754

Episodic (remembering events in a person's life) , semantic (facts)

Answer 755

Malleus, incus, stapes

Answer 756

Objets that are symmetrical tend to be viewed as whole or complete

Answer 757

Individuals have a tendency to continue the perception of lines along the smoothest path

Answer 758

A(amplitude)^2

Answer 759

Warm air, because particles are moving faster and therefore can “transfer” the wave to the next more quickly

Answer 760

Closed: One node Open: One node String: Two nodes

Answer 761

Relative poverty: Poor compared to those around an individual, but does not necessarily mean cannot sustain basic needs like food, water, shelter, Absolute poverty: Cannot sustain basic needs

Answer 762

Non material culture that conveys concrete meaning only. inthe mind i.e. thumbs up represents agreement

Answer 763

1% of a solution given mass is by virtue of the solute

Answer 764

Atoms can be represented as masses on each end of the spring (aka the bond); period=2pi sqrt(m/k); heavier the atoms, longer the period, smaller the wavenumber (which is directly proportional to frequency)

Answer 765

All active sites of of every enzyme is bound to substrate

Answer 766

Physical property: aspect that can be observed without changing the chemical composition Chemical property: Can only be observed when the molecule undergoes a chemical reaction, such as reactivity, flammability

Answer 767

Increases both rates

Answer 768

Individuals react to frustration with aggression

Answer 769

They are both anxiety disorders; GAD is characterized by excessive uncontrollable worry about a variety of topics chronically, where as panic disorder is characterized by repeated acute panic attacks

Answer 770

Bodily symptoms or illnesses are associated with psychological disorders; Could either be excessive worry about a somatic symptom (somatic symptom disorder), or neurological symptoms such as paralysis or blindness that do not have a medical cause (conversion disorder), or preoccupation with getting a specific illness (illness anxiety disorder)

Answer 771

To secrete alkaline mucus that lubricates the tip of the penis and protects sperm from acidic urine that may still be in the urethra

Answer 772

On top: Plasma , which includes blood proteins (like albumin) hormones, nutrients, metabolic waste Middle: White blood cells and platelets Bottom Red blood cells (which also includes the hemoglobin contained within them)

Answer 773

Third harmonic

Answer 774

, Where kb is boltzmann constant, and Tk is temperature in kelvin

Answer 775

Will increase boiling point, because solutes decrease the surface area occupied by the solvent, thereby rdeducing vapor pressure

Answer 776

Neither; the dramaturgical approach states that both front stage and back stage are equally valid performances of self

Answer 777

1 month after birth

Answer 778

Bound: Secretory/membrane bound Unbound: Intracellular use

Answer 779

Through. the malate aspartate shuttle

Answer 780

If Km increases after inhibitor, acts more like a competitive inhibitor and therefore preferentially binds free enzyme If Km decreases after inhibitor, acts more like an uncompetitive inhibitor and therefore preferntially binds complex In either case, Vmax will decrease

Answer 781

Death rate

Answer 782

Death rate

Answer 783

Cumulative biological, psychological and sociocultural factors **across a lifetime** affect health and illness

Answer 784

A positive Ecell, because deltaG= -nFEcell

Answer 785

It is a unit of charge; equal to the charge in one mol of electrons 96500 couloumbs/mole electron

Answer 786

mRNA, siRNA, miRNA

Answer 787

Tightly bound cofactors, cofactors being inorganic or organic(in which they are called coenzymes) nonamino acids groups that are required for enzyme function.

Answer 788

Half equivalence point is the middle of the “flat” portion prior to the steep incline, and the equivalence point is the middle portion of the steep incline

Answer 789

Find the species with a charge of -1, 0, and 1, using half equivalence points determine the bounding pka values (pH=pka at the equivalence points), then take their average

Answer 790

Usually don't calculate the actual value, but rather compare the effusion/diffusion rates of one species to another species at the same temperature, or the same species at two different tmperatures Rate directly proportional to Velocity; v= sqrt(3rt)/m, r is gas constant, t is temperature in kelvin, m is molar mass. Therefore, can use ratio of velocities to determine ratio of effusions

Answer 791

Serine, threonine, tyrosine, histidine

Answer 792

Too short; the lens is too curved

Answer 793

Converging: outside of focal point, real, inside of focal point, virtual Diverging: can only create virtual images

Answer 794

Galvanic: Anode negatively charged (occurs spontaneously, oxidation occurs here, therefore must be negative in order to “push” the electrons away) Electrolytic: anode positively charged

Answer 795

No; only pyruvate can (as can lactate and glucogeneic amino acids, but they must be converted into pyruvate first ). Acetyl coa cannot be converted into pyruvate, because pyruvate to acetyl coa is irreversible

Answer 796

Oxidative phase

Answer 797

Pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 798

Awake but sleepy

Answer 799

research that involves both quantitative and qualitative measures

Answer 800

When someone assumes that just because someone has one desirable quality, they must have other accompanying desirable qualities as well (he's attractive, therefore he's also charasmatic and smart)

Answer 801

2 weeks; DSM says only one major depressive disorder is required in order to diagnose, and the minimum length of a depressive disorder is 2 weeks.

