Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

hormones and beahaviour > all > Flashcards

all Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two mechanisms in the brain controlling stress in mammals?

A

sympathoadrenmedullary axis - autonomic

hypothalamic piutiary adreno cortical axis - slower resp longer duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the action of the hpa axis in response to stress

A

stress exposure
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus releases crh and avp
travel via the hypothesal portal system to anterior pituitary
a.pit release ACTH
into blood
to adrenal glands which secret glucocorticoids (cortisol) and calecholamins (adrenaline/nora)
there negative feedback to GR and AR in the hippo/hypo/a.pit in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do high levels of GR do to stress response?

A

more negative feedback

suppress response quicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what effect do excess GC have on CNS?

A 
necrosis/aging neurogenesis
morphological changes
synaptic plastcity
neurochem syst 
combined effect on learning and memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the experiments in rodent of maternal behaviour and stress

A

is variation in beahviour
better mother=groom more
offspring better mother lower stress response (CRH mRNA levels and G mRNA level)
better mothers better on morris water maze - better synaptic survival/intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the experiments in rodent maternal beahviour and stress determining whether genetic or non inheritance

A

handle pups = worse mothers groom
handled offspring from bad mothers better groomers to their own offpsirng - e’life inf own mat car
cross foster= bad mum and good foster - low anxiety . good mum bad foster - low anxiety only in bad both - high anxiety - genomic info inv too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the role of NGIF-A and serotonin in maternal behaviour

A

serotonin activate cascade which alters levels of NGIF-A which is a TF
bad mums serotonin level static, no NGIF-A in hippo, methy of GR promoter gene (Nr3cl)
good mum incr serotonin high NGIF-A demthy G gene - incr G expr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe the role of histone modifications on rat maternal behaviour

A

bad mums have low levels of active histon marks H3K9ac and H3K4me, chromatin repressive low G expr as pup =adult-higher cortisterone and anxiety
good mums high H3K9ac and H3K4me, marks, incr GR in hippo as pup,a adult lower anxiety and cortisterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what examples in humans of early life stress imprinting behaviour

A

holocaust - incr risk PTSDManxitey depr

9/11 - beahvioural problems in preschool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 models/hypothesis for stress and behaviour

A

cumulative stress = positive corr adult/e.life
mmismatch - e.life stress=better able to cope mismatch most sever
3d model-env/ind factors/gen background programme sensitvity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

give an example of a genetic polymoprhism influecning adult behaviour

A

monoamine oxidase
inv in serotonin noradrenaline production
ko maoa - more agrr
maoa promoter polymoprhs control maoa activity
low maoa activity in boys at adol and adult antisoc behaviour
(mal treatment not incr risk of boys with high maoa acti)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is ptsd predisposed by hippo size?

A

low hippo size indicater ptsd

twin study low hippo size does predispose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is genomic imprinting

A

epigenetic phenomemnon
genes expr in parent of origin manner
parental origin specific differential gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the mouse experiments that discovered genomic imorinting

A

create a parthenogenic embryo - x2 mat genome
and a androgenic embry x2 pat genome
pg - impair placenta dev
ag - no embryo just extra embryonic tissue
need both parental genomes for deb
pat genome imp in placenta dev
mat genome imp in fetus dev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do the findings that both maternal and paternal genomes suggest

A

that some genomes only from one genome are expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what theories are there for the evolution of imprinted gene and brief explain

A

parental conflict - pat/mat genes have coonflcit interest, mat gene want to reserve resource for future repr output where as pat gene sel favour genes that use resources as in competition / benefit own fitnes
coadaptation - imprint genes act coadaptively to optimise fetal dev and maternal provision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

give an example of a imprinted gene that supports the parental conflict hypothesis

A

Igf2 norm pat expr
pat in placenta extract resources and encourage growth
mat gene codes the igf2r , when igf2 binds - destruction complex reduces the amount igf2
oppose eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

give an example of an imprinted gene that supports the coadaptation hypothesis

A

Peg3
norm oat expr
in mother expr in hypo and regulates maternal behaviour and physiology (milk rel and m.care)
in young inv in suckling
KO - imapirmother behaviour and pup growth
komum Wt young - impair mat care
wt mum and ko pup (plac)- impair plac growth/
both result in delay growht and puberty onset - consequence same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are ICRs

A

imprini=ting control regions
show parental allele specific DNA methy and chromatin mod
act when unmeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

give an example of methylation controlling expression of imprinted gene

A

igf2-h19
female expr - DMD/ has bind sites CTCF, when unmethy CTCF bind and prevent enh act of igf2 =h19 expr
male expr - DMDICR methy , CTCF can’t bind - igf2 expr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what the function Dnmt1

