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GEN BIOLOGY > ALL ABOUT CELLS (PRELIMS) > Flashcards

ALL ABOUT CELLS (PRELIMS) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three tenets of cell theory?

A

1.) Cells are the basic unit of life
2.) All living things are composed of one or more cells.
3.) All cells come from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

Levels of Organization

A

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism

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3
Q

What postulate supports the levels of organization?

A

1.) Cells are the basic unit of life

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4
Q

What are the three functions of a cell?

A
  • make energy (need atp energy for all activities)
  • make protein (proteins do all the work, so we need them)
  • make more cells (for growth and replacement of diseased or damaged cells)
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5
Q

what are the things that pancreatic cell produces?

A
  • insulin hormones
  • glycagon hormones
  • digestive enzymes
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6
Q

Serves as the outer boundary of the cell.

A

Cell Membrane

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7
Q

Cell membrane consists of a ____________ that separates the internal and external environment of a cell.

A

Bilayer of Phospholipid

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8
Q

Can you expound on the function of a cell membrane?

A

Acts as a gatekeeper for regulating the passage of molecules, ions, and gases betweetn outside and inside of the cell

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9
Q

_______ is a lipid molecule with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group

A

Phospholipid

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10
Q

basic unit of life in cell membrane

A

phospholipid

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11
Q

What do you call the circular part of the lipid molecule?

A

Phosphate group

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12
Q

What do you call the end of the lipid molecule?

A

fatty acid chain

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13
Q

It contains the ends of phospholipid; polar (has a positive and negative end); hydrophilic (water longing)

A

Phosphate group

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14
Q

Regulates water inside the cell because of prescence of cytosol. Non polar (distribution of electron’s almost equal)

A

fatty acid chains

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15
Q

Hydrophobic ___________ and Hydrophilic ___________

A

tail ; head

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16
Q

Why is cell membrane semi-permeable?

A

Because it regulates the molecules coming in and out of the cell. Certain substances pass through, and some do not.

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17
Q

CEO, storehouse of genetic information in form of DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

4 Parts of a nucleus

A

1.) Nuclear pore - where dna passes through in proteinsynthesis
2.) Nucleolus - dense resion where small organelles essential for making proteins are ounf (ribosomes)
3.) Nucleoplasm
4.) Nuclear envelope - doube membrane. two membranes are phospholipid bilayers that enclose the DNA.

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19
Q

This part or organelle contains loosely coiled fibers called chromatim consisting of deoxyribonucleic acid and proteins.

A

Chromatim

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20
Q

Jelly like fluid

A

cytosol

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21
Q

Jelly like fluid and the organelles in between

A

cytoplasm

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22
Q

Fills space between nucleus and cell membrane, and maintains the shape of the cell. This contains water, salt, proteins, organells, enzymes, and ions.

A

cytoplasm

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23
Q

These are the workers of the cell

A

Ribosomes

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24
Q

They are responsible for proteinsynthesis.
They receive coded message from DNA.

A

Ribosomes

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25
Q

What does RNA mean?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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26
Q

What happens when mRNA from nucleus gets with the Ribosomes?

A

The mRNA travels to the ribosomes, which translate the code providede by the sequence of the nitrogen bases in the mRNA into a specific order.

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27
Q

serves as the pathway through the cytoplasm, as a support structure for the attachment of other organells, and as a workstation for the ribosomes.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

28
Q

network of sac-like sheets and tube responsible for the production of various organic compounds and modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

29
Q

Responsible for modifying proteins. It is responsible for the production of secretory proteins such as glycoproteins

A

Rough ER

30
Q

lacks in Ribosomes on its surface. Its main fucntion is the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions.

A

Smooth ER

31
Q

After leaving the ER, the vesicle transports the proteins to?

A

Golgi Apparatus

32
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorts, packs, and tags because it has enzymes that modify the proteins that allow them to be sorted

33
Q

What are the organells involved in building proteins?

A

Nucleus
Ribosomes
ER
Golgi Body
Vesicle

34
Q

round-shaped membrane bound structures containing chemicals that can break down materials in the cell.

