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Focused Deterrence Strategies and Crime Control > All Cards > Flashcards

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1
Q

Focused deterrence strategies are also known as what?

A

“pulling levers”

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2
Q

Focused Deterrence Strategies

A

Reduce serious violent crime committed by gangs and other criminally active groups, recurring offending by highly active individual offenders, and crime and disorder problems generated by overt street level drug markets

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3
Q

What model is common to both problem oriented policing and public health interventions to reduce violence

A

action research model

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4
Q

The aim of focus deterrence strategies is

A

To change offender behavior by understanding underlying crime-producing dynamics and conditions that sustain recurring crime problems and by implementing and appropriately focused blended strategy of law enforcement, community mobilizations, and social service action.

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5
Q

The focused deterrence approach was pioneered as what intervention in Boston, to address gang homicides in the 1990s?

A

Operation Ceasefire

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6
Q

The goal of focused deterrence strategies is to prevent crime by changing what?

A

The offenders perception of sanctioned risk

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7
Q

Strategies of focused deterrence are also intended to change offenders behavior by

A

mobilizing community action
enhancing procedural justice
improving police legitimacy

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8
Q

Focused deterrence strategies were associated with ________in targeted crime problems

A

significant reductions

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9
Q

Given the growing popularity of focused deterrence programs and conflicting scholarly views on the crime reduction value associated with the approach, what is needed?

A

Ongoing systematic review of rigorous program evaluations is necessary to keep policy and practice debates rooted in the morest up-to-dats and comprehensive scientific evidence

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10
Q

The effects of focused deterrence strategies vary by the

A

the target of the intervention

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11
Q

The strongest crime reduction impacts are generated by

A

strategies designed to reduce serious violence by gangs and criminally active groups

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12
Q

Strategies designed to control continued criminal behavior by repeat offenders and to reduce crime and disorder associated with overt street drug markets generate what type of crime prevention effects?

A

much more modest

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13
Q

The focused deterrence approach is consistent with recent theorizing about police innovation, which suggests ___________that are likely to be successful in controlling crime.

A

approaches that seek to both create more focus in application of crime prevention programs and expand the tools of policing

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14
Q

Focused deterrence interventions are aimed at influencing the criminal behavior of individuals through

A

the strategic application of enforcement and social service resources to facilitate behaviors

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15
Q

Key features of focused deterrence strategies:

A

-Selection of a particular crime problem, such as youth homicide or street drug dealing
-Forming an interagency enforcement group, which often includes local police, probation, parole, state and federal prosecutors, and feds.
-Conducting research, usually by drawing on knowledge from front line enforcement, to identify key offenders and the context of their criminal behavior
-Developing special enforcement strategy to direct at identified key offenders or groups of offenders and influence the context
of their offending by using any and all legal tools (known as “pulling the lever”) they have available
-Matching enforcement actions with parallel efforts to direct social services and the moral voices of communities negatively affected by the targeted criminal behavior to those key offenders or groups of offenders
-Communicating directly with the targeted criminal population to inform them of the heightened scrutiny they are being subjected to, what acts are “triggering events” (eg shootings) will get special attention, and what they can do to to avoid increased attention.

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16
Q

In the earlier Campbell review, three basic kinds of focused deterrence programs were identified

A
  1. Focuses on gang and criminally active group violence reduction strategies. Joins criminal justice , social services, and community members to engage directly with violent groups, make genuine offers to help for those who want it, and launch strategic enforcement against those who continue the behavior.
  2. “drug market intervention”: Intended to reduce crime driven by street level drug markets. Identify street level dealers, apprehend violet drug offenders, suspend criminal cases for nonviolent dealers. DMI bring together nonviolent drug dealers, their families, law enforcement, criminal justice officials, service providers, and community leaders.
  3. Aim at preventing repeat offending high-risk individuals. These strategies are used to address the most dangerous offenders with a wide range of legal tools, put offenders on formal notice their “next offense” will bring extraordinary legal attention, and focus community “moral voices” on such offenders to set a clear standard the violence is unacceptable.
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17
Q

The Standard Model

A

The police focus on investigating and apprehending offenders.

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18
Q

T/F

Generalized person-focused approach are ineffective.

