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10 biology exchange and transport in animals > all > Flashcards

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1
Q

what materials does a cell take in during exchange?

A

oxygen, glucose, amino acids (and other nutrients), water and minerals

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2
Q

what materials does a cell need to get rid of during exchange?

A

waste such as urea and carbon dioxide

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3
Q

what is the surface area:volume ratio?

A

as surface area increases, volume decreases. the LARGER an organism, the SMALLER the SA/V ratio. the size/area of an animals body affects the SA/V. for every one unit of volume inside, there is less SA for material to diffuse into the organism

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4
Q

how can larger organisms exchange materials when they can’t rely on their surface?

A

lungs → alveoli (exchange of oxygen and CO₂)
gut → villi in small intestine (absorption of glucose)
kidneys → nephrons (release of excess water)

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5
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in the capillaries?

A
  • LARGE SURFACE AREA of alveoli walls
  • THIN WALLS (only one cell thick) = short diffusion distance
  • RICH BLOOD SUPPLY that maintains a steep diffusion gradient
  • LINED WITH LIQUID so that they are moist for dissolving gases
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6
Q

what are alveoli?

A

they are tiny air sacks in the lungs which are specialised to maximise the diffusion of oxygen and CO₂

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7
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

diffusion happens faster at higher temperatures

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8
Q

how does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

the steeper/larger the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion

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9
Q

how does the diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

the shorter the distance the molecules have to travel, the faster the rate of diffusion

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10
Q

how does the surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

the larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion

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11
Q

how do you work out the rate of diffusion using Ficks Law?

A

rate of diffusion 𝑎 (surface area x concentration gradient) ➗ thickness of membrane

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12
Q

what are the tests for carbon dioxide?

A
  • limewater : clear → cloudy

- hydrogen carbonate indicator : red → yellow

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13
Q

describe the structure and function of RED BLOOD CELLS (5 points)

A
  • their job is to carry oxygen to all the cells in the body
  • their shape allows maximum surface area for absorbing oxygen
  • they contain haemoglobin which contains lots of iron
  • when mixed with oxygen in the lungs, it becomes oxyhemoglobin
  • they have no nucleus because they don’t need one so this allows more space for haemoglobin
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14
Q

describe the structure and function of WHITE BLOOD CELLS (5 points)

A
  • their main role is to defend against disease
  • they have a big nucleus
  • they get rid of unfamiliar microorganisms
  • they produce antibodies to fight bacteria
  • they produce antitoxins to neutralise the toxins produced bacteria
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15
Q

describe the structure and function of PLASMA

A 
- pale straw coloured liquid 
carries 
-RBC, WBC and platelets
-nutrients such as glucose and amino acids
-carbon dioxide
-urea
-hormones
-antibodies and antitoxins
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16
Q

describe the structure and function of PLATELETS (3 points)

A
  • small fragments of cells
  • no nucleus
  • they help blood to clot at a wound (to stop the entrance of microorganisms)
17
Q

describe the structure and function of ARTERIES (6 points)

A
  • they carry blood AWAY from the heart
  • carry OXYGENATED blood
  • NO VALVES blood has enough pressure from heart
  • THICK MUSCLE to withstand pressure
  • SMALL LUMEN
  • blood flows at a HIGH PRESSURE
18
Q

describe the structure and function of VEINS (6 points)

A
  • carry blood TOWARDS the heart
  • carry DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
  • VALVES to prevent back flow of blood
  • THIN MUSCLE
  • LARGE LUMEN
  • blood flows at a LOW PRESSURE due to the distance from the heart
19
Q

describe the structure and function of CAPILLARIES (6 points)

A
  • in between veins and arteries
  • carry OXYGENATED and DEOXYGENATED blood
  • NO VALVES
  • THIN WALLS (one cell thick : short diffusion distance)
  • TINY VESSELS
  • LOW BLOOD PRESSURE and SLOW SPEED to allow exchange of materials
20
Q

why are the walls of the LEFT VENTRICLE thicker than those of the RIGHT VENTRICLE?

A

the left ventricle has to push blood around the body and the right only has to take it to the lungs

21
Q

what are the ATRIA?

A

smaller, less muscular upper chambers of the heart. they receive blood coming back to the heart from the veins

22
Q

what are the VENTRICLES?

A

larger, more muscular lower chambers of the heart. they pump blood out of the heart

23
Q

what are the coronary arteries and coronary veins?

A

these supply the hearts blood. it provides the muscle tissue with oxygen and glucose for respiration so the tit can contract

24
Q

list in order the chambers and blood vessels when blood passes through them

A

vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → semilunar valve → pulmonary artery

pulmonary vein → left atrium → bicuspid calve → left ventricle → semilunar valve → aorta

25
Q

what is the distance between veins and arteries?

A

arteries carry blood away from the hart whereas veins carry blood towards the heart. arteries have a SMALLER LUMEN but thicker wall muscles. veins have a LARGER LUMEN but thinner wall muscles

26
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A
  • occurs in all living cells, series of chemical reactions that result in the complete breakdown of food
  • it continuously releases energy that is used in metabolic processes
  • some of the energy is released into the air : so it is an exothermic reaction
  • there are two types of cellular respiration: AEROBIC and ANAEROBIC
27
Q

what is the equation for AEROBIC RESPIRATION?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ENERGY

28
Q

describe the process of AEROBIC RESPIRATION?

A
  • a chemical reaction using oxygen to break down glucose to release energy
  • takes place mostly in MITOCHONDRIA
  • takes place ALL THE TIME in plant and animal cells
29
Q

how is the energy released in AEROBIC RESPIRATION used?

A
  • to build larger molecules from smaller ones
  • to allow muscles to contract
  • to maintain a steady body temperature in colder conditions
  • to build up sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids which are then built into proteins
30
Q

what are the effects of exercise during AEROBIC RESPIRATION?

A

exercise in humans causes an increased demand for energy therefore:

  • the heart rate increases
  • increasing the cardio output and increasing the blood flow into the muscles
  • the rate and depth of breathing increases
  • glycogen stored in the muscles is converted back to glucose

these changes increase the supply of glucose and oxygen to the muscles and the removal of carbon dioxide from the muscles

31
Q

what is the equation for ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃ + ENERGY

32
Q

describe the process of ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION?

A
  • if not enough oxygen is reaching the muscles, then energy is produced by anaerobic respiration.
  • in muscles the incomplete breakdown of glucose will cause the build up of LACTIC ACID
  • once the exercise is complete, an OXYGEN DEBT needs to be repaid. the body needs to continue to take extra OXYGEN TO OXIDISE THE LACTIC ACID. the lactic acid is taken to the liver and is eventually recycles back to glucose which requires oxygen.
  • in anaerobic respiration the breakdown of glucose is incomplete. this means that much less energy is released in ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION than in AEROBIC RESPIRATION
33
Q

what is muscle fatigue?

A
  • loss of exercise will result in muscles becoming tired or fatigues and therefore stop contracting properly.
  • a cause of muscle fatigue is lactic acid. blood flowing will remove the lactic acid.
34
Q

what is the equation for ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN PLANTS AND MICROBES?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2CO₂ + 2C₂H₅OH + ENERGY

35
Q

what is ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS?

A

anaerobic respiration in some plants and microbes (e.g. yeast) is also called FERMENTATION

(ethanol is an alcohol)

10 biology exchange and transport in animals (1 decks)

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