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anatomy block 4 part 2 > all > Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Sensory from a portion of external ear

A

General Somatic Afferent (GSA) Facial Nerve

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3
Q

Supposed existence carrying information from sublingual and submandibular glands

A

General Visceral Afferent (GVA)

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4
Q

Inf. Vagal Ganglion

A

SA and GVA Vagus

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5
Q

Supposed existence carrying information from palatine, pharyngeal

A

General Visceral Afferent (GVA from CN 7

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6
Q

Taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and palate

A

SA CN7

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7
Q

Taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

Cranial Nerve IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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8
Q

Sensory from a portion of external ear

A

GSA CN9(GP)

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9
Q

Taste from the epiglottis

A

SA CN10

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10
Q

GSA and SA fibrs

A

solitary tract nucleus

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11
Q

facial motor nucleus

A

CN 7 SVE: motor to muscle of facial expression

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12
Q

SVE: motor to stylopharngeus

A

CN 9

from nucleus ambiguous

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13
Q

SVE: motor to muscles of palate, pharynx

A

CN 10

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14
Q

Inf. GP gnaglion

A

SA and GVA CN9

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15
Q

SVE: motor to muscles of larynx, upper esophagus

A

CN 10

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16
Q

TF SVE fibers of CN9,10 start from

A

nucleus ambiguous

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17
Q

spinal tri nucleus

A

GSA fibers of CN 7 anf CN 9, CN 10 from ext ear

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18
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic fibers innervate thoracic and abdominal viscera

A

CN 10 GVE

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19
Q

Parasympathetic ganglion cell in the wall of the target organ

A

GVE of CN 10

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20
Q

Superior Salivatory Nucleus

A

starts GVE fibers of CN7

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21
Q

Dorsal motor nuc

A

starts GVE fibers of CN 10

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22
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to sublingual and submandibular glands

A

from CN 7 GVE

goes to submandibular gang

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23
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal, nasal palatine and upper pharynx glands

A

from CN 7 GVE

from Pterygopalatine ganglion

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24
Q

Otic gaglion

A

GVE fibers of CN 9

parasympathetic fibers(pre and post ganglionic neurons)

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25
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to parotid gland

A

GVE fibers of CN 9

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26
Q

solitary nucleus

A

starts GVE fibers of CN 9

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27
Q

only has GSE

A

CN 12

hypoglossal

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28
Q

intrinsic tongue ms. • 3 of 4 extrinsic tongue ms.

A

GSE of CN12

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29
Q

Hypoglossal nucleus

A

cell bodies for GSE CN12

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30
Q

tf CN12 GSE fibers will

abduct the tongue

A

F adduct iit

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31
Q

major muscles of int. tongue and ext tongue receive only contralateral input from pre central gyrus

A

corticobulbar fibes innerve the CN 12 cell body in the hypoglossal nucleus

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32
Q

adduct

A

toward midline

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33
Q

LMNL of CN 12

A

tongue to side of lesion

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34
Q

UMNL of coricobulb fibers of CN 12

A

tongue to contralat of lesion

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35
Q

GVE

A

PS innerv

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36
Q

The nucleus ambiguus receives —- cortiocobulbar input, with the majority of this input being —–

A

The nucleus ambiguus receives bilateral cortiocobulbar input, with the majority of this input being contralateral.

CN 9,11

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37
Q

inferior salivatory nucleus receives input from the

A

hypothalamus.

Glossopharyngeal Nerve(cn11)

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38
Q

dorsal motor nucleus receives input from the

A

dorsal motor nucleus receives input from the hypothalamus

GVE of CN10

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39
Q

Cranial Nerve XII emerges from the —— and enters into the —— cranial fossa. and exits the posterior cranial fossa through the ——- canal.

A

Cranial Nerve XII emerges from the brainstem and enters into the posterior cranial fossa. • Cranial Nerve XII exits the posterior cranial fossa through the hypoglossal canal.

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40
Q

Taste receptor cells are also located on the palate and epiglottis.

A

located in the epithelium not in pappilase

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41
Q

Taste receptor are clustered in taste buds,

A

which are mainly assoicated with fungiform and circumvallate/vallate papillae

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42
Q

tf Foliate papillae have tons of taste buds in adults.

A

Foliate papillae have few taste buds in adults.

