All Flashcards
Total amount of energy that could be generated by the combustion reaction if a fuel were to completely burn.
Measured in?
Heat of combustion
Kilojoules or mega joules
Energy released per unit of time as a given fuel burns
Measured in?
Heat release rate
Kilowatts or megawatts
The dominant method of heat transfer in the early stages of fire development
Convection
Scientific measurement of how much heat is available for transfer to human skin or other surface
Heat flux
Pockets of flames seen intermittently in smoke
Ghosting
NFPA 1500
Standard on fire department occupational safety health and wellness
A continuous process of identifying hazards and risks and taking steps to eliminate or reduce them in the rapidly changing circumstances of an operational incident
Dynamic risk assessment
NFPA 1561
Standard on fire department incident management system
A magnesium silicate mineral that occurs as slender string flexible fibers
Asbestos
Colorless odorless gas causing headache dizziness weakness confusion nausea unconsciousness and death
Carbon monoxide
Colorless gas with a pungent odor highly irritating to the nose. Suspected carcinogen
Formaldehyde
Reddish brown gas or yellowish brown liquid highly toxic and corrosive
Nitrogen dioxide
Small particles that can be inhaled and deposited in the mouth trachea or lungs
Particulates
Colorless gas with chocking or suffocating odor toxic and corrosive
Sulfur dioxide
The practice of minimizing damage and providing customer service through effective mitigation and recovery efforts before during and after an incident
Loss control
Ongoing mental evaluation process performed by the operational officer in charge of an incident to evaluate all influencing factors and to develop strategic goals
Size-up
Operations conducted once the main body of fire is extinguished consisting of searching for and extinguishing hidden fire
Overhaul
Strong respiratory irritant produced when polyethylene is heated and when items containing cellulose
Acrolein
Colorless but very pungent and irritating gas given off in the thermal decomposition of materials containing chlorine
Hydrogen chloride
Colorless gas with a characteristic almond odor 20 times more toxic than CO produced by combustion of natural materials containing nitrogen as in polyurethane foam
Hydrogen cyanide
Colorless odorless and nonflammable gas produced in free burning fires. Nontoxic but excludes oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Gases liberated in combustion of pyroxylin plastics. Pulmonary irritant with vapors and smoke having reddish brown or copper color
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen dioxide is of most concern
Highly toxic colorless gas with odor of musty hay produced from refrigerants such as Freon contact flame
Phosgene
Heat removal from the interior of a building by fire fighters opening exterior windows and doors
Vent-as-you-go
Attempt to save property and reduce further damage after a fire by removing or covering
Salvage
NFPA 1932
Standard on use maintenance and service testing of in service fire department ground ladders
Ideal climbing angle for ladders
75 degrees
NFPA 1500
Standard on fire department occupational safety and health program
NFPA 1583
Standard on health related fitness programs
Ground ladders can be used up to how many stories in height
4
System of barriers surrounding designated areas at emergency scenes intended to limit the number of persons exposed to the hazard
Control zone
LEL for natural gas
5%
Perimeter set at .5%
LEL for propane
1.5%
Perimeter set at .15%
An abnormal low resistance path between conductors that allows a high current flow that normally leads to an over current condition
Short circuit
Polycarbonate plastic used for windows. 1/2 the weight of glass 30 times stronger than safety glass and 250 times stronger than ordinary glass
Lexan
Type of glass consisting of 2 layers of glass with a transparent layer of vinyl bonded into the center
Laminated glass
NFPA 1620
Recommended practice for pre-incident planning
Primary search using a search line system requires a team of how many firefighters
3
NFPA 101
Life safety code
EIFS veneer May be as thick as?
1 foot
Exterior masonry walls as thick as
8-12 inches
Positive pressure blowers set up outside doors how many feet
6 ft
Hydraulic ventilation directed through a door or window at what degree pattern covering what percentage of the opening at how many feet inside the room
60 degree pattern
85-90%
2 feet
With arched roofs arches are typically spaced how far
16-20 ft
Wooden/metal trusses are spaced
2 ft on center
Pitched roof trusses are spaced
Can span up too
2-4 ft
55ft
Wooden I beam spacing is
2 feet on center
NFPA 203
Guidelines on roof coverings and roof deck construction
Only vertical ventilation cut that requires to cut the rafters and purlins
Rolling back the roof
Neutral plane in a building/high rise that is closed off exists between what percentage of its height
35-50%
NFPA 204
Standard for smoke and heat venting
Curtain boards extend a distance equal to at least ____% of the vertical distance from the floor to the roof but no lower than ____ feet above the floor
20%
10 feet
4 leadership skills in Crew Resource Management
Authority - mission safety
Mentoring- leader demonstrating skills
Conflict resolution- identifying core conflict issues
Mission analysis- evaluating risk versus gain identify objectives develop strategies and tactics
Windows on a vertical wall between 2 offset roof sections
Clerestory windows
Vertical division between multiple windows or a double door opening
Mullion
Windows that are usually opened and closed using a small hand crank built into the frame. One or two outward swinging sashes
Casement window
These windows have two or more sashes, one of which is fixed and the others are movable. Movable sashes can be lifted out of the frame without damage
Horizontal sliding window
These windows have one or more top hinged outward swinging sashes
Awning windows
These windows consist of narrow horizontal panes of glass set in pivoting brackets at each end. The panes overlap in a louver like fashion