A

True.

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19
Q

Deterrence Theory
Suggests that

A

Crime can be prevented when the cost of committing the crime are perceived by the offender to outweigh the benefits

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20
Q

Most discussions of the deterrence mechanisms distinguish between what two types

A

Special deterrence and General deterrence

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21
Q

Special deterrence

A

Involves punishment administered to criminals withthe intent to discourage them from committing crimes in the future.

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22
Q

General Deterrence

A

is the idea that the general population is dissuaded from committing crime when it sees that punishment necessarily follows the commission of a crime.

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23
Q

The effective operation of general deterrence is dependent on

A

the communication of the punishment threats to relevant audiences. a form of advertising

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24
Q

A key element of focused deterrence strategies involves the delivery of a direct and explicit _________to a small target audience regarding _______

A

“retail deterrence” message

Regarding what kind of behavior would provoke a special response and what that response would be

*Eg. the deterrence message was applied to a smaller specific audience ( all gang involved youth in a particular city) rather then to a large general audience

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25
Q

The results of available research reveal that deterrent effects are ultimately determined by

A

Offender perception and sanctioned risk and certainty

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26
Q

An important first step in altering offenders perceptions about sanctioned risk

A

face-to-face meetings with offenders

27
Q

_____ and ______ are they types of new information that may cause offenders to reassess the risks of continuing their criminal behavior

A

direct communication and affirmative follow up

28
Q

In focused deterrence strategies, deterrent messages are framed to address

A

The group context from which many crime problems emerge.

The groups themselves can act as another internal communication vehicle for transmitting the actual sanction risk to other offenders. Peer pressure.

29
Q

Changes in group norms and objective risks associated with particular forms of misbehaving may, for example, make it more difficult to do what.

A

Recruit peers for particular instances of co-offending

30
Q

in the focused deterrence approach, the emphasis is not only on increasing the risks associated with offending, but it is also on decreasing….

A

Decreasing opportunity structure for crime

Deflecting offenders away from crime

Increasing the collective efficacy of communities

Increasing the legitimacy of police action

31
Q

Discouragement Emphasizes

A

Reducing the opportunities for crime and increasing alternatives opportunity structures for offenders

32
Q

Situational crime prevention techniques are often implemented as part of the core pulling levers work in focused deterrence

examples

A

Extended guardianship, assisting natural surveillance, strengthening formal surveillance, reducing the anonymity of offenders, and using place managers can greatly enhance the range and the quality of the varying enforcement and regulatory levers that can be pulled on the offending groups and key actors in the criminal network

33
Q

A key factor determining whether crime will flourish is a sense of the

A

“collective efficacy”

34
Q

Collective Efficacy

A

having high capacities for collective action for the public good. The use of focused deterrence strategies enhances collective efficacy in communities by emphasizing the importance of engaging and enlisting community members in the strategy developed.

35
Q

Community based action in focused deterrence strategies helps

A

Remove the justifications use by offenders to explain away their responsibility for the targeted behavior.

Community members effectively invalidate the excuses for criminals behavior by challenging the norms and narratives that point to racisms, poverty, injustice and the like

36
Q

Community Members work with law enforcement and social service agencies to

A

a. set basic rules for group-involved offenders suck as “don’t shoot guns”
b. alert the conscience of these offenders by appealing to moral values inherent in taking the life of another, causing harm to their neighborhood, or the pain that would be experienced by their mothers if they were killed or went to prison for a long time.

37
Q

The effectiveness of policing is dependent on the publics perceptions on the legitimacy of

A

police action

38
Q

Legitimacy

A

The public belief that there is a responsibility and obligation to accept and defer voluntarily to the decisions made by authorities

39
Q

When procedural justice approaches are used by the police, citizens will not only evaluate the legitimacy fo the police more highly, but they will also

A

be more likely to obey the law in the future

40
Q

Meta-analysis

A

a statistical method designed to synthesize empirical relationships across studied in a systematic review, such as the effects of a specific crime prevention intervention approach on criminal offending behavior

41
Q

Specialized statistical methods are applied in meta-analysis to analyze what relationship?