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43
Q
A
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44
Q
A
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45
Q
A
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46
Q
A
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47
Q

Taste receptor cells are also located on the palate and epiglottis.

A

located in the epithelium not in pappilase

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48
Q

tf Foliate papillae have tons of taste buds in adults.

A

Foliate papillae have few taste buds in adults.

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49
Q

epiglottis

A

SA from CN 10

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50
Q

posterior 1/3 tongue (including vallate papillae)

A

SA from CN-IX:

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51
Q

anterior 2/3 tongue, palate

A

SA from CN-VII:

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52
Q

anterior 2/3 tongue, hard and soft palate

A

GSA from CN 5

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53
Q

at apical end of taste receptor cell and

extend thru taste pore

A

microvilli

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54
Q

epiglottis

A

GVA from CN 10

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55
Q

at apical end of taste receptor cell and

extend thru taste pore

A

microvilli

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56
Q

tf GVA from CN-IX: ant 1/3 tongue, palatine tonsils,larynx

A

GVA from CN-IX: posterior 1/3 tongue, palatine tonsils, pharynx

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57
Q

Taste receptor cells are replaced

A

every 7-10 days

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58
Q

the taste receptor cells release neurotransmitter on afferents

A

of CN VII, CN IX and CN X

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59
Q

Taste receptor are clustered in taste buds,

A

which are mainly assoicated with fungiform and circumvallate/vallate papillae

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60
Q

Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell.

Increase intracellular Ca+2 through voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores.

Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)

Transduction of the signal to the CNS (nucleus solitarius/solitaty nucleus)

Release of transmitter on to peripheral nerve (primary afferent)

A

Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell.

  1. Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)
  2. Increase intracellular Ca+2 through voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores.
  3. Release of transmitter on to peripheral nerve (primary afferent)
  4. Transduction of the signal to the CNS (nucleus solitarius/solitaty nucleus)
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61
Q

Central tegmental tract

A

carries second order neurons of The taste (SA) pathway (ipsilateral)

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62
Q

tf

when the Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell. it hyperpolarizes polarizes receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more negative through several different mechanisms)

A

Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell. 2. Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)

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63
Q

Central tegmental tract

A

carries second order neurons of The taste (SA) pathway (ipsilateral)

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64
Q

voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores

A

help depol taste receptor cell

by inc intracellular Ca+2

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65
Q

The superior aspect of the nucleus solitarius is also referred to

A

The superior aspect of the nucleus solitarius is also referred to as the gustatory nucleus

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66
Q

Transduction of the signal to the CNS

A

from taster receptor cell

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67
Q

insula and the medial surface of the frontal operculum

A

gustatory cortex

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68
Q

The taste (SA) pathway follows

A

ips. course

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69
Q

the taste receptor cells release neurotransmitter on afferents

A

of CN VII, CN IX and CN X

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70
Q

near the base of the central sulcus.

A

gust cortex

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71
Q

Opercula (singular, operculum):

A

the regions of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes located adjacent to the lateral sulcus and overlying the insula

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72
Q
A
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73
Q

—– of olfactory receptor cells extend to the surface of the olfactory epithelium and terminate with a ——–region from which non-motile cilia project.

A

Dendrites of olfactory receptor cells extend to the surface of the olfactory epithelium and terminate with a rounded knoblike-region from which non-motile cilia project.

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74
Q

Cilia

A

extend into the mucus layer and possess receptors for odorant molecules

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75
Q

Taste information is also relayed from the solitary nucleus to retic. formation to regulate

A

salivation and swallowing

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76
Q

Cilia

A

extend into the mucus layer and possess receptors for odorant molecules

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77
Q

—– of olfactory receptor cells extend to the surface of the olfactory epithelium and terminate with a ——–region from which non-motile cilia project.

A

Dendrites of olfactory receptor cells extend to the surface of the olfactory epithelium and terminate with a rounded knoblike-region from which non-motile cilia project.

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78
Q
A
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79
Q

CN 1 SA

A

smell

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80
Q
A

place where the olfactory axons synapse After passing through the cribiform plate

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81
Q

Receptors responsive to different odorant molecules are —– in the olfactory epithelium

A

Receptors responsive to different odorant molecules are intermingled in the olfactory epithelium

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82
Q

CN 1

The only sensory system with no —– relay to the thalamus, though olfactory information will eventually be —–through the thalamus.

