All Flashcards
Stages of grief
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Stress reactions
Acute
Delayed (PTSD)
Cumulative
General adaptation syndrome
- Alarm stage
- Stage of resistance
- Exhaustion
Diseases of concern
HIV/AIDS, Hep B and C, and Tuberculosis
Preventing and dealing with stress
Critical incident stress management (CISM)
Glucose is made:
In the mitochondria (ATP)
Stretcher to use for obese patients
Bariatric
Stretcher to use for a patient with a broken hip
Scoop
Stretcher to use in rough terrain
Basket
A common urgent move is:
Rapid extraction procedure
Position for shock
Supine
What must be present in a negligence case?
- EMT had a duty to act
- Standard of care not provided (breach of duty)
- Harm/damages were direct result of action or inaction by EMT
Year DOT developed EMS standards
1966
NREMT founded
1970
National Emergency Medical Services Systems Act
1973
Established set of standards for EMS systems
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Involuntary transportation is only ok in what cases?
Patient is threat to himself or others
Court ordered
Physician orders including patient wishes for treatment for provide if they become unresponsive or unable to speak
Physician orders for life sustaining treatment
3 R’s of reacting to danger
Reatreat
Radio
Re-evaluate
Pathway of air
NOPELTBBA
Naso/oro pharynx>pharynx>epiglottis>larynx>trachea>bronchi>bronchioles>alveoli
Where has exchange takes place
Alveoli
Movement of gases to and from alveoli
Moves air in and out of body
Ventilation (more the actual MOVEMENT)
Moving gases between cells and blood
Moves O2 to cells and removes CO2
Respiration (at cellular level)
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax. Chest decreases and air flows out of lungs. Passive process. positive pressure pushes air out of the lungs
Exhalation
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, chest cavity expands and air flows into lungs; negative pressure pulls air into lungs (active process )
Inhalation
Divides the chest from the abdominal cavity
Diaphragm
Involuntary muscle found only in heart
Cardiac
Muscles attached to bones that contact on command
Voluntary
Muscle that responds automatically to brain signals
Involuntary (smooth) muscle
Point where two bones meet
Joint
Tissue connecting bones to bones
Ligament
Tissue connecting bone to muscle
Tendon
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Artery (carries oxygenated blood)
Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
Vein (carries deoxygenated blood)
Only veins that carry oxygenated blood
Pulmonary veins (lungs to heart)
Only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary artery (heart to lungs)
Describe the path of blood flow through the heart
Deoxygenated blood comes from the body into the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.
Contracts and pushes through tricuspid valve into right ventricle.
Passes through pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery which sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Re-enters through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. Contracts and pushes into the left ventricle through the mitral (bicuspid) valve.
Exits through the aortic valve, into the aorta where it then goes first to the coronary arteries and then to the rest of the body (systemic)
Blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart
Coronary arteries
Peripheral pulses
Radial, brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis
Pressure created when left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation
Systolic blood pressure
Pressure in arteries when left ventricle is filling
Diastolic
Pressure caused by blood exerting force against blood vessels walls
Blood pressure
Supply of oxygen and removal of wastes from cells and tissues of body as a result of blood flow through capillaries
Perfusion
Inability to adequately circulate blood to supply them with oxygen and nutrients
Hypoperfusion/shock
Sufficient amount of air with sufficient amount of blood
Ventilation perfusion (or V/Q) match
Vital organs
Brain
Lungs
Heart
Kidneys
Inferior part of sternum
Xiphoid process
Top back and sides of skull
Cranium
Voice box/vocal cords
Larynx
Lower portion of larynx
Cricoid cartilage
Smallest kind of artery
Arteriole
Smallest kind of vein
Venule
Thin walled microscopic blood vessels where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body’s cells takes place
Capillary
Transports oxygen: protects against pathogens and promotes clotting to control bleeding
Blood
Fluid portion of blood
Plasma
A pulse is formed when the _____ contracts
Left ventricle
Central pulses
Carotid and femoral
Cary messages from brain to body
Motor nerves
Pick up and transmit info to spinal cord and brain
Sensory nerves
Fight or flight is a response of the __________
Autonomic nervous system
(Can be parasympathetic or sympathetic)-involuntary
“Feed or breed”
Parasympathetic
Synthesizes proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cellular function of converting nutrients into energy
Metabolism
Systems controlling levels of water in the body
Circulatory and renal
Levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body are controlled by the ______ and ______ systems
Respiratory and cardiovascular
Primary function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and to remove waste products from the cells
Cardiopulmonary system
Inhaled air contains mostly
Nitrogen-79%
Open and clear
Patent
Amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one breath
Tidal volume
Amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths per minute
Minute volume (tidal volume x breaths per minute
Gas exchange with the blood stream at the alveoli
Alveolar ventilation
Active process of ventilation
Inhalation
Low oxygen l gels in body tissue
Hypoxia
Sensors that register low oxygen or high carbon dioxide
Chemoreceptors
Sympathetic nervous system stimulates blood vessels to ____
Constrict
Large plasma protein created in the liver
Albumin
Amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction
Stroke volume
Amount of blood returned to the heart prior to the contraction
Preload
Force of contraction
Contractility
How much pressure he heart has to pump against in order to force blood out of the system
Afterload
Low blood volume due to blood loss from severe bleeding or dehydration
Hypovolemic shock
Blood pressure drops because blood vessels lose their ability to maintain a normal diameter
Distributive shock
The heart fails in its ability to pump blood
Cardiogenic shock
Caused by blood being prevented from flowing
Obstructive shock
When the patient is developing shock but the body is still able to maintain perfusion
Compensated shock
When compensatory measures fail. Decreases blood pressure and mental status
Decompensated shock
Cool pale moist skin
Diaphoresis
3 spaces in the body hat make up 69% water
Intracellular-79%
Intravascular-5%
Interstitial-25%
Pushes water out of blood vessel to cells
Hydrostatic pressure
Pulls water from body into bloodstream (albumin is water retaining protein)
Oncotic pressure
Vessels lose ability to constrict which causes uncontrolled dilation
Loss of tone
Pressure inside vessels heart must pump against to pump blood into the body
Systemic Vascular Resistance
Average stroke volume
70mL blood/min
Cardiac output
Stroke volume x beats per minute