All Flashcards
Tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature gas density and pressure
Thermal layering
Methane flammable range
5-15%
Propane flammable range
2.1-9.5%
Carbon Monoxide flammable range
12-75%
Gasoline flammable range
1.4-7.4%
Diesel flammable range
1.3-6%
Ethanol flammable range
3.3-19%
Methanol flammable range
6-35.5%
Electrically charged highly reactive parts of molecules released during combustion reactions
Free radicals
Gasoline
Specific gravity
Flash point
Auto ignition Temp
.72
-36
853
Diesel
Specific gravity
Flash point
Auto ignition Temp
<1
125
410
Ethanol
Specific gravity
Flash point
Auto ignition Temp
.78
55
689
Methanol
Specific gravity
Flash point
Auto ignition Temp
.79
52
867
Extinguishment of a fire by interruption of the chemical chain reaction
Chemical flame inhibition
The fire will enter the growth stage after flames reach ____ feet?
2.5
Horizontal movement of a layer of hot gases and combustion by-products from the center point of the plume, horizontal surface redirects the vertical development of the rising plume
Ceiling jet
Rapid fire development occurs during what stage?
Growth stage
Area surrounding a heat source in which there is sufficient air available to feed a fire
Combustion zone
Space between the air intake and the exhaust outlet
Flow path
Interface between the hot gas layer and cooler layer of air
Neutral plane
Rapid transition from the growth stage to the fully developed stage
Flashover
Instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen depleted confined space
Backdraft
Flashover occurs at what temperature
1100
Condition in which the unburnt fire gases that have accumulated at the top of a compartment ignite and flames propagate through the hot gas later or across the ceiling
Rollover
What occurs when a mixture of unburned fuel gases and oxygen comes in contact with an ignition source
Smoke explosion
The total quantity of combustible contents of a building
Fuel load
Critical temperature for steel
1000
Act of preparing to manage an incident at a particular location or a particular type of incident before an incident occurs
Preincident planning
Assessment of a facility or location made before an emergency occurs
Preincident survey
NFPA 1620
Standard for pre-incident planning
Architectural drawing showing the overall project layout of building areas driveways fences fire hydrants and landscape features for a given plot of land
Plot plan
NFPA 204
Standard for smoke and heat venting
Noncombustible barriers or dividers hung from the ceiling in large open areas that are designed to minimize the mushrooming affect of heat and smoke and impede the flow of heat
Draft curtains
NFPA 1142
Standard on water supplies for suburban and rural fire fighting
Needed fire flow formula
GPM= length x width / 3 x % involved
Works for no more than 50% involved or flows over 1,000 gpm
Formal written agreement between jurisdictions that share a common boundary
Automatic aid
Reciprocal agreement between 2 or more fire and emergency service organizations. Does not guarantee a response
Mutual aid
Payment rather than reciprocal aid is made by one agency to the other
Additional resources
Horizontal member between trusses that support the roof
Purlin
Type 4 construction uses lumber greater than how many inches for all structural elements
4
Concealed and often unfinished space between the ceiling of the top floor and the roof
Attic
A space 2-3 feet in height that is found over commercial building spaces and is not designed for human habitation
Cockloft
Brick veneer attached to a frame can fall straight down into a pile is called
Curtain collapse
Water weighs?
250 gpm adds ____ water per minute to a structure
8.33 pounds
1 ton
To operate independently of the incident commanders command and control
Freelance
U.S. mandated incident management system that defines the roles responsibilities and standard operating procedures used to manage emergency operations
National incident management system
NIMS
Act of directing ordering and controlling resources by virtue of explicit legal agency or delegating authority
Command
Incident management personnel who report directly to the IC
Command staff
Incident management personnel who represent the major functional sections
General staff
Organizational level having responsibility for a major functional area of incident management
Section
Functional/geographic responsibility for major segments of incident operations; located between section and division or group
Branch
Responsibility for operations within a defined geographic area; between branch and single resources task force or strike team
Division
Equal to division having responsibility for a specified functional assignment at an incident without regard to a specific geographical area
Group
Fulfill specific support functions such as the resources documentation demobilization and situation units within the planning section
Unit
Specific number of personnel assembled for an assignment
Crew
Individual pieces of apparatus and the personnel required to make them functional
Single resource
Any combination of resources assembled for a specific mission or operational assignment. Can be disbanded and individual resources are reassigned or released
Task force
Set number of resources of the same type that have an established minimum number of personnel. Remain together and function as a team throughout an incident
Strike team
Incident involved or threatens to involve more than one jurisdiction or agency needs what type of command structure
Unified command
NFPA 1561
Standard for fire department incident management system
Number of direct subordinates that one supervisor can effectively manage.
