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AICP Exam > All > Flashcards

All Flashcards

1
Q

Mt. Laurel v Southern Burlington NAACP

A

Fair Housing, New Jersey

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2
Q

Restaurant Parking

A

5.0 to 25.0 spaces per 1000 sf

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3
Q

Industrial Parking

A

0.67 to 3.5 spaces per 1000 sf

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4
Q

Shopping Center Parking

A

1.0 to 5.0 spaces per 1000 sf

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5
Q

Office Parking

A

0.5 to 3.0 spaces per 1000 sf of GLA

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6
Q

Medical Center Parking

A

0.1 to 0.75 spaces per 1000 sf of GLA

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7
Q

Origin-Destination Study

A

Pattern of movement of persons and goods in a particular area of interest

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8
Q

TDM includes

A

HOV Lanes
Ride Sharing
Home Office
Transit

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9
Q

Transportation Systems Management

A

Signals

Changeable sign for speed and message

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10
Q

Edward Bassett

A

Father of Zoning, NYC Zoning Act

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11
Q

Cartway

A

Traveled portion of the street ROW

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12
Q

1947 Housing; Home Financing Agency

A

Predecessor to HUD created to coordinate Federal Government various housing programs

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13
Q

Principal Arterial

A

Longer trips
Highest volumes
Large VMT

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14
Q

Arterial

A

Major thoroughfare of both local and regional significance that is designed to provide some access to smaller streets

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15
Q

Urban Collector

A

Provides traffic and land access with all land uses by collecting and distributing traffic

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16
Q

Local Streets

A

Provide direct access to adjacent land and access to higher class roads

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17
Q

1978-1989 Urban Development Action Grants (UDAG)

A
  1. Facilitate public-private partnerships for development.
  2. Leverage intergovernmental coordination and responsibility for LGUs.
  3. Fertile venues for investment of [relative between private-public].
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18
Q

Executive Order 12898

A

1994
Clinton Administration
Federal order engages each federal agency to develop strategy for environmental justice

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19
Q

Intermodal Surface Transportation Safety Act (ISTEA 1991)

A

Coordination for air quality standards between states and metro areas

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20
Q

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)

A

Cradle to grave legislation for hazardous waste materials

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21
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act

A

1990

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22
Q

National Housing Acts

A

1934-1954

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23
Q

EDA and HUD Creation

A

1965

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24
Q

Model Cities Act

A

1966

Improve coordination of existing urban programs and provide additional funds for local plans

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25
Q

Fair Housing Act

A

1968

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26
Q

Section 8 Housing CDBG

A

1974

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27
Q

National Affordable Housing Act

A

1990

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28
Q

Empower/Enterprise Zone

A

1993

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29
Q

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

A

2009 aka Recovery Act

Obama’s stimulus package

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30
Q

Coastal Zone Management Act

A

34 states adopted
Protects coastal areas
Federal law can pre-empt state laws

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31
Q

Dillon’s Rule

A

LGU subordinate institute of the state

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32
Q

Home Rule

A

LGUs adopt any rules

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33
Q

Title VI Civil Rights Acts

A

1964

Outlaws discrimination

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34
Q

Federal Property Administration Act

A

1949

Disposal of federal property by US Government

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35
Q

1949 Housing Act

A

First comprehensive housing legislation
Goal to construct 800k rental units
Known as Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill

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36
Q

Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act

A

1978
It was meant to promote energy conservation (reduce demand) and promote greater use of domesticenergy andrenewable energy (increase supply)

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37
Q

Land Grants

A

Morrill Act 1862

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38
Q

Homestead Act

A

1862

Opened lands of public domain to settlers for nominal fee

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39
Q

Ordinance of 1785

A

Rectangular land survey

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40
Q

New Communities Act

A

1968

Money for private development of new tires by private developers

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41
Q

Housing Act of 1934

A

Federal Savings and Loan
Insurance Corp
Established FHA

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42
Q

Antiquities Act

A

1906

Protects archaeological sites

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43
Q

Planned Unit Development (PUD)

A

Mixture of uses, promotes flexibility in design and density

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44
Q

Amortization

A

Time period a non-conforming property has to conform to a new zoning class before prohibited

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45
Q

Bricks and clicks

A

E-commerce

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46
Q

Consistency

A

Detailed process of zoning conformance

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47
Q

Citizen Advisory Committee

A

Presumed to represent attitudes and ideas of local groups

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48
Q

Purple on a land use map

A

Industrial

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49
Q

Dezone

A

Simplify the zoning code

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50
Q

Performance Zoning

A

Regulates the character of the use instead of the use itself

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51
Q

Special use permit

A

Device to provide flexibility within zoning ordinance

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52
Q

Exactions

A

Costs levied on developers as a condition for receiving permission to develop

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53
Q

Concurrency

A

Requirement that public services be adequate to meet the needs of the new development