Answer 802

Substructure: relations of production, means of production, i.e. anything that has to do with economy Superstructure: The ideologies/institutions not directly related to economy that maintain the substracture i.e. anything. thatdoesnt have to do with economy

Answer 803

Reagents: PBr3/Br2 Replaces a hydrogen on the alpha carbon of a carboxylic acid with a bromine

Answer 804

Type 1: False positive Type 2: False Negative

Answer 805

mass %= (mass solute/ mass solution ) x 100 ppm= (mass solute/ mass solution) x 10e6 therefore, ppm= mass % x 10e4

Answer 806

In acidic solutions Anode: 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e- Cathode: 2H+ + 2e-→ H2 In basic solutions Anode: 2OH- → H2O + ½ O2 + 2e- Cathode: 2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH- Both have the same overall formula: 2H2O → O2 +2H2

Answer 807

Prophase 1

Answer 808

The restriction checkpoint is the checkpoint at which the cell is committed to undergoing meiosis. It occurs during G2, and checks for damage to DNA

Answer 809

1. ) Object will not change its motion unless a force acts upon it 2. ) F=ma 3. ) Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Answer 810

Slightly electron donating

Answer 811

Not as. amain driver of protein folding, but rather to further stablize the protein

Answer 812

of constituents in cyclic form; # of carbons is describe by the pentose/hexose distinction

Answer 813

Conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis

Answer 814

In the gas phase, the -OH stretch is sharper because there is very little hydrogen bonding in the gas phase. Hydrogen bonding results in differing strengths of each -OH bond in comparison to the , which results in the “blurring” of the peak when in liquid form

Answer 815

Due to different glycosidic linkage; humans can only cleave alpha 1,4 linkages, not beta 1,4

Answer 816

anode on left , cathode on right, separated by // representing salt bridge

Answer 817

The splitting of a covalent bond into two radicals

Answer 818

The splitting of a covalent bond into two radicals

Answer 819

Electron deficient

Answer 820

Enantiomers

Answer 821

tyrosine kinase (as opposed to GPCR)

Answer 822

Sphere shaped: Cocci Rod Shaped: Bacilli

Answer 823

Only found in extracellular face, not cytoplasmic face

Answer 824

Tends to decrease permeability, because at physiological temperatures decreases fluidity by packing between “kinks” in phospholipid tails. Therefore, tighter packing and ultimately lower permeability

Answer 825

Mutualism (benefit to both), commensalism (benefit to one, no effect on other) and parasitism (harm. toone, benefit to the other)

Answer 826

Antisense strand, the sense strand gives the actual RNA code

Answer 827

ADH and oxytocin

Answer 828

Stimulates their growth

Answer 829

2 ATP Phosphoglycerate Kinase, Pyruvate Kinase

Answer 830

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, which decreases Na + reabsorption in the DCT (in the same way that aldosterone increases NA+ reabsorption in the DCT0

Answer 831

Birth rate: births/ x number of people Fertility rate: births/ x number of females

Answer 832

people tend to overestimate how common their behavior is and assume others do the things they do

Answer 833

Sensory: milliseconds Short term: 15-30 seconds Long term: theoretically infinite

Answer 834

Conformity: to bring yourself in line with norms exhibited by peers Obedience: doing something as instructed by an authority figure Compliance: a part of/a mechanism of obedience, doing something to get reward/avoid punishment

Answer 835

0-1 yrs, whether needs. aremet (trust) or not (mistrust)

Answer 836

1-3 years, whether parents allow children to start gaining independence (autonomy)

Answer 837

An idea/belief/behavior that has been integrated into our own values; the strongest type of conformity, as. weexhibit this conformity even in private

Answer 838

How a researcher's expectations can affect the subjects' behavior and ultimately the results of the study

Answer 839

Moderate levels of arousal illicit the highest performance

Answer 840

Ubiquinone

Answer 841

1. ) Ping pong/double displacement, where one substrate enters the active site then leaves, then leaves, followed by the other substrate 2. ) Ternary complex, where both substrates occupy different active sites simultaneously. This can be ordered, where one must enter before the other, or unordered.

