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1
Q

What is prevalence

A

Number of actual cases Alive with the disease during a period of time or at a point in time

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2
Q

What is incidence

A

The number of new cases of the disease

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3
Q

Risk model

A

Determines the likelihood of a risk occurring

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4
Q

Latent period

A

Period of delay between exposure of radiation and appearance of disease/cancer

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5
Q

Relative risk

A

The percentage of the probability of incidence due to radiation

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6
Q

Excess relative risk

A

Increase in spontaneous incidence

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7
Q

Absolute risk

A

Predicts specific number of increased adverse affects due to radiation exp above those that are naturally occurring

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8
Q

Excess absolute risk

A

Difference between absolute risk of spontaneous occurrence and absolute risk with exposure to risk factor

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9
Q

What is the biological effect

A

The fact that ionizing radiation produces biological effects on the body- based on evidence from mines, radiation accidents

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10
Q

Radiosensitivity

A

Susceptibility of cells, tissues and organs to the harmful effects of ionizing radiation

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11
Q

Law of bergonie & tribendeau

A

Radiosensitivity is dependant on cell maturity and metabolism

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12
Q

3 physical factors affecting Radiosensitivity

A

Linear energy transfer- rate of ionisation energy transferred from Beam to tissue
Relative biological affectiveness- representation of the affect of high LET
Protractionation + fractionation- delivery of steady dose at low dose, delivery of equal dose over several time periods

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13
Q

Biological factors affecting Radiosensitivity

A
  1. Age- more sensitive at birth
  2. Oxygen- aerobic conditions mean more Radiosensitivity
  3. Recovery- how the cell will recover if not killed by radiation
  4. Chemical agents- radiosensitisers and radioprotectors
  5. Hormesis- hypoth that states that small amounts of radiation have a positive affect on the body
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14
Q

Schotastic vs deterministic effect

A

S- detriment relate to chance, had no threshold

D- detriment not related to chance, will occur once threshold is reached

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15
Q

Acute radiation syndromes

A
  1. Haematologic effect eg anemia 2-10gyt
  2. GI death 10-50gyt
  3. CNS death- 50+gyt
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16
Q

4 phases of ARS

A
  1. Prodromal period- immediate, nausea
  2. Latent phase- no signs
  3. Manifest illness- observation of sickness
  4. Manifestation of death
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17
Q

Meiosis

A

Germ cell reproduction that results in 2 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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18
Q

PMAT

A

Prophase- chromosome prominent due to coiling of chromatid threads
Metaphase- chromosomes meet in the middle + Centromeres duplicate
Anaphase- duplicated chromosomes migrate
Telophase- become elongated chromatin threads, division of cytoplasm

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19
Q

Inheritance

A

A combination of dominant and recessive alleles that combine to make a genetic makeup

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20
Q

Simple vs polygenetic inheritance

A

Simple- dominant inheritance due to dominant allele on set of alleles
Polygenetic- determined by interaction of sever alleles

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21
Q

Stages of foetal development

A

1- preimplantation- fert to day 9

  1. Major organogenesis- weeks 2-8
  2. Feral growth day 50- birth
22
Q

Free radicle

A

An unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outer orbital making it highly reactive: may break bonds to fulfil orbit, has no net charge

23
Q

What is radiolysis of h2o and its products

A

The chemical break down of water due to radiation interacting with it, forming a normal element and an electron. Can recombine to form more FR

  • hydroxyl radical (OH*)
  • hydrogen radical (H*)
  • hydroperoxyl radical (HO2*)
24
Q

Which FR causes more cell damage

A

2/3 caused by hydroxyl

25
Q

How do FR do damage

A

Can become cytotoxic and recombine to form other elements within the atom

26
Q

Key role of DNA

A

Chemical instructions to the body to create proteins that go on to make tissues, organs and chemicals for living organisms

27
Q

Gene

A

A unit of genetic information responsible for cell activity + transmitting hereditary Info

28
Q

4 consequences of double strand break

A
  1. Restitution- strands rejoin no damage
  2. Deletion- loss of part of chromosome
  3. Rearrangement- of broken ends , shape change and rearrangement of genetic material
  4. Rearrangement- of broken ends with no change of shape
29
Q

Chromosome vs chromatid aberration

A

Chromosome- happens before cell division, daughter cells affected
Chromatid- occurs after cell division, one daughter cell affected

30
Q

Point mutation

A

Wrong base pair is created/missing causing mutation (insertion or deletion of base pair) and creates abnormal gene that is passed on

31
Q

3 categories of cell damage due to radiation

A

Lethal- no repair and cell death
Potentially lethal- may repair and depends on environment
Sublethal- cell may repair

32
Q

Early affects of radiation on body

A

Deterministic
Associated with high dose
Cell death almost always occurs

33
Q

Late affects of radiation on the body

A

Schotastic

Associated with low dose

34
Q

3 stages of carcinogenesis

A
  1. Initiation- cell damage causes mutation of genetic makeup if DNA not repaired
  2. Promotion- mutated cell stimulated to grow- rapid and benign Tumour forms
  3. Progression- tumour expands and may become malignant
35
Q

What is radiation protection

A

Protection of staff patients and public from unnecessary radiation- legislations and regulations enforced by government

36
Q

International atomic energy agency

A

to control the radiation exposure of workers patient and public by enforcing laws and administrative measures and having inspectors in force them

37
Q

International commission on radiation protection

A

Aim to prevent cancer and other diseases and effects associated with ionizing radiation. They set 1msv to public and 20msv to radiation workers

38
Q

Radiation safety act 1999

A

Protects persons and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation and harmful non-ionizing radiation. Licensing regime to regulate possession, use and transportation of radiation

39
Q

Possession licence

A

Authorisation required for those wishing to control a source of radiation

40
Q

RSPP

A

Details radiation protection measures that will be conducted by a practice:

  • identifies all radiation related hazards
  • identifies how these hazards will be managed
  • structures/arrangements that will be put in place
41
Q

Leakage radiation and how it is managed

A

Radiation that leaves the housing, SID AND SOD

42
Q

Primary and secondary barrier examples

A

P: lead bonded to concrete brick
S: acrylic, lead, glass, gypsum board

43
Q

Justification, limitation and optimisation

A

J- will more harm result than good?
L- setting radiation dose limits, keeping health risk below certain range
O- minimising health risk, ALARA, only expose if necessary

44
Q

Radiation gas chamber

A

Rad enters chamber, ionization (removal of electron), collected by electrode. Strength of electrons- meter moves

45
Q

Detector ranges

A

RIPGMCD

46
Q

Scintillation detectors

A

More sensitive than gas filled. Light released proportional to radiation entering and brightness matched with LUT. Voltage one is not as accurate

47
Q

Why is personelle monitoring necessary

A

ALARA- clinic and radiographer working safely
In emergencies badge can be used to determine dose released
In emergencies provides documentation

48
Q

Operation of TLD

A

Electrons prefer to be in their stable state, when radiation enters the detector some energy is deposited on the atoms causing electrons to jump to a metas table state and stay there. Electrons continue to be trapped until device is heated and they are released. Light emitted by this - dose

49
Q

AHPRA

A

Australian health practitioner regulation agency: recognises qualifications necessary to practice in the medial radiation profession. Looks at licensing and registration in system as well as delivery of radiation safety

50
Q

ASMIRT

A

Australian society of medical imaging and radiation therapy- guidelines for professional conduct guidance and ensuring that working conditions are sufficient and work practices are adhered to

Radiation Science (2 decks)

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