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54
Q

Incentive Zoning

A

Use these to encourage development that exceeds the minimum standards

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55
Q

Safe Routes to School

A

Overcome physical and psychological barriers
Bronx was first
TDM strategy

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56
Q

PERT

A

Graphic depiction of the interrelationships of the tasks that make up the project

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57
Q

Fish bowl planning

A

Workshop format in which a large group can participate in working through a problem

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58
Q

Linear programming

A

Final optimum design solution

ID best combination of resources

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59
Q

Hoshin Planning

A

Type of strategic planning

Has 7 steps

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60
Q

4 New Urbanism Cities

A

Seaside, FL
Kentlands, MD
Celebration, FL
Mississippi Coast

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61
Q

Mariemont, OH

A

First New Urbanism city

Emery and Nolen

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62
Q

Levittown, NY

Park Forest, IL

A

Post-WWII tract homes

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63
Q

1 hectare

A

10,000 sq mi

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64
Q

1 mile

A

5,280 feet

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65
Q

1 acre

A

43,560 sq ft

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66
Q

Greenbelt Cities

A

Resettlement Administration
Greenbelt, MD
Greenbelt, OH
Greenbelt, WI

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67
Q

Neighborhood Parks

A

5 to 10 acres

Serve area within 1/4 to 1/2 mi

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68
Q

Mini park

A

Less than one acre

Also known as parklet, pocket park, tot lots, turnkey

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69
Q

Community park

A

30 to 50 acres

Serves multiple neighborhoods

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70
Q

Colonias

A

Rural unincorporated communities within 150 mi of US-Mexico boarder

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71
Q

National Recreation and Park Association

A

Developed park classification system

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72
Q

Boston Common

A

Oldest urban park

1728

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73
Q

Resettlement Administration

A

1930s

Created by Roosevelt

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74
Q

Plan of Chicago

A

1909

First metropolitan plan in US

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75
Q

US Geological Survey Formed

A

1897

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76
Q

Grand Coulee Dam

A

Largest concrete structure

Columbia River, WA

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77
Q

of federally recognized tribes

A

562

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78
Q

Types of theories

A

Normative
Disciplinary
Procedural

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79
Q

4 functions of planning

A
  1. Improve efficiency
  2. Enhance social welfare
  3. Widen range of choice
  4. Enrich civic engagement and governance
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80
Q

New Urbanism

A

Promotes walkability, mixed uses, compactness, nostalgic arch.

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81
Q

Radburn, NJ

A

Planned by Slein and Wright

Forerunner to Greenbelt towns

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82
Q

New Town movement

A

Started in the 1960s
Reston, VA (Simon)
Columbia, MD (Rouse)

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83
Q

1949 Housing Act

A

Focused on slum clearance

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84
Q

1937 Housing Act

A

Slum clearance tied to public housing

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85
Q

First Earth Day

A

April 22, 1970

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86
Q

National Monument

A

Doesn’t require act of Congress

Managed by National Parks Service

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87
Q

Public Land Survey System

A

1785 by Thomas Jefferson

Single largest act of land planning

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88
Q

Endangered Species

A

1,200

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89
Q

Annual per capita consumption of gasoline (Year 2000)

A

430 gallons

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90
Q

Warren County, NC

A

Toxic substances disposed of in predominantly black neighborhood

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91
Q

Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD)

A

Prevent significant deterioration of high quality airsheds

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92
Q

Oligotrophic lakes

A

Deep with low supply of nutrients

Low organic matter

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93
Q

Input-Output Analysis

A

3 tables
Direct
Indirect
Induced

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94
Q

Location quotient

A

LQi=% local em/% national em
l=equivalent
<1=local share is less than national
>1=local share is more than national

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95
Q

General obligation bond

A

Pledge to levy tax to meet debt service requirements

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96
Q

Capital improvement budgeting

A

Budget model involving capital projects that are linked to a comprehensive plan

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97
Q

Fees in lieu

A

Payments from the developer as an alternative to the land required

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98
Q

Reserve funds

A

Funds that are accumulated in advance for capital purchase

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99
Q

Planning, programming, or budgeting systems

A

Program orientated with long-range projections that emphasizes planning not budgeting

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100
Q

Project management (budgeting)

A

Focus on evaluating and ranking outputs by program

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101
Q

Zero-base budgeting

A

Decision packages start from scratch and are tied to long range plans

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102
Q

Fiscal Impact Analysis

A

Tax rates
School costs
Building costs

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103
Q

Capitalization rate

A

Income rate of a total property

Net operating income + purchase price

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104
Q

Shift share analysis

A

Indicates why various industries grew or declined

How much growth is national trend versus unique regional factor

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105
Q

Net operating income

A

Gross operating income x (1-vacancy rate)-operating income

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106
Q

New regionalism

A

Focus on specific territories and spatial plan
Response to metro problems
Integrates environment, equity, economic goals