A

The relationship between findings and study features

42
Q

“effect size statistic”

A

is the index used to represent the findings of each study in the overall meta-analysis of study findings and represents the strength and direction (positive of negative) of the relationship observed in a particular study (eg. the size of the treatment effect found)

43
Q

“mean effect size”

A

represents the average effect of treatment on the outcome of interest across all eligible studies in a particular area, and it is estimated by calculating a mean that is weighted by the precision of the effect size for each individual study.

44
Q

Eligible studies had to include measurement of the effects of the focused deterrence intervention on

A

Officially recorded levels of crime at places or crime by individuals

*All forms of displacement and diffusion reported by the studies were considered in the review

45
Q

Strategies used to preform an exhaustive search for literature fitting the eligibility criteria for the study

A
  1. A keyword search on 15 online abstract databases
  2. Reviewed the bibliographies or past narrative and empirical reviews of literature in which the effectiveness of focused deterrence was examined
  3. Performed a search for works in which the original focused review and seminal focused deterrence studies were cited
  4. Searched bibliographies of narrative reviews of police crime prevention programs
  5. Performed hand searches of the leading journals in the field.
46
Q

As a preliminary examination of the effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime, we used a ___

A

vote counting procedure

47
Q

vote counting procedure

A

Rudimentary approach, the authors of each study metaphorically casts a vote for or against the effectiveness of treatments

48
Q

effect size calculator

A

developed by David B Wilson. calculates the standard mean difference effect size for reported outcomes of each study

49
Q

Once problem in conducting meta-analysis in crime and justice is that investigators often do not prioritize

A

outcomes examined. This is common in studies in the social sciences in which authors view good practice as demanding that all relevant outcomes be reported.

50
Q

“creaming”

A

Author focuses on one large and significant finding and ignore the less positive results of other outcomes

51
Q

The meta-analysis was used to examine program effects via three approaches

A

1) . A conservative in the sense that it combines all reported outcomes into an overall average effect size statistic
2) . Represents the the largest effect reported in the studies, and gives and upper bound to our findings.
3) . We present the small effect size for each study. This approach is the most conservative and likely to underestimate the effect of the focused deterrence crime. We use it here primarily to provide a lower bound to our findinds

52
Q

_______ eligible studies were identified and included in the updated review

A

24

53
Q

In 19 or 24 eligible studies, researches reported that the implementation of the evaluated program was associated with

A

a statistically significant crime reduction effect on a targeted crime population

54
Q

Of the three different kinds of focused deterrence strategies, which program generated the smallest crime reduction impacts

A

DMI. However the smaller crime control benefit suggested by the findings of out meta analysis are different from the effective claims made from early applications of the approach. The overall crime reduction impacted generated by DMI is still noteworthy.

55
Q

After summarizing systematic reviews, programs focused on ______ are more likely to be effective

A

higher risk youth

56
Q

In correctional evaluations, the importance of focusing on______ has also been a key element predicting program success

A

high-risk offenders

57
Q

The largest impacts are found for programs focused on ________

A

the most violent offenders

58
Q

“black box” evaluations

A

where it is uncertain which program elements were most important in generating observed crime reduction efforts

59
Q

President’s Task Force on 21st century policing identifies what as the “first pillar” of policing

A

public trust

60
Q

Even though we have a strong logic model for predicting positive outcomes in focused deterrence programs, we have little knowledge of what?

A

little knowledge of what mechanisms underlying that model have the strongest outcome

61
Q

Future evaluations of focused deterrence programs target repeat offenders and drug markets could be further strengthened by

A

drawing on existing randomized experimental designs such as those used in the Hawaii Opportunity with Probation Enforcement (HOPE), Jersey city drug market analysis program evaluation, and other randomized experimental evaluations.

62
Q

Is the existing evidence suggests that “person focused” police interventions associated with the standard model of policing , such as programs designed to arrest and prosecute repeat offenders, effective in controlling crime?

A

No

63
Q

The successful implementation of focused deterrence strategies requires the establishment of a ______consisting of a dense and productive relationships among these diverse partnering agencies

A

“network of capacity”

*cities without robust networks in place have found it difficult to implement and sustain focused det strategies

Focused Deterrence Strategies and Crime Control (1 decks)

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