A

enzye in dna methyl mainatenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are hte phenotype of mouse chimeras of AG and PG embryos

A

PG N = large brain, decr body
AG N = small brain big body
suggest again the mat and pat genome have differnet interests regarding allocation of resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is turner syndrome

A

all cells in the body expressing x chr from same parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the differences in cognitive finction depdning on if the X from dad or mum in Turner sydrome

A

Xm = 40% special needs/ 72% social difficulties
soem gene inv in behavior and social cognition are paternally imprint
siggest the primary mech factor contributing to some of hte se diff between the sexes genetic not hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the link autism and imprinting

A

argued disease of imprinted brain
consequence sucess of pat brain and failure of mat
more prevalent in ppl with turner syndrom 5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

chr 15 imprinting genes and behavior

A

location on chr 15 lot of imprinted genes
paternal bias in region results in happy puppet syndrome higher incidence of autism
maternal bias - Prader willi syndrome and more risk psychosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the link of autism and psychosis

A

opposite phenotypes of human cognitions disorders
aut- oergrowth/social cog under dev
psychosis-undergrowth and social cog over dev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what brain parts create the imbalanced adolescent brain

A

amyglada and nucleus acumbes (NAc) are one of the first areas to develop
inv in emotion / reward
later develops is the pre frontal cortex inv in rationale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what sex steroid inhibit the hpg axis in women and men

A

prog andT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where is Kisspeptin found in the brain

A

Arcuate nucleus

AVPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how to Kp neurone in ARc respind to oestrogen

A

negative feedback

to terminal body of the GnRH neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how to Kp neurone in avpv respind to oestrogen

A

positve feedback

to cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what neuropeptides does AVPV GnRH neurone produce

A

kiss1
galanine
tyrosine hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what neuropeptides does ARc GnRH neurone produce

A

kiss
neurokinin
dynorphin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what changes occur around puberty ndicate KP imp

A

incr in kp neurones in hypo and projections to GnRH neurones
incr in Kp tone
incr in GPR54 signal efficieny
incr in sensitivity to the stim effects of KP on GnRH resp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

describe the HPG axis in rodents

A

juveile - an unkown factor activate varies to prod oest - negative feedback and triggers act of HPG act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

describe the chnages to the hpg axis activity in humans

A

infancy Arc GnRH pulse robust, kp release in median eminence into portal circ - lh/fsh rel
juvenile - neruological brake hold arc and gnrh pulse, decr kp rel into me and dec GnRH = hypogonatropic state
pubertal - trigger when break removed and GnRH pulse gen w robust rel of KP in ME react

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are two suggested brakes of the HPG axis in primates

A

GABA - in rhesus moneky incr at low GnRH anddecr when high, GABA antagonist stim GnRH rel
Neuropeptide y neurons in male monkeys, mrna lower in neonat then juv and decr at puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how is Kp shown not to be trigger

A

metabolic distress, ko saves the repr parametters but no improvment inmetabol related indexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what suggests leptin ahs role

A

ko mice = delay puberty when lack of leptin
kiss1 rec in ARc have leptin rec
treatment with leptin partially rescues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the role of kp in preganancy

A

rises throughout preg, x7000 norm by end , fall to norm after delivery - placental source
role in prganancy uncertain
liekly link between the invasive trophoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

roel of kp in lactation

A

lactation inh kp syst
decr responsiveness ti kp by GnRH neurones
inh hpg axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

role of hormones in avpv organisation

A

more kiss in avpv in women

incr t or oest in critical period after nirth masculinse the kiss1 expr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what chnages to hog result in hormonal senescence

A

decr sex steroids
incr kiss1 in arc incr FSH AND LH
alteration in the hormone conc levels decr in sex steroids signalling = firther decr in Gn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how do gonadal hormones influence the adolescent brain

A

sensitise the circuits = inf social bbehav /emotion incentic beahviour
sexual mat/sem dim inf brain structure which effects social behav and emotion incentive behaviour
also T slope inf anxiety/depr attention prob