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107
Q

Muir

A

Father of the National Parks
Sierra Club Founder, 1892
Petitioned for Yosemite and Sequoia

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108
Q

Pierre L’Enfant

A

Grid and radials
Washington, DC
McMilan Commission partial redesign

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109
Q

Myerson and Barfield

A

Rational Planning Model

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110
Q

Charles Lindblom

A

Incrementalism science of muddling through

Intelligence of Democracy 1965

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111
Q

Thomas Adams

A

Wrote regional survey of NY and environs

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112
Q

Aaron Wildansky

A

budgeting

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113
Q

Tugwell

A

Garden Cities

New Deal

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114
Q

Walter Moody

A

1912

Wacker’s Manual of Plan of Chicago

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115
Q

Richard Florida

A

Rise of creative class 2002

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116
Q

TJ Kent

A

Urban General Plan 1964

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117
Q

William Whyte

A

Social life of small urban places

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118
Q

Joel Garreva

A

1991

Edge City

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119
Q

Alfred Bettman

A

1925
Developed comprehensive plan for Cincinnati
Defended zoning in Amber v Euclid

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120
Q

James Rouse

A

Designed Columbia, MD

Part of the New Town movement

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121
Q

Peter Calthorpe

A

Congress for New Urbanism

TOD concepts

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122
Q

John Degrove

A

Father of Growth Management (FL)

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123
Q

Lewis Mumford

A

The City in History 1961

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124
Q

Jane Jacobs

A

1960s
Death and Life of American Cities
Urban studies
Eyes on the street

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125
Q

Catherine Bauer

A

Modern Housing 1934

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126
Q

Frank Olmstead Jr

A

Founded American City Planning Institute

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127
Q

George Marsh

A

Man v Nature 1864

Inspired conservationist

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128
Q

Walker Christaller

A

1893-1969 German georgraphic central places in South Germany (1933)

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129
Q

Ian McHarg

A

Design with Nature (1960s)

Father of Environmental Planning

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130
Q

Robert Moses

A

NY Master Builder 1930s
Led planning for activity-based recreation
Central to NY urban renewal

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131
Q

William Penn

A

4 quadrants green space

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132
Q

Taparelli D’Azeglio[a]

A

Italian Catholic Scholar 1840

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133
Q

John Rawls

A

Theory of Justice 1971

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134
Q

Betty Friedman

A

Feminine Mystique 1962

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135
Q

Robert Bullard

A

Father of Environmental Justice

Involved in Warren County, NC toxic waste cleanup

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136
Q

Frederick Olmsted and Calvert Vaux

A

Designed Central Park
Olmsted is the Father of Landscape Architecture
Firm designed 2000 parks
Capitol, Biltmore, Boston’s Emerald Necklace

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137
Q

Gifford Pinchot

A

First head of USFS

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138
Q

Clarence Stein

A

American Garden City Movement

Sunnyside Gardens NY

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139
Q

James Olgthorpe

A

1733 Savannah

Ward would include 4 large resident blocks and 4 small civic blocks

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140
Q

Kevin Lynch

A

Image of the City

No density, paths, landmarks

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141
Q

Amitai Etzioni

A

Mixed scanning
Comprehensive overview/broad brush
Selective use of detailed analysis

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142
Q

Sherry Arnstein

A

Ladder of participation

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143
Q

Jacob Riis

A

Photojournalist
How the Other Half Lives 1890
Children of the Poor 1892

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144
Q

Jane Addams

A

Settlement House
Hull House Chicago 1889
Social and education services
Response to problems of urban industry

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145
Q

Le Corbusier

A

Resilient City 1920

High rises

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146
Q

Paul Davidoff

A

1960s
Advocacy
Suburban Action Institute (1969)
Mt. Laurel case

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147
Q

Saul Kalinsky

A 
1960s
Father of organizing
Organize and build coalitions 
Disrupt normal activity
Need money for protesters
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148
Q

Ebenezer Howard

A

Part of the Garden City movement
1898
English cities of Letchworth and Welwyn

149
Q

Patrick Geddes

A

1915 Cities of Evolution

Father of Regional Planning

150
Q

Daniel Burnham

A

City Beautiful movement
1893 World’s Fair
Columbian Exposition
White City

151
Q

Krumholtz

A

Cleveland 1969-1979

Center for Neighborhood Development

152
Q

Andres Duany

A

Congress for New Urbanism
Seaside, NJ
Increase walkability, etc.