Answer 842

Hyperbolic- when there is no cooperativity in substrates Sigmoidal- when there is cooperativity in substrates

Answer 843

Yes; it is only the hydrogen bond donor the requires the -OH (or -NH or -FH) group; the hydrogen bond acceptor simply requires a lone pair on an electronegative element)

Answer 844

When not specifically asking for electron geometry, it is the molecular geometry

Answer 845

NOT defined by number of “humps”, but by when the entire waveform repeats again (which would equal one complete cycle)

Answer 846

Shadowing refers to immediately repeating presented information, while recall refers to repeating presented information after a certain amount of time

Answer 847

, Where theta represents angle between each band, lambda is the wavelength of incident light, and alpha is width of the slit

Answer 848

![]() Acetal: formed from aldehydes, so will retain a hydrogen Ketal: formed from ketones, so will not have a hydrogen

Answer 849

Amphipathic: has both hydrophillic and hydrophobic portions Amphoteric: Can react as both an acid and a base

Answer 850

between 3 and 4 (3.6 AA per turn)

Answer 851

Keq=k(forward) (at equillibrium) /k(reverse) (at equillibrium)

Answer 852

To displace the bound cations/anions, allowing them to elute. If working wiith acidicbasic species, can also slowly change pH until species elute

Answer 853

Phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, proteolysis

Answer 854

if near each other, increase pH, because want to stay protonated more- because when protonated, can form hydrogen bonds, and when deprotonated, will experience repulsion.

Answer 855

Stratum corneum, the most superficial layer of epidermis, which itself is the outermost superdivision of skin

Answer 856

hypodermis

Answer 857

both electrons come from the ligand (lewis base), as opposed to traditional covalent bonds in which one electron is donated from each participting species

Answer 858

Coordinate covalent bonds, in which both electrons are contributed by the ligand but are equally shared upon contribution

Answer 859

Around 90 minutes

Answer 860

Proportion of time spent in REM per sleep cycle increases

Answer 861

Socialization refers to the process by which individuals learn the knowledge, attitudes, and values they need to be productive citizens. Agents of socialization refer to any institution/ ideology/group of people that help instill this; examples include mass media, family, religion, etc

Answer 862

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

Answer 863

Hypothalamus, pituitary (HPT Axis)

Answer 864

Hypothalamus, pituitary (HPT Axis)

Answer 865

Hypothalamus, pituitary (HPT Axis)

Answer 866

E1,tertiary due to carbocation intermediate

Answer 867

Arteries \> capillaries \> veins. Fluids flow from higher pressure to lower pressure; because fluids flow from arterires to capillaries to veins, this must be the rankings of pressure

Answer 868

alpha 1,4 (linear), alpha 1,6 (at branch points)

Answer 869

Increases resistance

Answer 870

By diffusing directly through it

Answer 871

promoters, or distal enhancers

Answer 872

Type 1: autoimmune disorder, attack pancreas beta cells, can no longer secrete insulin Type 2: caused in part by environmental/behavioral effects, insulin receptors on cells no longer responsive even though insulin is secreted; caused by lifelong overstimulation of insulin receptors

Answer 873

How the retrieval of verbal items that are also mentally imageable is easier (retrieving car is easier than retrieving captialism because the term car can be visualized)

Answer 874

The ability to falsely modify a memory after it was formed (most comonly by asking questions sugestive of a certain false quality of the memory, such as asking “how many windows were broken” when testing one's memory of a car crash, even when no windows were actually broken)

Answer 875

Implies that, regardless of the nature of the stressor, with still follow a similar course (alarm, resistance, fatigue)

Answer 876

Implies that, regardless of the nature of the stressor, with still follow a similar course (alarm, resistance, fatigue)

Answer 877

Implies that, regardless of the nature of the stressor, with still follow a similar course (alarm, resistance, fatigue)

Answer 878

One's language affects their perception of reality (those that knows eskimo language can point on more shades of blue)

Answer 879

Peer group: individuals in the same social position/social role as you Reference group: individuals you would like to emulate because you would like to join their group

Answer 880

Peer group: individuals in the same social position/social role as you Reference group: individuals you would like to emulate because you would like to join their group

Answer 881

Peer group: individuals in the same social position/social role as you Reference group: individuals you would like to emulate because you would like to join their group

Answer 882

Peer group: individuals in the same social position/social role as you Reference group: individuals you would like to emulate because you would like to join their group

Answer 883

Peer group: individuals in the same social position/social role as you Reference group: individuals you would like to emulate because you would like to join their group

Answer 884

Peer group: individuals in the same social position/social role as you Reference group: individuals you would like to emulate because you would like to join their group

Answer 885

Peer group: individuals in the same social position/social role as you Reference group: individuals you would like to emulate because you would like to join their group

Answer 886

Quantitative; although the measure itself is categorical (gay or straight), its numerical treatment makes in quantitative

Answer 887

Describes how the rate constant k of a reaction changes with activation energy and temperature

Answer 888

Both refer to external stimuli that cause experiences of sensory perception. Proximal= what is directly causing the perceptual experience (i.e. a photon from a tree) Distal= the root cause of the perceptual experience (the tree itself)

Answer 889

Just noticeable difference, absolute threshold

Answer 890

A period of time early in development which can have a significant influence on physiological or behavioral functioning later in life

Answer 891

With, lacking; an F+ bacteria cannot transfer DNA to another F+ bacteria

Answer 892

Epidermis only

Answer 893

States that language is determined solely by cognition Polar opposite: Linguistic determinism, cognition is determined solely by language

Answer 894

Ordered: alphabetically Numbered: Its position on the parent chain (longest continuous chain), in the diretion that would minimize substituent number

Answer 895