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

descirbe the mating stucute of gorillas and relate to repr physiology

A

dom male with harrem
mate once every couple years as long preg and lactation
small testis as no sperm comp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

descirbe the mating stucute of chimpanzees and relate to repr physiology

A

promiscuous

female have pronounced oestus swliing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

descirbe the mating stucute of orangs and relate to repr physiology

A

solitary males
and female soverlap territoires
no overt oestrus sign as solitary

49
Q

descirbe the mating stucute of bonobos and relate to repr physiology

A

highly promiscuous
male inherit mums dom status
female overt oestrus sweliing

50
Q

descrbie the functio of the hyoid bone in the howler monkey

A

in males larger
lot of variation in sp in size
the more males in the grooup the smaller the hyoid the larger the testis trend
smaller hyoid - deeper call- better intimidation get more mates - less need fo incr testis

51
Q

what special about the mandril secondary sexual colouring

A

plastic when becoem/lose alpha status develops

52
Q

what is special about the marsupial sex determination

A

have sry like mamals
but also gene dosage imp
one x - scrotum no puch mammary gland
two x no scortum but puch mammary gland

53
Q

what is snakes sex determination

A

zw but not hommo to birds

54
Q

what sex determination in turtles

A

xx xy of much variety and tsd

55
Q

what special abouttwo species of the spiny rat

A 
neither have Y chr nor SRY gene 
cbx2 gene x2 in males 
cbx2 gene imp in repress ovarian dev in rodent/huuman
sp split 2.5mya 
amami 24 autosomal chr
tokunoshuma - 44
56
Q

what special about two species of mole rat sexual determination

A

no Y chr lost sry7

maybe gene translocate to x more work needed

57
Q

what has the red slider shown about tsd and oestrogen

A 
male at low
low temp and switch = female 
low temp and oest or arom= fem
low temp and switch and arom inh - male
oest core component that activates the female pattern of dev
58
Q

what has the european pond turtle shown about temp and enzymes intsd

A

low temp - male mide temp intersex w ovotestis
oest imp, treat w oest male temp - female gonad dev
arom incr at female temp

59
Q

what is the role of Sox9 in sex determination

A

in mammals expr when SRY gene expr lead to prod of sertolic cells
in TSH female temp incr oest and armoatas down reg sox9 vice versa
sox 9 act fgf9 w 1+ feedback
fgf9 also inh wnt4 of female pathway
but wnt4 act also inh sox9/fgf9
female no upreg of sox9 not enough fgf9 to repr wnt 4 =wnt 4 repr sox9/fgf9 = female dev

60
Q

what is the leopard gecko and example of

A

tsd and effect on behaviour
msle between 30-32.5
lower temp males smaller and less agr have less fem access

61
Q

what the central bearded dragon a pot eg of

A

transition between tsd and gsd
have zw syts
but at high temp all zz female

62
Q

what is the gene important in sex determination in birds

A

dmrt1
r doses encode male
ko dmrt1 ZZ male develop ovaries w decr sox9
ko dmrt1 zw norm dev

63
Q

what special about bird ovaries

A

only have L gonad R regresses

64
Q

what does the medullary cord become in the sexes of birds

A

male - seminiferous cord

female - fragment and lacunae

65
Q

what factor controls showy plummage in birds

A

genetics

66
Q

what occurs to the Ra in zebrafinch through the year

A

breed season incr size

decr in non b season

67
Q

what controls the sexual dimorphism of the Ra in zebraficnch

A

at birth exposure to oest - extension of neurones to Ra
if castrtae dim still present - not circulating
oest synth in male brain
birds use locally synthesised oestrogen to differentiate the male brain - gonadal independent

68
Q

what controls seasonal plummage in birds

A 
in breeding season male have plummage 
oest blocks this showy plummage
if ovarectomise females - showy plummage
also in older female birs
inject t no effect
69
Q

what are gynadomorphs

A

male and femal in one bird
show somatic sex determined by genetic not crculating hormones
but can get beahviour as that induced y circulating hormones
even have lateralised HVC support due to local neurosteroid prouction

70
Q

what is the sex determination in the duckbilled platypus

A

male has 5 unpaird copies of 5 diff x like chr and 5 diff y like chr
not homolog to eutherian
closest to chicken z

71
Q

what does the sex xhromosomes in the monotreme suggest

A

that xy of therian mammals recent w

in ladt 160my and not 310 my when the split from the bird was as previously thoought

72
Q

what do monotremes have sort of subsitute of SRY gene

A

have sox3 autosomal

gene dsage suspected in the monotreme

73
Q

what is sexual mimcry?