153
Q

Frank Lloyd Wright

A

Boradacre City

154
Q

Harland Bartholomew

A

First full time planner hired by municipality (St. Louis)

155
Q

Homer Hoyt

A

Sector Theory 1939

156
Q

Ernest Burgess

A

Concentric Ring Theory 1925

157
Q

Gettsburg v Us 1896

A

Historic Preservation

158
Q

Munn v Illinois

A

P/p property free
Enterprise versus state rights
State had right to regulate commerce

159
Q

Associated Home Builders of Greater Bay v City of Livermore 1976

A

CA Supreme Court allowed the time phasing of residential development until performance codes were met

160
Q

Golden v Planning Board of Ramapo 1972

A

Dealt with use of performance criteria as a means of slowing development in communities

161
Q

Nectow v City of Cambridge 1928

A

Zoning ordinance was invalid as applied to a landowner where land was restricted to residential use because it didn’t provide health, safety

162
Q

Austin v Older

A

Non-conforming use built day before ordinance took effect

163
Q

Welch v Swasey 1909

A

Right of cities to limit building heights in districts

164
Q

Babbit v Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great OR (1996)

A

Government can restrict land development to protect endangered species and their habitats, not a taking

165
Q

Just v Marinette County (1972)

A

Established that environmental protection regulations are a reasonable exercise of the police power of the state and do not amount to a taking of private property without just compensation

166
Q

Metromedia v San Diego 1981

A

Banned all signs

Reversed by SCOTUS

167
Q

Renton v Playtime 1986

A

Distance rule

Upheld by SCOTUS

168
Q

Young v American Mini Theatres 1976

A

Detroit Zoning Control

Upheld by SCOTUS, “speech” not absolute

169
Q

Central Hudson Gas v Public Service Commission 1980

A

Ban utility ads

Violates 1st and 14th amendments

170
Q

1, Lemon v Kauzmann

2. Luicumi Babula Aye v Hidlean

A
  1. 1971 3 part test

2. 1993 animal slaughter

171
Q

Larkin v Grendel’s Den

A

1982
Religion
Church liquor ban
Reversed by SCOTUS

172
Q

Kelo v New London

A

2005
CRA condemnation of neighborhood solely on economic development
Upheld by SCOTUS, it’s enough
Reaction was laws limited economic development

173
Q

Types of takings

A
  1. Permanent taking
  2. Regulatory taking
  3. Derivative, indirect, or defacto taking. This decreases property value and results in “planning blight”
174
Q

Penn Coal v Mahon

A

1922
Takings case
Coal kept mining rights

175
Q

Loretto v Teleprompter CATV

A

1982

Physical invasion requires compensation

176
Q

Dolan v City of Tigurd

A

1997
Permit condition easement for bike path
“Essential nexus not enough”

177
Q

Koontz v St. John River WMD (2013)

A

Orlando 15 acre wetland

Dual nexus test

178
Q

Palazzolo v Rhode Island (2001)

A

Environmental protection laws prohibiting filling undeveloped wetlands did not remove all economically viable uses of the land, not a taking

179
Q

Tahoe Sierra Preservation Council v Tahoe Regional Planning Agency

A

Moratoria on permits

180
Q

1st English Lutheran Church v LA County

A

1987
Camp destroyed by flood, moratorium on new development
SCOTUS said monetary damages are allowed for temporary takings

181
Q

Nollan v CA Coastal Commission

A

1987
Condition constituted taking because the dedication did not bear a logical nexus to the harm the government sought to add

182
Q

Agins v Tiburon

A

1980

Open space requirements did not result in a taking

183
Q

Lucas v SC Coastal Council

A 
1992
2 ocean lots
SCOTUS 
Said per se taking. Regulations deny all economic use
Occurs in two circumstances
184
Q

FCC v FL Power Corp

A

Takings [add detail]

185
Q

Pumpelly v Green Bay

A

1872

Takings [add detail]

186
Q

Suitum v Tahoe Regional Planning

A

1997

Taking [add detail]

187
Q

Kaiser Aetna v US

A

1979
Taking marina
Rivers and Harbors Act

188
Q

Penn Central v City of New York

A

1978
Landmark preservation law
Establishes “air rights”
Taking requires loss of all reasonable “didn’t pass”

189
Q

Rancho Palos Verdes v Abrams

A

2005
CA radion tower
SCOTUS: he didn’t exercise alternate dispute

190
Q

Edmonds v Oxford Hosue

A

1994
Seattle group home
SCOTUS: Ordinance subject to FHA

191
Q

Willowbrook v Oleech

A

2000
Water hookup “a class of one”
Intentionally treated differently

192
Q

Belle Torre v Boraas

A

1974
SUNY student housing
Defers to legislative process

193
Q

East Lake v Forest City Enterprises

A

1976
High rise, residents voted it down
Overturned council

194
Q

Arlington Heights v Metro Housing Development Corp

A

1977
MF low income housing, village refused
SCOTUS: negative racial impact with [nut proof] of discrete intent

195
Q

Dissimilarity Index

A

Population under 18 + pop 65 divided by pop 18-64

Measures relative separation or integration of gap

196
Q

Step down method

A

Area’s population is proportionally derived from projections of a larger region

197
Q

Cohort-component method

A

Components of population change are projected separately for each birth cohort
Assumes constant rates

