all Flashcards
european muslims
estimated 15-23M european muslims 1.6M uk muslims fastest growing religion in the UK attracting significant number of converts heterogeneous group
Perceptions
when a minority reaches 25% of the population people see them as taking over
perceptions - study
Ipsos Mori 2014 poll
how many in 100 are muslims
guessed = 21%
answer = 5%
Casey review
independent review into opportunity and integration
accused govt of going nothing to integrate minorities
proposed an ‘integration oath’
Rushdie affair
satanic verses 1988 based on prophet Muhammed
Critically acclaimed
Muslims argued it was blasphemous
WATERSHED: religion as a basis for political mobilisation
-politicised young generation of muslims
-encouraged islamophobic perseptions
WEB du Bois
famous black sociologist- theory applied to muslims
Double Consciousness - seeing yourself from the perspective of others and yourself simultaneously
The Veil - an essentially racist barrier to being seen as oneself
Two-ness - being both muslim and british
Allen - from race to religion 2005
muslims seen as the enemy within
BNP actively and publically islamophobic
Newspapers work with political parties to get their ideology across
“Language used to describe muslims is often violent, therefore inferring that Islam is also violent.”
A part of European history
Ottoman empire
- 600 yr empire centred on modern day Turkey
- ended 1922
- official relgion = sunni islam
- Spanned most of south east europe and africa
Bosnia
- serbia invaded in 1992 trying to free othodox christians
- largest massacre since holocaust
- 8,000 men slaughtered
what do european muslims have in common
heterogeneous group but have 3 things in common:
1) constitute relgious and ethnic minorities in their countries of residence
2) governed by secular, liberal states with a Judeo- Christian tradition
3) Experience specific forms of radicalisation as a consequence of their religious identity
Theories
Halliday - islamophobia should only refer to fear of islam. not muslims
Miles and Brown- not racism bc Muslims are multiracial
Malik- potential dangers of Islamophobia, is everything that criticises Islam/ muslims islamophobic?
Modood - Islamophobia is cultural racism over and above religious intolerance
Orientalism
Edward Said
“it is a collection of false assumptions that underpin western understanding of muslim societies”
-presents the orient as the antithesis of the occident
-eurocentric, legitimates colonial and imperial ambitions
-the orient doesnt exist outside the wests representation of it.
-combination of various cultures in a way that makes no sense to the people of those cultures.
Clash of Civilisations
Huntington
-diversity is sidelined
-differences seen as fixed and unalterable
-cold war over- main source of conflict is now religion and culture
10 civilisations: wester, orthodox, islamic, buddist, hindu, african, latin american, sinic, japanese
X incompatible categories
X . does not consider complex hybrid lives
Runnymede 1997 open/closed views
diverse/ monolithic interacting/ separate different/ inferior partner/ enemy sincere/ manipulative criticisms of west are considered/ rejected discrimination is criticised/ defended islamophobia is problematic/ a natural response
prevent agenda
govt counter terrorism agenda
makes muslims feel under suspicion
on campus:
- 2015 duty of unis to engage in precent
- must train staff to challenge ideas and recognise vulerable people
- staff encouraged to report students talking about suspicious topics or asking questions
X . failing because staff arent complying
X . Unis encourage free thought and to be critical so its hypocritical
Citizenship stripping
e.g shamima begum
130 people stripped of citizenship since 2002
illegal under international law to make someone stateless
- 2002 only stripped if you have dual nationality
- 2014 those who have foreign born parents can be stripped