A

Lysosomes

35
Q

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzyme called ________ that digests substances and worn out cellular parts.

A

Lysozyme

36
Q

Enzymes go there if they are not needed

A

Lysosomes

37
Q

Why do plant cells do not have lysosomes, give three reasons.

A

1) lysosomes breaks down carbohydrates, which is what the cell wall is made up of.
2.) Plant cells already have a lytics vacuole that is kind of the same
3.) evolutionary reasons.

38
Q

Phago means?

A

engulf

39
Q

small, round organells enclosed by single membranes. Contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from substances and trasnfer to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.

A

Peroxisome

40
Q

Glycoxisome is only present in?`

A

Plant cell

41
Q

A fluid filled sac for the storage of materials needed by the cell. Big in plant cell because it needs it due to lack of lysosomes.

A

Vacuole

42
Q

small, bean-shaped, rod-shaped or long, threadlike organelles. Major site of ATP production.

A

Mitochondria

43
Q

Process of making ATP energy using the chemical energy found in glucose and other nutrients with presence of oxygen

A

Cellular Respiration

44
Q

Only found in plant cell and other photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. They function in the photosynthetic production of sugar (ATP)

A

Chloroplast

45
Q

This is only present in animal cell in which it is the specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus. Contains two centiroles that are perpendicular to each other.

A

Centrosomes

46
Q

____________ are microtubule rings. During cell division, the centrosome and ____ are duplicated and the new centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.

A

Centrioles

47
Q

________ are lomg, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and used to move an entire cell. Kind of like the tail in sperm cell.

A

Flagella

48
Q

______ looks like hairs with much shorter length. It beats back and forth to move. Kind of like the hairs in a bacterial cell.

A

Cilia

49
Q

Two distinct types of cells are:

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

50
Q

Prokaryotic means

A

before nucleus

51
Q

Eukarytoic means

A

true nucleus

52
Q

it is a part of a bacterial cell that has a layer of carbohydrates that surrounds the cell wall, which means this is the outer most layer with the 3 layers it has. It attaches prokaryotic cell to surface; and is responsible for protection and support.

A

Capsule

53
Q

The middle layer in which it is the rigid structure of plasma membrane. Provides protection and support from the outside environment.

A

Cell wall

54
Q

It is the inner layer, in which it is the phospholipid bilayer protection and support. Passageway of materials existing and entering the cell.

A

Cell Membrane.

55
Q

Does bacterial cell have ribosomes?

A

Yes, they are responsible for proteinsynthesis.

56
Q

Located at the central region of a cell. It hold the genetic materials of the cell.

A

Nucleoid

57
Q

An independent circular DNA that carries genes. Plays a big role in antibiotic resistance of bacteria.

A

Plasmid

58
Q

Smaller than flagella and fimbriae, and is used for transferring plasmid from one prokaryotic cell to another.

A

Pili

59
Q

What do you call the process in which bacteria is replicated>

A

Bacterial Conjugation

60
Q

Plasmids are replicated independently of a bacteriums ______?

A

genophore

61
Q

Which does bacteria have: Cilia or Flagella

A

Flagella

62
Q
  1. No true nucleus
  2. Smaller than eukaryotic cells.
  3. No membrane bound organelles (just ribosomes)
  4. DNA - single strand and circular
  5. All are unicellular
  6. Ex; All bacteria
A

Prokaryotes

63
Q
  1. It has a nucleus with a nuclear envelope
  2. Bigger and more complex than prokaryotes
  3. Have membrane bound organells (golgi, ER, lyososomes)
  4. DNA - double-stranded and forms chromosomes (highly organized)
  5. Can be uni - OR multicellular organisms
  6. Ex: Animals, plants, fungis
A

Eukaryotic cells

64
Q

Gram + is thicker and permeability is?

A

mas mababa

65
Q

Gram - is thinner and permeability is ?

A

mas mataas

GEN BIOLOGY (1 decks)

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