Jalousie windows
Aka factory windows, may be hinged at the top or bottom and may swing in or out
Projected windows
Have bottom hinged inward swinging sashes. Upside down awning window
Hopper windows
Double or triple glazed window with space between the panes
Energy efficient windows
Energy efficient windows with superior insulating properties and hold more heat than conventional windows
Thermal windows
Rated assemblies designed to reduce the likelihood of horizontal fire spread by compartmentalizing a building with fire resistive separations
Firewalls
Most roof assemblies employ a parallel rafter system with rafters spaced how far
12-24 inches on center
Recommended clear spacing of ____ feet be maintained in all directions from anyone using a cutting tool in vertical ventilation
10 feet
Heavy duty trusses with sloping ends
Top chords are shorter than the bottom cords
Truss spacing can be as much as ___ feet
Bridge truss
16-20 feet
High gabled roof with a vertical wall above a downward pitched shed roof section on either side
Lantern roof
Roof that can be seen as half gabled roof or as a slightly pitched flat roof sloped in 1 direction only
Shed roof
A frame configuration roof consisting of rafter that run perpendicular to the ridge beam and down to and usually beyond the outside walls
Rafters comply spaced_____ inches
Gabled roof
16-24 inches
Roof slopes down to meet every outside and consisting of a ridge beam with conventional rafters running perpendicular to the ridge and rafters running from the ends of the ridge beam
Hip roof
Roof that has a double slope on each of its 4 sides with a slight hipped peak or ridge
True mansard roof
Roof that includes characteristics of both flat and pitched roofs with 4 steeply sloped sides rise to meet a flat top called a deck may utilize bridge trusses or k trusses
Modern mansard roof
Roof that is essentially a gable type with 2 different slopes on each side of the peak and with the lower slope being steeper than the upper slope
Gambrel roof
Roof consisting of a series of small pitched roofs similar in shape to the teeth of a saw
Sawtooth roof
Roof with 2 opposing shed roofs that meet at their lower edges in the middle of the building
Butterfly roof
Involves the leader ensuring mission safety fostering an environment of respectful communication establishing tasks with clearly defined goals and considering crew input
Authority
Involves the leader demonstrating skills and techniques, demonstrating professional standards and best practices verbalizing errors and limitations promptly recommending solutions monitoring and assessing crew performance and motivating crew members
Mentoring
Involves the leader identifying core conflict issues encouraging diplomatic questioning of the actions/decisions of others, acknowledging differences of opinion and accepting constructive criticism
Conflict resolution
Involves the leader evaluating risk versus gain identifying objectives developing strategies and tactics to meet the identified objectives implementing and action plan expecting the unexpected evaluating the effectiveness of the action plan and devising alternative strategies
Mission analysis
Formation of smoke into layers as a result of differences in density with respect to height
Stratification
Thermal or chemical decomposition of fuel because of heat that generally results in the lowered ignition temperature of the material
Pyrolysis
Groove cut in the surface or on the edge of a board to receive another member
Rabbet
Outcome of combustion in a confined space in which gases tend to form into layers according to temperature
Thermal layering
Knowledge of basic fire science and fire dynamics is known as
Fire behavior
______ occurs and energy is expended when a force is applied to an object over a distance
Means to increase temperature
Work
Unit of work or energy in the international system of units
1 newton moves a body through 1 meter
Joules
How many joules to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius
1 btu equals how many joules
1 btu equals how many kilojoules
1 calorie equals how many joules
4,186
1,100
1.055
4.19
What is the energy component of the fire tetrahedron
Heat
_____ ventilation in a structure is the actual and potential air flow based on natural air currents structural openings construction types and building ventilation systems
Existing
Wooden deck roof. Panels of______ thickness offer little fire resistance
3/8-5/8
In the inverted roof the main roof hoist are set at the level of ceiling and a framework of _______ member are constructed above the joists
2x4
Poured gypsum roof. Layer of gypsum cement up to _____ inches thick
2 1/2
Parallel rafter systems spaced _____ on center
12-24 inches
Arches spaced _____ on center
16-20 feet
Gabled roof rafters are commonly spaced _____ on center
16-24 inches
Bridge truss roof. Trusses are often _____. Joist are usually ______ covered with _____ sheathing. Truss spacing may be as much as ______
2x12 trusses
2x6 or 2x8 joists
1x6 sheathing
16-20 feet spacing
Sawtooth roof rafters ______ lumber or larger
2x8 inch
Bowstring truss roof. Top chords of these arches are usually laminated _____ or larger lumber. The purlins usually _____ inches are covered by _____ inch or larger sheathing
2x12 inch
2x10 inch
1x6 inch
Trussless arch roof spaced
16 and 20 feet
Lamella arch roof. The framework is usually constructed of dimensional lumber in which _____ wooden members are bolted together
2x12 inch
Panelized roof construction consists of laminated beams commonly ______inches. Spaced ______ feet and lengths over ______ feet.
6x36 inch
12-40 feet
100 feet
Wooden/metal trusses. Normal spacing of these trusses are _____ feet on center
2 feet
Pitched roof trusses. Usually _____ inch lumber. Spans of up to _____ feet. Spaced _______ feet on center and _____ ______ inch plywood used as sheathing
2x4 inch
55 feet
2-4 feet
1/2 inch
Wooden i beams chords are _______ in lumber with _____ inch plywood for the web. Spaced ______ feet on center
2x3 or 2x4 inch
3/8 inch
2 feet
1/4 steel plate weighs about _____ pounds per square foot
10
