ALL

Question 1

define foundation species - aka ecosystem engineers

Answer 1

• organisms that exert influence by causing physical changes in the environment that affect community structure
  ex: beaver dams can change landscapes

Question 2

define facilitators

Answer 2

• have positive

Question 3

what principles should be followed when building trees?

Answer 3

1. max parisomy&raquo_space; tree that requires fewest mutations is most likely correct
2. us of analogous features must be avoided

Question 4

what are the different types of making systems?

Answer 4

1. promiscuous&raquo_space; no pair bond, each individual has many partners
2. monogamous&raquo_space; one male pairs with one female
3. polygamous&raquo_space; one individual of one sex bond with more then one individual of the other sex

Question 5

state 4 learning methods in the animal kingdom

Answer 5

1. Habitation&raquo_space; loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey no info
2. Imprinting&raquo_space; learned behaviour acquired during a sensitive period in development (ex. young geese)
3. Associative Learning&raquo_space; association of features pf the environment with each other ( ex. distinctive coronation and bad taste)
4. Cognitive learning&raquo_space; the ability of an animal’s nervous system to perceive, store, process and use info (ex. chimp stacking boxes to get bananas)

Question 6

what is the “cry wolf” effect

Answer 6

• alarm calls ignored after repeated calls that are not followed by predator attack
• allows animals to ignore stimuli that don’t affect survival and reproduction
  example of habituation

Question 7

define learning

Answer 7

modification of behaviour based on specific experiences

Question 8

what happened during cross-fostering experiment?

Answer 8

• “swapped” young of one mouse species with another
  results:
• male California mouse that was raised by WFM was less aggressive, had less parental care and low levels of AVP
• male WFM raised by CM became more aggressive

Question 9

what is AVP and what does it do?

Answer 9

• Arginine Vasopression (AVP)
• a neurotransmitter in the brains of mammals
• when released into brain neurotransmitters stimulate brain cells with compatible receptor proteins in their cell membrane

Question 10

what are 2 types of animal signals?

Answer 10

1) chemical communication&raquo_space; via pheromones ( can be used to attract mates, or warn other members of species)
2) auditory communication

Question 11

Name and explain 3 types of orientated movements?

Answer 11

1) Kinesis&raquo_space; change in speed or turning rate
2) Taxis&raquo_space; movements towards (+) or away (-) from stimulus
3) migration

Question 12

Define Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)

Answer 12

• unlearned behaviours that are unchangeable and must be completed once they start
• triggered by sign stimulus

Question 13

What are the 4 components of Innate Behaviour?

Answer 13

1) Fixed action Patterns (FAP)
2) Orientated Movements
3) Animal Signals
4) Mating and Parental Behaviour

Question 14

Define Innate Behaviour ( Instinct)

Answer 14

• behaviours shared by nearly all individuals of a species
• under strong genetic control
• appear in complete and functional form the first time they are used

Question 15

Define Behavioural Ecology

Answer 15

• study of how behaviour develops, evolves and affects fitness

Question 16

Define Ethology

Answer 16

• study of how animals behave in their natural environment

Question 17

Define Behaviour

Answer 17

• the visible result of n animal’s muscular or glandular activity

Question 18

Discuss Predator-Prey Cycles

Answer 18

• predators can reduce prey population size – predator population decreases – increase in prey population –increase in predator population – decrease in prey population etc..