all Flashcards
William Perry
Adult cognitive development, stresses dualistic thinking common to teens where things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong.
Symbolic schema
Piaget’s theory
- cognitive structure that grows with life experience.
Alfred Binet
French, created the first intelligence test
Lawrence Kholberg
leading theorist in moral development
Kohlberg’s levels of morality
- preconventional (child responds to consequences)
- conventional (wants to meet standards of the family, society, and even the nation) 3. postconventional (universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights)
Lev Vygotsky
disagreed with Piaget’s notion that developmental stages take place naturally. He insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention
Epigenetic
biological term borrowed from embryology that states that each stage emerges from the one before it. Process follows a given order and is systematic.
John B. Watson
father of behaviorism and coined the term behaviorism in 1912
Father of analytic psychology
Jung
Biofeedback
Created by the Menninger Clinic in Kansas
- Technique utilized to help people learn to control bodily processes more effectively
Who coined positive psychology?
Abraham Maslow
- study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, and the ability to love, and happiness,
Erickson’s 8 stages
1 (hope) trust vs mistrust (oral-sensory, birth- 2yrs)
- (will) autonomy vs shame and doubt (muscular-anal, 2-4 yrs)
- (purpose) initiative vs guilt (locomotor-genital, preschool, 4-5)
- (competence) industry vs inferiority (latency, 5-12 yrs)
- (fidelity) identity vs role confustion (adolescence, 13-19 years)
- (love) intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood, 20-24, or 20-39 yrs)
- (care) generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood, 25-64 years)
- (wisdom) ego integrity vs despair (late adulthood, 65-death)
Founder of modern sociology
Emile Durkheim
Albert Bandura
Social learning theory- Children who viewed live or filmed aggression imitated the behavior
Frustration-aggression theory
John Dollard and Neal Miller
- Frustration occurs when a person is blocked so that they cannot reach an intent=ded goad (or the goal is removed)- frustration leads to aggression
In 1920s Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale which evaluated
how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups
father of psychodrama. Coined the term group therapy in 1931
Jacob Moreno
Immediacy
the counselor’s ability to convey what is happening between the counselor and the client
George Gazda 4 types of groups
- psychoeducational
- counseling
- psychotherapy
- task groups
Basic leadership styles
authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire
Speculative leaders
focuses on the here and now
Group roles: Energizer
stimulated enthusiasm
Group roles: Scapegoat
person everyone blames, group members gang up on a single member
Group roles: Gatekeeper
Tries to make certain everyone is doing their task and is participating, often does not work on their personal issues, attempt to establish norms
Group roles: Follower
goes along with the rest of the group, tend to be nonassertive
Group roles: harmonizer
person in a group who tries to make sure that everything is going smoothly
Group roles: Storyteller
monopolizes group time telling stories, often irrelevant tales.
Group stages
- Initial stage
- Transitional stage
- Working stage
- Termination stage
Interpersonal leaders
favor here and now interventions
Intrapersonal leaders
favor/more likely to work in the past
Yolam’s 11 therapeutic factors
- Altruism: giving help to others gives members a sense of well-being, innate goodness
- Universality: not the only one in the world with a particular problem
- Instillation of hope: members expect the group to work
- Catharsis: talking about your difficulties is beneficial
- Group cohesiveness: sense of we-ness, belonging and inclusion
- Imitative behavior: Bandura’s social learning theory suggests we learn by watching others, members copy or model the leader and other members
- Family reenactment: the group helps abet family of origin issues and feelings and the group allows you to work through them
- Imparting information: advice or psychological insights
- Interpersonal learning: members receive feedback regarding how their behavior affects other
- Socialization techniques: feedback and instruction are helpful
- Existential factors: discovering that life can be meaningful even if it seemingly unjust and unfair at times
Carl Rogers
Person-centered
- individual is good and moves toward growth and self actualization
Berne
Transactional Analysis
- Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change the script
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
- Deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts are unsocialized; irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression
Albert Ellis
REBT
- Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
- People have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner, but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently
William Glasser
Reality Therapy
- Individuals strive to meet basic need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs
Fritz Perls
Gestalt
- here and now focused
- people are not bad or good. people have the capacity to govern life effectively as “whole”. People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such
Ethics vs. Law
Ethics: are developed by associations to help members practice in the reputable manner
Law: included in the penal code and often carry more serious consequences
Family Educational Rights Privacy Act (FERPA)
- Enacted in 1974, aka the Buckley Amendment
- created to specify the rights of parents (if child is a minor) and nonminor students to access and examine the educational record, petition to have incorrect information found in the record amended, and ensure that certain info is not released outside agencies without permission
Educational record
any document or information kept by the school relating to a student, such as attendance, achievement, behavior, activities, and assessment
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)
a civil rights law passed to guarantee that students with disabilities receive the services they need to gain the benefits of education
- for children below the age of 21
- need a documented disability
- need an individualized education plan
Culture
the human experience mediated by biological, psychological, historical, and political events.
- includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognition related to our identities living within the world.
Cultural encapsulation
when the counselor does not understand the client’s worldview or cultural identity and thus fails to integrate this information in practice
cultural identity
the degree to which individuals identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories- that is, how the combinations of various cultural group memberships for the client and counselor interact to affect the counseling relationship and the process and outcome of counseling
tripartite model of multicultural counseling
three components: awareness (of values/biases), knowledge (of client’s worldview), and skills (intervention in a culturally appropriate manner)
paralanguage
verbal cues other than words (volume, tempo, pitch, etc)
kinesics
involve postures, body movements, and positions. (could also include facial expressions, eye contact/gazes, and touch)
locus of responsibility
- 1 of 2 intersecting dimensions of worldview
- what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals
locus of control
- 1 of 2 intersecting dimensions of worldview
- degree of control individuals perceive they have over their environment
eugenic movement
method to monitor a person’s inborn characteristics and an attempt to keep the Caucasian race “pure” by directing who could marry or reproduce
Type 2 error
occurs when decision is made to retain the null hypothesis that should have been rejected because the null hypothesis is indeed false
Type 1 error
occurs when a decision is made to reject a null hypothesis when that null hypothesis is in fact true
null hypothesis
- H0
- a statement that “there is no relationship” between IV and DV
institutional review board (IRB)
- any institution receiving federal funding that is studying with human subjects need to be approved by IRB
- even if institution is not federally funded, they should still be approved by IRB (most institutions have their own form of IRB that follow similar guidelines)
common rule
- in code of federal regulations
- outlines policies that guide researchers who use human subjects
- requires these studies need to be approved by the IRB
willowbrook study
- willowbrook, a school for children with mental disabilities, became the setting for researchers interested in studying the effects of hepatitis in a controlled setting.
- parents who wanted to enroll their children signed informed consent that they could inject their children with hepatitis virus
- parents were never informed of their right to decline the injection or were told the long term effects of hepatitis
jewish chronic disease hospital study
both healthy and unhealthy patients were injected with live cancer cells so that researchers could better understand the impact of cancer based on health status
- participants did not give informed consent and were not told that they were being injected with cancer cells
Tuskegee syphilis study
- 1932-1970s
- physicians told 400 African American males with syphilis that they were being treated for “bad blood”
- participant were never told of their diagnosis and when penicillin was discovered as a treatment, the men were not given it
- this study led to the construction of the Belmont Report and hastened the call for informed consent, right to withdraw, and guideline for use of deception
milgram obedience study
- stanley milgram sought to investigate blind obedience and the use of deception without debriefing
- where participants believed they were shocking another person
Belmont report
all research was held to standards that we would consider ethical today
nazi medical war crimes
exploited and deceived prisoners to understand how the human body would react to various conditions
critical/ideological paradigm
- centers on research taking a proactive role and confronting the social structure and conditions facing oppressed or underprivileged groups
- tied to qualitative research
constructivism
- aka interpretivism
there are multiple realities/perspectives for any given phenomenon - truth differs for individuals and Is an internal manifestation
- tied to qualitative research
post-positivism
truth can only be approximated because of inherent errors present when measuring reality
Positivism
- developed in late 17th century
- states that an objective truth exists and can only be understood if directly observable
- truth must be directly measurable
- tied to quantitative research
career salience
the significance a person places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles
clinical interviewing
- evaluative procedure
- structured, semi-structured, unstructured
informal assessment
- evaluative procedure
- observation of behavior, rating scales, classification techniques, records, personal documents
personality assessment
- evaluative procedure
- standardized tests, projective tests, interest inventories
ability assessment
- evaluative procedure
- achievement tests, aptitude tests, intelligence tests
Measurement
the process of defining and estimating the magnitude of human attributes and behavioral expression
test
subset of an assessment and is used to yield data regarding an examinee’s responses to test items
evaluation
making a determination of worth or significance base on the result of a measurement