A

The only sensory system with no precortical relay to the thalamus, though olfactory information will eventually be processed through the thalamus.

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83
Q

Receptors responsive to different odorant molecules are —– in the olfactory epithelium

A

Receptors responsive to different odorant molecules are intermingled in the olfactory epithelium

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84
Q

At the level of the glomeruli, the axons of olfactory neurons carrying — olfactory information synapse in the — glomerulus.

A

©At the level of the glomeruli, the axons of olfactory neurons carrying similar olfactory information synapse in the same glomerulus.

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85
Q
A

place where the olfactory axons synapse After passing through the cribiform plate

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86
Q

At the level of the glomeruli, the axons of olfactory neurons carrying — olfactory information synapse in the — glomerulus.

A

©At the level of the glomeruli, the axons of olfactory neurons carrying similar olfactory information synapse in the same glomerulus.

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87
Q

The olfactory epithelium is a —– columnar

A

The olfactory epithelium is a pseudostratified columnar

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88
Q

Neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus cross via the —– commissure, to the —— olfactory bulb

A

Neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus cross via the anterior commissure, to the contralateral olfactory bulb

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89
Q

what type of glands are in CN 1 olf ep.

A

Mucous producing glands are also present (Bowman’s glands)

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90
Q

Neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus cross via the —– commissure, to the —— olfactory bulb

A

Neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus cross via the anterior commissure, to the contralateral olfactory bulb

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91
Q

tf taste receptor cells are neurons

A

F

olf receptor cells are neurons tho

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92
Q

The relay through the thalamus occurs after afferents reach the —– —– —– but prior to olfactory info traveling to association cortex (eg. —–)

A

The relay through the thalamus occurs after afferents reach the primary olfactory cortex but prior to olfactory info traveling to association cortex (eg. orbitofrontal cortex

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93
Q

Convergence in the orbitofrontal cortex,

A

from the gustatory, somatosensory, olfactory and visual cortical areas

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94
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

replaced every 1-2 months by basal cells in the olfactory epithelium

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95
Q

Convergence in the orbitofrontal cortex,

A

from the gustatory, somatosensory, olfactory and visual cortical areas

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96
Q

The relay through the thalamus occurs after afferents reach the —– —– —– but prior to olfactory info traveling to association cortex (eg. —–)

A

The relay through the thalamus occurs after afferents reach the primary olfactory cortex but prior to olfactory info traveling to association cortex (eg. orbitofrontal cortex

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97
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory receptor cells/neurons, basal cells and support cells

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98
Q

The taste (SA) pathway follows

A

ips. course

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99
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory receptor cells/neurons, basal cells and support cells

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100
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

replaced every 1-2 months by basal cells in the olfactory epithelium

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101
Q

Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells to

A

olfactory filia to olfactory nerve

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102
Q

Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells

A

pass through the lamina propria

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103
Q

Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells travel through the —— —–(ethmoid bone) and terminate in the —–

A

Theses axons travel through the cribiform plate (ethmoid bone) and terminate in the olfactory bulb.

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104
Q

cribiform plate

A

ethmoid bone

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105
Q

tf CN1 will emerge thru ant cranial fossa

A

T thru cribiform plate

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106
Q

tf taste receptor cells are neurons

A

F

olf receptor cells are neurons tho

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107
Q

tf CN1 will emerge thru ant cranial fossa

A

T thru cribiform plate

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108
Q

Glomeruli respond selectively to — —– that characterize the complex odor.

A

Glomeruli respond selectively to one or two molecules that characterize the complex odor.

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109
Q

tf Odor information is carried along the olfactory tract (axons of mitral and tufted cells) to one areas

A

Odor information is carried along the olfactory tract (axons of mitral and tufted cells) to several areas

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110
Q

cribiform plate

A

ethmoid bone

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111
Q

Mitral Cells and tufted cells

A

also contribute to the glomerulus)

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112
Q

Primary olfactory cortex

A

(piriform cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, anterior parahippocampal gyrus)

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113
Q

which of follwowing areas is not where Olfactory tract fibers terminate

Anterior olfactory nucleus

post olfactory nucleus

Olfactory tubercle

Amygdala

olf. bulb

A

post olfactory nucleus

and olf bulb

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114
Q

tf Odor information is carried along the olfactory tract (axons of mitral and tufted cells) to one areas