198
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measure of how much the data in a collection are scattered around mean

199
Q

Gini coefficient

A

Measure of income inequality

200
Q

Metropolitan Statistical Area

A

A CBSA with at least one urbanized area that has population of 50,000

201
Q

Core Based Statistical Area

A

Core area containing at least 10,000 together with adjacent community having a high degree of social and economic integration

202
Q

Micropolitan Statistical Area

A

CBSAs with urban cluster that has a population of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000

203
Q

Urbanized area

A

Central place and adjacent [territory] with population density greater >1,000 people per sq mi
Minimum residential population >50,000

204
Q

Non-probability sampling

A

Convenient volunteer

205
Q

Probability sampling

A

Random
System
Stratified
Cluster

206
Q

Regression

A

Test of effect of one variable had on another while holding all other conditions constant
Simple-one independent variables
Multiple-two or more independent variables

207
Q

Normal distribution

A

68% are within one standard deviation

95% are within two standard deviations

208
Q

Frequency distribution

A 
Tabular formats
Class formats
Cross tabulations
Histograms
Stem and leaf
209
Q

Coefficient of variation

A

Measures the relative dispersion from the [mean/standard deviation/mean]

210
Q

Variance

A

Square of standard deviation

211
Q

Densest MSA in US (2001 study)

A

Los Angeles

212
Q

Census Block

A

Largest geographic unit for which the Census Bureau tabulates 100% data

213
Q

Chi Square Statistic

A

Computed to learn whether two variables are independent

214
Q

Range

A

Difference between highest and lowest

215
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

When you have population and need to make assumptions about data

216
Q

When AICP/APA formed

A

1978

Merge of AIP and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) [add details]

217
Q

ASPO

A

Established 1934
American Society of Planning Officials
Precursor to APA

218
Q

APA ethics effective date

A

June 1, 2005

219
Q

Community Character Act

A

Rhode Island Senator Chafee
Incentive for states and locals to integrate smart growth
Federal grant is a partner in building places without intrusive regulations

220
Q

Cap park

A

Parks built over segments of freeway

221
Q

Location of cell towers determined by

A

Local government jurisdictions

222
Q

Rational comprehensive method for decision making requires

A
  1. Clarification of values
  2. Consideration of extensive data
  3. Consideration of all relevant factors
223
Q

Sector model

A

Land-use model with pattern of axial growth along lines of least resistance

224
Q

SmartCode Transect

A

Typically contains six zones from Rural to Urban

Historically linked to Geddes’ Valley Section

225
Q

Strategies to help combat climate change

A

GHG reduction
Adaptive reuse
Water conservation

226
Q

Connectivity Index

A

Links/Nodes

227
Q

Big questions addressed by Environmental Impact Statement

A

Purpose of the EIS
Environmental consequences of proposed action
Alternatives to proposed action

228
Q

Power Towns

A

Likely to include anchor department stores with a lifestyle center

229
Q

Washington DC greater mall is an example of

A

City Beautiful

230
Q

Multiplier

A

Metric to forecast resulting economic growth for a specific planning decision

231
Q

Distaster Mitigation Act (2000) requires which hazards to be address to remain eligible for certain federal funds

A

Natural hazards
Man-made hazards
No new development in low-lying environmental sensitive coastal areas

232
Q

Superblock concept associated with

A

Le Corbusier’s Radiant City
Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit
Radburn, New Jersey
Urban renewal public housing projects

233
Q

Utopianism theory linked to works by

A

Le Corbusier
Danial Burnham
Frank Lloyd Wright

234
Q

Harvey Molotch

A

Believe real estate improvements are the most important factor affecting the shape of the city

235
Q

Telecommunications Act (1996)

A

Preempts local regulation of cell tower radio frequency emission effects
Requires zoning decisions be in writing and supported by substantial evidence

236
Q

Oregon Model’s Four Questions

A
  1. Where are we now?
  2. Where are we going?
  3. Where do we want to be?
  4. How do we get here?
237
Q

Staff report three C’s

A

Compliance, consistency, compatibility

238
Q

Dominant land use in the US

A

Agriculture

239
Q

Largest single Native American reservation

A

Navajo (16 million acres)

240
Q

6 key pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act

A 
Nitrogen oxide
Carbon monoxide
Lead
Sulfur dioxide
Ozone
Particulates
241
Q

Man vs Nature (1864) author

A

George Perkins Marsh

Inspired the conservation movement

242
Q

Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the US (1878)