A

when one sex resemble the other

74
Q

what sexual mimcry features does the hyena have

A

pseudo scrotum made from fused labia
penile clitors and no distal vagina
has no tunica unlike the male as have to be elastic

75
Q

effect of hormones on sexual mimcry in hyena penile citoris

A

little effect of ovariestectomy at 4-7 month on length but decr elastcity in females
aromatase inh in preg result in male penis more elastic and female clitoral hypospadias

76
Q

what problem in mating and birth in hyena

A

mating req coop as female mate through peniform clit
change occur at puberty of enlargin and retractor muscles developing
60cm length pup to travel um cord 12 cm
anoxia common
60% tiem still born
9-18% mother die first born

77
Q

hypothesis for the ev sexual mimcry

A

competition aggression
male infanticide
siblibide
matrilineal

78
Q

does the competition aggression hypo explain sexual mimcry in hyena

A

agr fem more dom better repr succes
any mut selected for
more agr mum more agr pup

79
Q

do horomones expain sexual mimcry in hyenas

A

during preg experience androstenidone
converted to T by enz
mut in aromatase gene
male and femla experience the same amount T
block t in males - fem penis cant mate/brian dimorphic
in females peninfrom forms modified morph thicker and more elastic beeter surv of young
suggest an androgen independent formation although morpho modulateed

80
Q

what evidence is there in hormones and agression in female hyenas

A

alpha female offspirng sons x2.5 more androgen and daugh x2.75
pups are more aggr when exposed to more andro
masc genitalia as a by product of agr incr that facilitate fitness

81
Q

what other animals show sexual mimcry

A

elephants - hypertrophied litoris resembles male penis but not canalised by uretha
european moles -ovotestis ovaries in breeding season and testicular tissue dev in non b also have enlarged peniform clitoris
peniform clit also in 4 sp of new world (but no ovotestis)
spanish mole - ovotesits change due to T level
flat lizard - young male art resemble female

82
Q

summary hyena

A

maternal androgen and ffsprign behav fits link
but block maternal androgen doesnt reverse otype
suggest primary mech at play

83
Q

what does the mullerian duct dev into

A

fallopian tube

84
Q

what experiment showed the testis release something to stimulate wolfian duct

A

jost experiment
transplant testis onto ovary
wolfian duct stim , ovary rel something (T)
also rel MIH , stop the mullerian duct dev triggers its degen

85
Q

what sexual differentiation occurs in the early of mammals

A 
SRY expr in germ cells 
sertoli cells differentiatedwk 7
s cells support germ cells and signal for leydig cell to rel T
T rel from leydig cell, act sex diff
sertoli cell fsh bind rel androgen bip
leydig cell lh bind prod T
86
Q

whats show the xx xy syst has x linked dosage mech

A

xo no follicle germ cell die

87
Q

when is the early embryo got genital diff

A

week 9 (leydig cells act wk8)

88
Q

what ptypoe of male castrate

A

no body hair small penis no androgen

89
Q

what ptype of xxy

A

loe t
small testis
limited b dev and little body hair
no w/m duct no sperm

90
Q

what is the phenotype of xy disgenesis

A 
X linked supr of sRY
under dev fem appearance 
no tesits or ovaries (dev but shrink)
uterus vag norm 
no secondary sexual char as no sex ster
91
Q

what is the phenotype of testicular feminisation

A 
no AR 
big breat no uterues
vagina short and blind end 
no testis descenf
although intact aromatase no masc behaviour (not as imp in himans?)
live as females
92
Q

what are guevedoces deficient in

A

5 a reductase
no DHT in dev
at puberty T rise enough for testis to descend

93
Q

what can the effect of pregnant women androgen

A

virilised baby

congenital adrenal hyperpllasis genetic females can have oheotyp of between male and female

94
Q

what problem can luteoma cause in preganancy

A

secrete androgens cause virilisation

95
Q

what experiments showed that there was some sexual brain differentiation

A

ovary transplant onto eye capsule rat - only fem ovulate

60s piuitary transplatn = no sex diff (suggest thhe diff in hypo

96
Q

describe the lordosis experiment sthat show brain differentiation

A

ovarientomy - no lordosis
ovariectomy then mimic hormone - lordosis (pried by hormonal history)
repeat in male - no effect (sexes brain diff)
expsoe guinea fem to T pren natal then repeat hormone reg = no lordosis
early androgens permenantyl alter brian

97
Q

what ev there that androgen not organise the brain

A

oest more ptent than testo in male brain
inject oest same effect as inject T
radiolabel T end up as radiolabel O

98
Q

what the role of alpha fetal protein

A

protect fetus from mat oestrogen
binds to oest and cant move through placenta barrier - prevents entering the brain and masc
males T bypass this system
KO AFP males no effect female - defem
inject oest can swamp system and artificial can pypass

