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Anatomy Y2 - Endocrine > ALL > Flashcards

ALL Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hollow that the pituitary gland sits in and in what bone of the skull is it situated?

A

Pituitary fossa / sella turcica

Sphenoid bone

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2
Q

How is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary gland?

A

Superior to it (sits atop)

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3
Q

Which fibres from the optic nerve, nasal or temporal, cross over to the opposite side at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal

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4
Q

What is the resultant visual defect due to pituitary gland enlargement?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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5
Q

Of the pituitary gland, what are two lobes?

A

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

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6
Q

Which of the pituitary lobes are larger?

A

Anterior (2/3rd of total size)

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7
Q

Which of the two pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

A

Anterior lobe

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8
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

Store and release

1) Vasopressin (ADH)
2) Oxytocin

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9
Q

Learn the families of hormones and specific hormones released by the anterior pituitary lobe. Refer to workbook for answers.

A
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10
Q

What are the main secretory cells of the posterior pituitary?

A

Nerves (neurosecretory neurons)

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11
Q

What hormones do the posterior pituitary lobe secrete?

A

Vasopressin - ADH

Oxytocin

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12
Q

The pituitary gland is supplied by branches of what artery?

A

Internal carotid

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13
Q

What are the two branches of the internal carotid artery that supply pituitary gland?

A

Superior hypophysial

Inferior hypophysial

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14
Q

Which hypophyseal artery supplies the anterior pituitary lobe via the hypophysial portal system?

A

Superior hypophysial

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15
Q

What hypophysial artery supplies the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Inferior hypophysial artery

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16
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

(within infundibulum)

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17
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

A

Neurons

(within infundibulum)

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18
Q

The thyroid gland is located between the vertebral level of ____ to ____

A

C5 - T1

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19
Q

The thyroid gland is located between the _________ cartilage and the ____ tracheal ring.

A

Cricoid

6th

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20
Q

The isthmus of thee thyroid gland lies opposite to which two tracheal rings?

A

2nd - 3rd (4th)

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21
Q

Name the 3 strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland

A

Sternohyoid

Sternothryoid

Omohyoid

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22
Q

Name the 2 nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal cord.

A

Recurrent laryngeal

Superior laryngeal

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23
Q

The blood supply of the thyroid gland is by what two arteries?

A

Superior thyroid artery

Inferior thyroid artery

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24
Q

From what major artery does the superior thyroid artery arise?

A

External carotid artery

25
Q

From what artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?

A

Subclavian

26
Q

Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?

A

Internal Jugular Vein

27
Q

Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?

A

Internal Jugular Vein

28
Q

Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

A

Braciocephalic vein

29
Q

Lymph vessels from the thyroid drain into what group of lymph nodes?

A

Deep cervical

30
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete? & what do they do?

A

Thyroid hormones

Alter metabolism

31
Q

The parathyroid glands lie on ________ (medial/lateral) half of the _________ (anterior/posterior) surface of each thyroid lobe.

A

Medial

Posterior

32
Q

How many parathyroid glands do most people have?

A

4

33
Q

The superior parathyroids are situated at the level of the inferior border of what cartilage?

A

Cricoid

34
Q

Arterial supply to the parathyroid glands is predominantly from what?

A

Inferior thryoid artery

35
Q

Venous drainage of the parathyroids is by what?

A

Veins draining the thyroid to the IJV.

36
Q

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?

A

Parathyroid hormone

37
Q

What is the action of the parathyroid hormone?

A

Increase plasma Calcium levels

38
Q

What cells does parathyroid hormone act on?

A

Bone (osteoclasts) - mobilises Ca (break down extracellular matrix)

Kidney - increases Ca reabsorption

Intestine - increases Ca absorption

39
Q

The suprarenal glands lie where in relation to the kidney?

A

Superior

40
Q

How are the adrenal glands seperated from the kidney?

A

Capsule

41
Q

Are the adrenal glands retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

42
Q

Each adrenal gland has two parts - name them.

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

43
Q

How many pairs of suprarenal arteries supply the suprarenal glands?

A

3

44
Q

The superior suprarenal arteries arise from what artery?

A

Inferior phrenic artery

45
Q

The middle suprarenal arteries arise from what?

A

Arise directly from the aorta

46
Q

The inferior suprarenal arteries arise from what?

A

Renal arteries

47
Q

How many suprarenal veins are there?

A

1

48
Q

Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the right side?

A

IVC

49
Q

Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the left side?

A

Left renal vein

50
Q

The outer cortex of the adrenal gland is divided into 3 distinct zones - what are they?

A

Outer - zona glomerulosa

Middle - zona fasciculata

Inner - zona reticularis

51
Q

What two classes of hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A

Corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids) and androgens (reproduction)

52
Q

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Catecholamines (stress hormones)

e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline

53
Q

How is the pancreas peritonised?

A

Mostly retroperitoneal

(except tail)

54
Q

Which blood vessels emerge just below the inferior border of the pancreas?

A

Superior mesenteric artery and vein

55
Q

Name the 3 cell types found in the islets of langerhans

A

Alpha

Beta

Delta

56
Q

What do the alpha cells of the islets secrete?

A

Glucagon

57
Q

What do the beta cells of the islets secrete?

A

Insulin

58
Q

What do the delta cells of the islets secrete?

A

Somatostatin

59
Q

Be able to recognise the histological appearance of the pancreas.

A

Anatomy Y2 - Endocrine (1 decks)

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