A

John Wesley Powell

Proposal to foster settlement and conserve water in the arid west

243
Q

Sierra Club Founder

A

John Muir

244
Q

Gifford Pinochet

A

First director of the US Forest Service (1905), leader of conservation movement, advocated for both preservation and scientific management of natural resources

245
Q

The Last Landscape Author

A

William H. Whyte

Coined the term greenway

246
Q

Silent Spring (1962) Author

A

Rachel Carson

About the harmful effects of pesticides on animal, plant, and human life

247
Q

When and why was United States Geological Survey (USGS) formed

A

1897

To survey and classify all public domain lands

248
Q

Conservation easement

A

Separates ownership of land from the right to develop that land

249
Q

What is National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

A

Formed in 1972
Authorized by the Clean Water Act, NPDES controls water pollution by regulation of point sources that discharge pollutants into US water bodies
Industrial and municipal polluters must obtain a NPDES permit

250
Q

What is CAFE (1975)

A

Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for light trucks and passenger cars

251
Q

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA 1980)

A

Gave EPA power to seek out those parties responsible for any hazardous releases and assure their cooperation in the cleanup

252
Q

Preservation versus conservation

A

Preservation of wilderness (Muir) versus wise use of natural resources (Pinochet)

253
Q

Average change in size of single family detached homes over past 50 years

A

~1,100 sf to 2,340 sf

254
Q

Average per capita per day water usage

A

50 gallons (could be 120-180 depending on calculation and lawn water usage)

255
Q

R-factor

A

Ability to insulation to keep heat in during the winter and out during the summer, better insulation leads to less energy use

256
Q

Effluent

A

The treated wastewater discharged by sewage treatment plants

257
Q

Moraine

A

Glacial deposit of rock and soil

258
Q

Limnology

A

Study of the chemical, hydrological, biological aspects of lakes and ponds

259
Q

Lacustrine

A

Refers to a lake or lake-like environment, such as a wetland

260
Q

Maximum contaminant level (MCL)

A

Highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water
Nitrates 10 ppm
Flouride 4 ppm

261
Q

First zoning ordinance

A

New York City, 1916

Edward Bassett

262
Q

First national park

A

Yellowstone, 1872

263
Q

First national wildlife refuge

A

Florida, 1903

264
Q

First Historic Preservation Commission

A

New Orleans, 1921

French Quarter

265
Q

First off-street parking regulations

A

Columbus, OH, 1923

266
Q

First limited access highway

A

Bronx River Parkway

267
Q

First national conference on city planning

A

1901?

268
Q

Rational planning model associated with who

A

Myerson and Banfield

aka synoptic

269
Q

Incremental planning associated with who

A

Charles Lindblom

aka humanistic movement

270
Q

Advocacy planning associated with who

A 
Sherry Arnstein (Ladder of Participation, 1969)
Paul Davidoff (Planners as advocates, not neutral technocrats)
aka radical
271
Q

Edge City

A

Suburban cities gaining on older core cities

Joel Garreau, 1991

272
Q

Berman v Parker (1954)

A

Established aesthetics and redevelopment as a valid purpose for exercising eminent domain, public ownership of land not the sole way to promote public purpose

273
Q

Golden v Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo (1972)

A

Growth management, local governments can control growth on basis that adequate public services and facilities are necessary and should proceed additional subdivision development

274
Q

Three sections of the AICP Code of Ethics

A
  1. Aspirational principles (cannot be enforced)
  2. Rules of conduct (must be followed)
  3. Procedures (for handling charges of misconduct)
275
Q

Ethics: Aspirational principles

A
  1. Serve public interest
  2. Seek social justice, work to expand choice and opportunity
  3. Responsibility to clients and employers
  4. Responsibility to the profession
276
Q

Ethics: Rules of conduct

A
  1. Provide adequate, timely, clear, and accurate information
  2. Must not advocate opposing positions
  3. Must not take unfair advantage of a situation
  4. Avoid conflict of interest of appearance thereof
277
Q

Ethics: Procedure

A

Transparency, disclosure, documentation

278
Q

Urbanism as a Way of Life (1938)

A

Louis Wirth
Promoted urbanism as the prevailing way of life in contemporary society, and that density has an effect on people’s behavior

279
Q

Year Endangered Species Act enacted

A

1973

280
Q

Property Administration 41 Act (1949)

A

Used for the disposal of Federal property by the US government

281
Q

Cumulative zoning

A

Older approach to regulating land use, a hierarchical approach in which less intensive uses such as residences are allowed in areas of more intensive use, such as commercial districts

282
Q

Non-cumulative zoning

A

Allows only stated use and not less intensive uses

283
Q

Delphi method

A

Public participation

  1. Identify needs/goals/objectives or alternatives
  2. Establish priorities, group preferences, differences among diverse reference groups
  3. Educating and identifying areas of consensus and disagreement by sharing information
284
Q

Hadacheck v Sebastian (1915)

A

SCOTUS ruled that restricting certain nuisance land uses was a legitimate exercise of police power, upheld ordinance in LA prohibiting operation of brickyard

285
Q

Construction Industrial Association of Sonoma County v City of Petaluma

A

Limit on the number of building permits for single-family homes issued each year, upheld by court of appeals on ground that it sought to preserve small town character and open space and promote growth at an orderly rate

286
Q

Zoning

A

Exercise of police power, which means government’s right to impose regulations to protect public health, safety, and welfare

287
Q

Euclidean zoning

A

Specifies exactly what uses will be allowed in each district and at what level of intensity, does not allow for mix of uses

288
Q

Form-based zoning

A

Regulates size, form, appearance, and placement of buildings and parking rather than the use of the land and the density of development

289
Q

Performance zoning

A

Focuses on the intensity of development that is acceptable and its impact of the environment, does not deal with use but with how development impacts the surrounding area

290
Q

Easement

A

Used to secure a portion of rights associated with a parcel

291
Q

5th Amendment

A

Prohibits the government from taking private property for public use without paying just compensation to the property owner (14th Amendment deals with due process in taking)

292
Q

Ripeness doctrine

A

A claim is ready for judicial review only after a property owner has sought all possible relief through, for example, variance or condemnation procedures

293
Q

Euclid v Ambler (1926)

A

SCOTUS upheld validity of zoning as a legitimate exercise of police power, and emphasized need to separate land uses in order to protect public health, safety, and welfare

294
Q

LA City Council v Taxpayers for Vincent (1984)

A

SCOTUS ruled that LA violated free speech by banning noncommercial signage on public property

295
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A

Provided for the rectangular land survey of the NW Territory

296
Q

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (1924, 1926)

A

Confirmed the states’ authority to delegate police power to municipalities to enact local zoning ordinances, drafted under Secretary of Commerce Hoover

297
Q

Standard City Planning Enabling Act (1928)

A

Outlined powers of municipal planning commissions and required the adoption of a master plan by local governing bodies, provided for establishment of regional planning commissions and regional plans, published by Department of Commerce under Hoover

298
Q

Housing Act (1949)

A

Established the basis for urban renewal

299
Q

Housing Act (1954)

A

Established Section 701 planning grants to local governments

300
Q

Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act (1966)

A

Created Model Cities, focusing on community participation, emphasized social and economic rebuilding of communities rather than physical development

301
Q

Four steps of hazard mitigation planning

A
  1. Mitigation planning, to minimize damage
  2. Preparation planning
  3. Response planning
  4. Recovery planning
302
Q

T-value

A

Tolerable soil loss that, if exceeded, would adversely affect the productivity of the soil

303
Q

Subsidence

A

Gradual sinking of land, sometimes due to excessive groundwater pumping in surface patterns due to urbanization

304
Q

Legal descriptions include

A
  1. US Government Survey
  2. Metes and bounds
  3. Lot, block, and tract
305
Q

Fred French Co v City of New York

A

Introduced concept of planned unit development

306
Q

Which Great Expediter said “If the ends don’t justify the means, then what the hell does?”

A

Robert Moses

307
Q

Amortization

A

The determination of the remaining useful life of a pre-existing non-conforming use

308
Q

George Pullman designed

A

Town of Pullman, IL

Model industrial town

309
Q

A-95 Clearinghouse Review Process was responsible for

A

The creation of regional planning agencies

310
Q

Satisficing

A

Accepting policy options short of maximizing goal attainment, and 100% consensus

311
Q

Transportation Systems Management (TSM)

A

Carpooling and vanpooling incentives
Improved transit service
Staggered work schedules

312
Q

Court case that first established the concept of “public welfare”

A

Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Co

313
Q

First president of ASPO

A

Alfred Bettman

314
Q

Father of City Planning in US

A

Daniel Hudson Burnham

“Plan of Chicago” gave birth to modern city planning

315
Q

Primary purpose of census as indicated in the US Constitution

A

Fair apportionment among the states of seats in the US House of Representatives

316
Q

Zoning Game author

A

Richard Babcock

317
Q

1858 design of Central Park was prepared by

A

Fredrick Olmsted Law Sr. and Calvert Vaux

318
Q

The American Greenbelt towns were built in the 1930s by

A

The Resettlement Administration of the US Department of Agriculture

319
Q

Difference between use of police power and eminent domain in environmental and land use regulation is

A

Eminent domain requires compensation

320
Q

Geometric growth rate

A

Pattern of population change that exhibits a constant rate of change

321
Q

In local government, line positions are

A

Those that provide service to the public

322
Q

Non-IRA Tribe

A

Did not organize under the 1934 Reorganization Act

323
Q

Great Society

A

Implemented under Johnson

324
Q

Empowerment Zone

A

Urban area defined as depressed and made eligible for special government assistance in the form of tax breaks and subsidies for economic development