99
Q

what differnces of SDN POA in the sexes and what causes

A 
in rats 
males bigger
same number of cells derived
but female reduce by apoptosis
inject oest into female wont occur, sensitive d3-d10 post natal after this little effect
100
Q

what differnces of MePD in the sexes and what causes

A

in rats bigger in males medial amyglada
responsive to T throughout life
castrtate decr to fem size in 30 days
x1.5 in males

101
Q

what differnces of AVPV in the sexes and what causes

A

bigger in females
T induced apoptosis in males
T cause AVPV neurone to rel chemoattractant that establish teh sex dimorphic innervation pattern
mice over expr bcl2 anti apoptopic gen decr sex dim in Mepd and AVPV

102
Q

what differnces of HVA AND RAin the sexes and what causes

A

songbirds
bigger in males
canaires treat wiht T incr size
zebra finch RA bigger in breed season oesst expusre makes the neurones reach RA
castrate - no effect (not circ hormones)
treat female hatchling with oest and T masculine the HVC and RA and induce singing
is T induced behaviour
but local neuorsteroid production brain parts dev

103
Q

what anatomical brain diff in the sexes in humans

A

splenium part of caudal corpus callosum more bulbous in fem

104
Q

what the diff in SNB in sexes and what role

A

spinal nucleus of bulbocavernous
present in both male and female at birth
T cause neuroe dev and prevent apoptosis in males
T induce muscles to produce a trophic factor (ciliary neurotrophic factor, CNTF) that preseves muscle nd motor neuron
T spare sSNB secondarilt to prevent apop of he target muscle
no CNTF in male still SNB/ no CNTF rec a subunit no SNB / another factor bind to retain SNB

105
Q

what are the three zone of the hypothalmus

A

lateral medial periventricular

106
Q

where are the neurosecretory cells in the hypo

A

PV

107
Q

what is the hypothalami portal system

A

connect the hypo and a.pit
imp for hormone
has fenestrated cap
hypothesal portal vein connects

108
Q

what role of the posterior piuitary

A

collection of axonal projection
secrete oxytocin and vasopressin
only store hormone no production

109
Q

describe ovotestis

A

bipolar gonads with features of ovaries and testis
testis like region with interstitial tissue and interspersed medullary cords (OIG)
ovarian follicle and OIG At different regions/poles

110
Q

what hapeens to ovotestis in eurpoean mole and what controls this

A

vary seasonally in size and endocrine activity
follicular enlarges at secual maturity and at breeding seasons while interstitial regress
reverse at end
T most from OIG rises outside breed season
phallic length larger in females

111
Q

describe the morphology of the North American moles

A

Broad and Coast moles norm and have peniform clitoris
the phallic length of the broad foot doesnt differ much from males
starnosed - phallic and bipolar ovaries similar
shrew mole intermediate of bipolar and normal and phallic length

112
Q

evidence that genitalia of european mole androgen dependent

A

phallic length males larger than females

treat preg female with T, difference disappper (Godet, 1946

113
Q

what androgen exposure in utero in hyenas

A

androstenidone from maternal ovary is converted to oest and T by plac and transferred to dev fetus

114
Q

what important about observation of penile clitoris formin in hyena at D36

A

prior to differentiation of the ovaries (what mech therefore drives)

115
Q

what the effect of removal of external genitalia (ovarectomy / castration) in hyenas

A

reduces T to v v low
reduces androsteniode to 90%
removal of had little effect on morphology (lenght or number of spines)
non- andro at work?

116
Q

what the effect of pre-natal anti androgens in hyena?

A

male - feminised penis (shorter/thicker/diameter and elasticity of the urethal meatus incr) - alll more sim to the female
Female- clitoris broader and shorter urogenital meatus more elastic/ clitoris broader and shorter/ urogenital meatus more elastic

117
Q

what evidence is there that the creation of the penile citoris in hyena is androgen independent

A

appear before differnetiation of ovary
survive in utero anti androgen treatment
it morpho is unlike androgenised penis

118
Q

what evidence is there that the sex differences male and female genitalia in hyena is dependent on secretions from fetal testis

A

pathways for androgen synth appear in fetal testis before fetal ovaries and conincides with penis dev
anti androgen in utero treatment feminises the penis

119
Q

evidence that the femal penile clitoris of hyenas is androgenised in utero

A

anti androgen treatment in utero feminises the penis more (incr size and elasticity of urogenital meatus and decr length)

hormones and beahaviour (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions