ALL Flashcards
What is the hollow that the pituitary gland sits in and in what bone of the skull is it situated?
Pituitary fossa / sella turcica
Sphenoid bone
How is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary gland?
Superior to it (sits atop)
Which fibres from the optic nerve, nasal or temporal, cross over to the opposite side at the optic chiasm?
Nasal
What is the resultant visual defect due to pituitary gland enlargement?
Bitemporal hemianopia
Of the pituitary gland, what are two lobes?
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Which of the pituitary lobes are larger?
Anterior (2/3rd of total size)
Which of the two pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?
Anterior lobe
What is the function of the posterior pituitary lobe?
Store and release
1) Vasopressin (ADH)
2) Oxytocin
Learn the families of hormones and specific hormones released by the anterior pituitary lobe. Refer to workbook for answers.
What are the main secretory cells of the posterior pituitary?
Nerves (neurosecretory neurons)
What hormones do the posterior pituitary lobe secrete?
Vasopressin - ADH
Oxytocin
The pituitary gland is supplied by branches of what artery?
Internal carotid
What are the two branches of the internal carotid artery that supply pituitary gland?
Superior hypophysial
Inferior hypophysial
Which hypophyseal artery supplies the anterior pituitary lobe via the hypophysial portal system?
Superior hypophysial
What hypophysial artery supplies the posterior pituitary gland?
Inferior hypophysial artery
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary lobe?
Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system
(within infundibulum)
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?
Neurons
(within infundibulum)
The thyroid gland is located between the vertebral level of ____ to ____
C5 - T1
The thyroid gland is located between the _________ cartilage and the ____ tracheal ring.
Cricoid
6th
The isthmus of thee thyroid gland lies opposite to which two tracheal rings?
2nd - 3rd (4th)
Name the 3 strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland
Sternohyoid
Sternothryoid
Omohyoid
Name the 2 nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal cord.
Recurrent laryngeal
Superior laryngeal
The blood supply of the thyroid gland is by what two arteries?
Superior thyroid artery
Inferior thyroid artery
From what major artery does the superior thyroid artery arise?
External carotid artery
From what artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?
Subclavian
Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?
Internal Jugular Vein
Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?
Internal Jugular Vein
Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?
Braciocephalic vein
Lymph vessels from the thyroid drain into what group of lymph nodes?
Deep cervical
What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete? & what do they do?
Thyroid hormones
Alter metabolism
The parathyroid glands lie on ________ (medial/lateral) half of the _________ (anterior/posterior) surface of each thyroid lobe.
Medial
Posterior
How many parathyroid glands do most people have?
4
The superior parathyroids are situated at the level of the inferior border of what cartilage?
Cricoid
Arterial supply to the parathyroid glands is predominantly from what?
Inferior thryoid artery
Venous drainage of the parathyroids is by what?
Veins draining the thyroid to the IJV.
What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?
Parathyroid hormone
What is the action of the parathyroid hormone?
Increase plasma Calcium levels
What cells does parathyroid hormone act on?
Bone (osteoclasts) - mobilises Ca (break down extracellular matrix)
Kidney - increases Ca reabsorption
Intestine - increases Ca absorption
The suprarenal glands lie where in relation to the kidney?
Superior
How are the adrenal glands seperated from the kidney?
Capsule
Are the adrenal glands retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
Each adrenal gland has two parts - name them.
Outer cortex
Inner medulla
How many pairs of suprarenal arteries supply the suprarenal glands?
3
The superior suprarenal arteries arise from what artery?
Inferior phrenic artery
The middle suprarenal arteries arise from what?
Arise directly from the aorta
The inferior suprarenal arteries arise from what?
Renal arteries
How many suprarenal veins are there?
1
Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the right side?
IVC
Into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain on the left side?
Left renal vein
The outer cortex of the adrenal gland is divided into 3 distinct zones - what are they?
Outer - zona glomerulosa
Middle - zona fasciculata
Inner - zona reticularis
What two classes of hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
Corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids) and androgens (reproduction)
What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Catecholamines (stress hormones)
e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline
How is the pancreas peritonised?
Mostly retroperitoneal
(except tail)
Which blood vessels emerge just below the inferior border of the pancreas?
Superior mesenteric artery and vein
Name the 3 cell types found in the islets of langerhans
Alpha
Beta
Delta
What do the alpha cells of the islets secrete?
Glucagon
What do the beta cells of the islets secrete?
Insulin
What do the delta cells of the islets secrete?
Somatostatin
Be able to recognise the histological appearance of the pancreas.