325
Q

Metes and bounds

A

A system of describing and identifying land by measures and direction from and identifiable point of reference such as a monument, corner of an intersecting street, tree, or other permanent feature

326
Q

Primary difference between variance and other land entitlements

A

The absence of a hardship requirement

327
Q

Modern Housing author

A

Catherine Bauer Wurster

328
Q

The Indian Reorganization Act provided for

A
  1. Native Americans residing on reservations to organize for their common welfare
  2. Native Americans residing on reservations to adopt an appropriate constitution
329
Q

Yellow Book

A

Published by the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) and outlines park and open space standards

330
Q

First statewide zoning system

A

Hawaii, 1978

331
Q

6 theories of planning

A
  1. Rational
  2. Incremental
  3. Transactive
  4. Advocacy
  5. Radical
  6. Communicative
332
Q

Mel Scott

A

Wrote History of City Planning

333
Q

US became urbanized

A

1920s

334
Q

Who led focus on traffic safety

A

Hoover

335
Q

David Kruckenberg

A

Author of Introduction to Planning History

336
Q

Three theories of urban growth

A

Concentric circle, sector, multi-nuclei

337
Q

First year JAPA published

A

1925

338
Q

First major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles

A

San Francisco, 1867

339
Q

First land use zoning restrictions on the location of obnoxious uses

A

San Francisco, 1867

340
Q

First state to pass enabling legislation

A

Wisconsin, 1909

341
Q

Public Lands Commission (1903)

A

Propose rules for land development and management

342
Q

Cores Based Statistical Area (CBSA)

A

Core area containing a substantial population nucleus (at least 10,000) together with adjacent communities having a high degree of social and economic integration

343
Q

Metropolitan Statistical Area

A

A CBSA with at least one urbanized area that has a population of at least 50,000

344
Q

Micropolitan Statistical Area

A

A CBSA with at least one urban cluster that has a population of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000

345
Q

Combined Statistical Area

A

Two or more adjacent CBSAs that have a substantial employment interchange

346
Q

Minor Civil Division (MCD)

A

A census unit that is used in only 29 states and corresponds to the primary governmental or administrative divisions of a county.
MCDs include barrios, boroughs, charter townships, election districts, election precincts, towns, and townships.
Census County Divisions used in the other 21 states

347
Q

Census Designated Places

A

Statistical counterparts of incorporated places

348
Q

Census Tract

A

A small relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county or equivalent entity. Population size between 1,200 and 8,000 people. Optimum size of 4,000 people.

349
Q

Block Groups

A

Statistical divisions of census tracts that are generally defined to contain between 600 and 3,000 people

350
Q

Census Blocks

A

Generally census blocks are small in area but may encompass hundreds of square miles in remote areas. Census blocks nest within all other tabulated census geographic entities and are the basis for all tabulated data

351
Q

Tribal Census Tracts

A

aka Tribal tracts

Defined independently of the standard county-based tract delineation

352
Q

Estimates

A

Calculated for current population levels

353
Q

Projections

A

Calculated for future population levels

354
Q

Forecasts

A

Subjective and apply only to selected populations

355
Q

Migration

A

Movement of people into and out of a given study area

356
Q

Crude birth rate

A

Total number of births per 1,000 people in a total population

357
Q

General fertility rate

A

Total number of babies born per 1,000 females in their childbearing years (typically 15-49)

358
Q

Age-specific fertility rate

A

Total number of babies born per 1,000 females in a given age group (e.g., 20-24)

359
Q

Death rate

A

Total number of deaths per 1,000 people in the total population

360
Q

Migration rate

A

In- and out-migration
Rate calculated by subtracting out- from in-migration, rate itself reflects total net migrants per 1,000 people in population
Positive number means net gain (in)
Negative number mean net loss (out)

361
Q

Longitudinal data

A

Data over time

362
Q

Cohort data

A

Follows age group over time

363
Q

Panel data

A

Follows same individuals in a cohort over time

364
Q

Linear

A

Projections assume that population change will continue at the same numeric increase over the life of the projection, resulting in a straight line

365
Q

Geometric

A

Projections assume the rate of change remains constant, resulting in a curved line

366
Q

Exponential

A

Projections assume population change will change exponentially over time, resulting in a curved line

367
Q

Modified exponential

A

Projections assume population change will change exponentially over time, but the assumption is subject to an absolute cap on the change

368
Q

Gombertz

A

Projections are further modified exponential projections. Used to project a change in direction over time.

369
Q

Ratio method

A

Compares study area to a larger known entity (e.g., city versus state). A good point-in-time comparison as well as comparing relative changes over time.

AICP Exam (1 decks)

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