Span of control
3-7
5 optimum
2 in 2 out rules is OSHS #?
1910.134
Continuous process that actually begins before an incident is reported and continues throughout the incident
Size-up
CARA stands for
Conditions
Actions
Resources
Air
The environment inside a structure fire can quickly exceed what temperature with the potential for flashover at what temperature
500
1100
Training procedures intended to improve communications leadership and decision making to reduce human error
Crew resource management
The process of controlling the fire
Incident stabilization
Applying water from the exterior of the structure as crews advance into the interior
Transitional attack
Planned systematic and coordinated removal of air smoke gases or other airborne contaminants from a structure replacing them with cooler more fresh air
Tactical ventilation
The most important weather related influence on ventilation is
Wind
Methods used to save property and reduce further damage immediately after a fire
Salvage
Personnel required for search and rescue and firefighting operations in a high rise is often how many time greater than a typical low rise
4-6
Tendency of any vertical shaft within a tall building to act as a chimney by channeling heat smoke and other products of combustion upward due to convection
Stack effect
A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the for of either a glow or flame
Combustion
A rapid oxidation process which is a gas phase chemical reaction resulting in the evolution of light and heat in varying intensities
Fire
Form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules in solids or liquids that is transferred from one body to another as a result of temperature difference between the bodies
Heat
Measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter
Temperature
A material that will maintain combustion under specific environmental conditions
Fuel
Any material that readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing gas to promote combustion
Oxidizer
Capacity to perform work
Energy
Chemical process that occurs when a substance combines with an oxidizer in the air
Oxidation
Total amount of thermal energy that could be generated by the combustion reaction if a fuel were to burn completely
Heat of combustion
Kinetic energy associated with the random motions of the molecules of a material or object
Thermal energy
Vapor density and ignition temperature
Methane
Propane
Carbon monoxide
.55 1004
1.52 842
.96 1128
Liquid fuels that vaporize sufficiently to burn at below what temperature present a significant flammability hazard
100
Any material used in type 4 construction other than wood must have a fire resistance rating of at least
1 hour
Amount of energy delivered over a given period of time. The rate at which energy transfers
The heat release rate during combustion
Power
The si unit of power or rate of work equal to 1 joule per second
Watt
Vapor density
Methane
Propane
Carbon Monoxide
- 55
- 52
- 96
Ignition temperature
Methane
Propane
Carbon Monoxide
1004
842
1128
Weight of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure
Vapor density
Mass of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temperature
Specific gravity
The pressure at which a vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid phase at a given temperature
Vapor pressure
Degree to which a solid liquid or gas dissolves in a solvent, usually water
Solubility
Materials that are capable of being mixed in all proportions
Miscible
Flammable liquids that have an attraction to water
Alcohols esters ketones amines and lacquer
Polar solvents
Fuel that is being oxidized or burned during combustion
Reducing agent
The transfer of heat from one point or object to another is part of the study of?
Thermodynamics
Heat transfer from the initial fuel package to other fuels in and beyond the area of fire origin affects the growth of any fire and is part of the study of?
Fire dynamics
Thermal conductivity
Copper Steel Concrete Gypsum wallboard Wood Air
386 36-54 .8-1.28 .5 .13 .03
Small wastebasket
4-50
Cotton mattress
40-970
Cotton easy chair
290-370
Small pool of gasoline
400
Dry Christmas tree
3000-5000
Polyurethane mattress
810-2630
Polyurethane easy chair
1350-1990
Polyurethane sofa
3120