All

Question 1

Hess’ Law

Answer 1

∆H is independent of the route it takes

Question 2

Equilibrium

Answer 2

Rate of forward reaction + backward reaction is equal.

conc of R+P are constant

Question 3

Henri Le Chatelier

Answer 3

In a closed system
If you inc/dec the T/P/C
It causes a shift in Equilibrium
To oppose the I/D in T/P/C

Question 4

Increase Conc(R)

Answer 4

Equilibrium shift to RHS

Question 5

Increase Pressure

Answer 5

Equilibrium shifts to side with less moles

Question 6

Increase temperature (exothermic -∆H)

Answer 6

shift left

Question 7

Endo

Answer 7

+∆H

Question 8

Exo

Answer 8

-∆H

Question 9

Enthalpy of Combustion

Answer 9

enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance
is completely combusted in oxygen
and all R+P are in their standard states

Question 10

Enthalpy of Formation

Answer 10

Enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance
is formed from its constituent elements
and all R+P in their standard states

Question 11

∆H Combustion

Answer 11

arrows towards box

Question 12

∆H Formation

Answer 12

Arrows towards equation

Question 13

Calorimetry

Answer 13

thermometer, copper can, water, spirit burner

Question 14

Calorimetry Copper Can

Answer 14

Using a measuring cylinder, put 100 cm3 of water into a copper can

Measure and record the initial temperature of the water

Fill the spirit burner with test substance and measure and record its mass

Place the burner under the copper can and light the wick

Stir the water constantly with the thermometer and continue heating until the temperature rises by about 20 - 30°c and blow out the flame

Measure and record the highest temperature of the water

Measure and record the final mass of burner and remaining alcohol

Question 15

Calorimetry equation

Answer 15

q=mcΔT

Question 16

Electrophile

Answer 16

An electron pair acceptor

Question 17

Nucleophile

Answer 17

An electron pair donor

Question 18

Test for Alkenes

Answer 18

bromine water orange to colourless

Question 19

Test for carboxylic acid

Answer 19

sodium hydrogen carbonate with effervescence of CO2

Question 20

Test for aldehydes

Answer 20

Fehling’s (Copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide) blue to red, ketones NVC

Question 21

Test for alcohols

Answer 21

Add acidified potassium dichromate, warm gently, under reflux
primary- orange to green (aldehyde)
secondary- orange to green
tertiary- X

Question 22

Why don’t tertiary alcohols oxidise?

Answer 22

You would have to break a C-C bond which takes a lot of energy, too much energy+money

Question 23

Carbocationes (CCN)

Answer 23

Positively charged organic ions
Most stable is the CCN with 3 R hydrocarbon chains, also major product
Minor product is CCN with least number of R chains