A

Odor information is carried along the olfactory tract (axons of mitral and tufted cells) to several areas

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115
Q

ability to discriminate and identify odors

A

Primary Olfactory Cortex

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116
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex

A

is located in the uncus of the temporal lobe

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117
Q

Anterior parahippocampal gyrus

A

Primary Olfactory Cortex

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118
Q

which of follwowing areas is not where Olfactory tract fibers terminate

Anterior olfactory nucleus

post olfactory nucleus

Olfactory tubercle

Amygdala

olf. bulb

A

post olfactory nucleus

and olf bulb

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119
Q

Anterior parahippocampal gyrus

A

Primary Olfactory Cortex

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120
Q

perception of flavor

A

integration in orbitofrontal cortex

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121
Q

Taste-responsive cells of primate amygdala and hypothalamus

A

complex tastemediated behaviors

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122
Q

Hippocampus –

A

concerned with learning associated with feeding

projections from prim olfactory cortex

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123
Q

concerned with feeding behaviors

A

Hypothalamus

(has projections from primary olfactory cortex)

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124
Q

Bilateral lesions in the ventral medial hypothalamus

A

voracious appetite and resulting obesity

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125
Q
A
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126
Q

Bilateral lesions of the ventral lateral hypothalamus

A

failing to feed and wasting

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127
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex

A

is located in the uncus of the temporal lobe

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128
Q
A
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129
Q

Bilateral lesions of the ventral lateral hypothalamus

A

failing to feed and wasting

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130
Q

Bilateral lesions in the ventral medial hypothalamus

A

voracious appetite and resulting obesity

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131
Q

concerned with feeding behaviors

A

Hypothalamus

(has projections from primary olfactory cortex)

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132
Q

Hippocampus –

A

concerned with learning associated with feeding

projections from prim olfactory cortex

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133
Q

Taste-responsive cells of primate amygdala and hypothalamus

A

complex tastemediated behaviors

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134
Q

perception of flavor

A

integration in orbitofrontal cortex

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135
Q

ability to discriminate and identify odors

A

Primary Olfactory Cortex

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136
Q

Primary olfactory cortex

A

(piriform cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, anterior parahippocampal gyrus)

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137
Q

Mitral Cells and tufted cells

A

also contribute to the glomerulus)

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138
Q

Glomeruli respond selectively to — —– that characterize the complex odor.

A

Glomeruli respond selectively to one or two molecules that characterize the complex odor.

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139
Q

Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells travel through the —— —–(ethmoid bone) and terminate in the —–

A

Theses axons travel through the cribiform plate (ethmoid bone) and terminate in the olfactory bulb.

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140
Q

Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells

A

pass through the lamina propria

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141
Q

Unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells to

A

olfactory filia to olfactory nerve

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142
Q

what type of glands are in CN 1 olf ep.

A

Mucous producing glands are also present (Bowman’s glands)

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143
Q

The olfactory epithelium is a —– columnar

A

The olfactory epithelium is a pseudostratified columnar

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144
Q

CN 1

The only sensory system with no —– relay to the thalamus, though olfactory information will eventually be —–through the thalamus.

A

The only sensory system with no precortical relay to the thalamus, though olfactory information will eventually be processed through the thalamus.

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145
Q

CN 1 SA

A

smell

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146
Q

Taste information is also relayed from the solitary nucleus to retic. formation to regulate

A

salivation and swallowing

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147
Q

Opercula (singular, operculum):

A

the regions of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes located adjacent to the lateral sulcus and overlying the insula

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148
Q

near the base of the central sulcus.

A

gust cortex

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149
Q

insula and the medial surface of the frontal operculum

A

gustatory cortex

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150
Q

Transduction of the signal to the CNS

A

from taster receptor cell

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151
Q

The superior aspect of the nucleus solitarius is also referred to

A

The superior aspect of the nucleus solitarius is also referred to as the gustatory nucleus

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152
Q

voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores

A

help depol taste receptor cell

by inc intracellular Ca+2

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153
Q

tf

when the Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell. it hyperpolarizes polarizes receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more negative through several different mechanisms)

A

Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell. 2. Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)

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154
Q

Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell.

Increase intracellular Ca+2 through voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores.

Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)

Transduction of the signal to the CNS (nucleus solitarius/solitaty nucleus)

Release of transmitter on to peripheral nerve (primary afferent)

A

Taste molecule activates the taste receptor cell.

  1. Depolarizing receptor potential (inside of the taste receptor cell become more positive through several different mechanisms)
  2. Increase intracellular Ca+2 through voltage gated Ca+2 channels and via release from internal stores.
  3. Release of transmitter on to peripheral nerve (primary afferent)
  4. Transduction of the signal to the CNS (nucleus solitarius/solitaty nucleus)
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155
Q

Taste receptor cells are replaced

A

every 7-10 days

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156
Q

tf GVA from CN-IX: ant 1/3 tongue, palatine tonsils,larynx

A

GVA from CN-IX: posterior 1/3 tongue, palatine tonsils, pharynx

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157
Q

epiglottis

A

GVA from CN 10

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158
Q

anterior 2/3 tongue, hard and soft palate

A

GSA from CN 5

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159
Q

anterior 2/3 tongue, palate

A

SA from CN-VII:

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160
Q

posterior 1/3 tongue (including vallate papillae)

A

SA from CN-IX:

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161
Q

epiglottis

A

SA from CN 10

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162
Q

The optic nerve is formed by — — — axons

A

The optic nerve is formed by retinal ganglion cell axons

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163
Q

Light travels through the pupil to the back of the eye where the —- is

A

Light travels through the pupil to the back of the eye where the retina

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164
Q

bipolar, horizontal & amacrine cells

A

Inner Nuclear Layer

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165
Q

tf INL is b/n IPL amd OPL

A

T

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166
Q

Ganglion cell axons

A

form optic n.

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167
Q

metabolically supports photoreceptors - absorbs stray light particles

A

RPE

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168
Q

cell bodies of rods and cones

A

Outer Nuclear Layer

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169
Q
A
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170
Q
A
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171
Q
A
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172
Q
A
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173
Q

anatomical and physiologic properties

A

group ganglion cells

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174
Q

M (or Y) ganglion cells

A

largest of the ganglion cells

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175
Q

extensive dendritic arbors and large receptive fields

A

M (or Y) ganglion cells

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176
Q

M or Y ganglion cells are predominantly found in the —– of the retina and mainly receive input from —

A

M or Y ganglion cells are predominantly found in the periphery of the retina and mainly receive input from rods

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177
Q

P (or X ) ganglion cells

A

central retina

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178
Q

The optic nerve exits the orbit, traverses the —– canal and emerges into the —- cranial fossa

A

The optic nerve exits the orbit, traverses the optic canal and emerges into the middle cranial fossa

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179
Q

Optic Nerves

A

(axons of retinal ganglion cells)

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180
Q

input from cones

A

P (or X ) ganglion cells

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181
Q

P (or X ) ganglion cells

A

smaller gang cells

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182
Q

small dendritic arbors and small receptive fields

A

smaller, P (or X ) ganglion cells

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183
Q

variety of receptive field sizes and physiologic responses.

A

W cells (gang cells)

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184
Q

Area of overlap of the two visual fields (purple)

A

binocular vision

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185
Q

partial crossing

A

visual information from the left visual field is conveyed in the right optic tract

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186
Q

goes to left temporal eye

A

nasal right visual field

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187
Q

goes 2 R temporal eye

A

Left nasal visual field

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188
Q

LGN to V1

A

optic radiation

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189
Q

tf optic chiasm to only lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

f also goes to superior colliculus and pretectum

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190
Q

right visual fields

A

use the left LGN

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191
Q

Left optic ract

A

used by right visual field

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192
Q

Area 17

A

Primary Visual Cortex

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193
Q

6 layers

A

LGN

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194
Q

large cells;

eceive information about movement and contrast from M-cells

A

Magnocellular layers

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195
Q

1 and 2 of LGN

A

•Magnocellular layers

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196
Q

Parvocellular layers

A

small cells;

receive information about form and color from P-cell

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197
Q

3-6 of LGN

A

Parvocellular layers

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198
Q

Optic tract fibers are segregated by eye in the

A

LGN

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199
Q

— LGN layers receive fibers from the —— eye and — layers receive fibers from the —— eye

A

Three LGN layers receive fibers from the contralateral eye and 3 layers receive fibers from the ipsilateral eye

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200
Q

the upper visual field contribute to the —- optic radiations, and terminate in the —- aspect of V1

A

the upper visual field contribute to the inferior optic radiations, and terminate in the inferior aspect of V1

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201
Q

calvarian fissure

A

separates upper and lower visual field of V1

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202
Q

ant; post in primary visual cortex

A

Peripheral vision; Central vision

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203
Q

expanded cortical representation

A

Central vision

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204
Q

goes through macula

and has expanded cortical representation

A

Central vision

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205
Q

most area 17 neurons have a preference for input

A

from one eye)(monocular)

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206
Q

Axons from LGN course to the primary visual cortex (area 17) and synapse on

A

layer IV neurons.

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207
Q
A
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208
Q

monocular; binocular

A

Layer IV neurons; Layer II/III, V and VI neurons

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209
Q

simple and complex cell

A

area 17

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210
Q

orientation of a line.

A

simple cell

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211
Q

may be direction sensitive or respond best to a corner, cross or x.

A

Complex cells

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212
Q

Cell column that prefer the same line orientation

A

Orientation Column

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213
Q

Cell clusters that respond to color

A

Color-Sensitive Region

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214
Q

wavelength sensitive

A

Color-Sensitive Region

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215
Q

Cell column that respond to input from either the R or L eye OR in the case of binocular cell, have a strong preference for the R or L eye

A

Ø Ocular Dominance Column

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216
Q

Hypercolumn

A

refer to a set of orientation and ocular dominance columns that receive input from a given point in the visual field

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217
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

projects to extrastriate visual areas where neurons require complex stimuli for maximal activation

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218
Q

Primary visual cortex respond to

A

fundamental aspect of a visual stimulus (orientation, contrast, motion, color, eye of origin)

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219
Q

Dorsal (“M”) Stream

A

where

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220
Q

perception of motion

A

posterior parietal association cortex

(from Dorsal (“M”) Stream)

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221
Q

visual information travels to the inferior temporal association cortex

A

Ventral (“P”) Stream

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222
Q

Ventral (“P”) Stream

A

what

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223
Q

size, shape, color, orientation

A

inferior temporal association cortex

(Ventral (“P”) Stream)

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224
Q

inferior temporal cortex

A

Lesion to V4

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225
Q

Lesion to V1

A

Scotoma (bind spot)

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226
Q

Lesion to V5

A

parietal pathway

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227
Q

tf from the pretectal nucleus travel bilaterally to Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

in Pupillary Light Reflex

A

t

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228
Q

TF in the Pupillary Light Reflex the Temporal optic fibers innervate ipsilateral pretectal area

A

T

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229
Q

achromatopsia

A

color recognition

(Lesion to V4 à inferior temporal cortex)

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230
Q

object recognition

A

(agnosia)

(• Lesion to V4)

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231
Q

face recognition

A

prosapagnosia

(fusiform face area)

(Lesion to V4)

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232
Q

Projections to the superior colliculus play a role in

A

visual orientating reflexes

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233
Q

head to visual stimuli

A

Tectospinal Tract

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234
Q

Tectospinal Tract

A

contralat

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235
Q

sphincter pupillae

A

innervated by Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers

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236
Q

Your patient presents with blindness in the right eye. Where is the lesion?

A

right retina or right optic nerve

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237
Q

bitemporal hemianopia/hemianopsia

A

Hemianopia/hemianopsia - loss of half of a visual field. Bitemporal hemianopia means that there is loss of vision in both the right and left temporal visual fields

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238
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers (travel with CN III)

A

to ciliary ganglion

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239
Q

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

A

Pupillary Light Reflex

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240
Q

right homonymous hemianopsia

A

Lesion to the left optic tract Lesion to the left LGN Lesion to the left optic radiations Complete lesion to the left primary visual cortex (area 17, V1)

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241
Q

papillary light reflex, you shine a light in your patient’s right eye. You note that the right pupil constricts, but the left pupil remains unchanged.

A

left Edinger Westphal nucleus

left CN-III

left ciliary ganglion

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242
Q

Ø Pretectal area bilaterally innervates

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWN)

Pupillary Light Reflex

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243
Q

Fibers from EWN travel to the ipsilateral ciliary ganglion via

A

CN 3

Pupillary Light Reflex

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244
Q

short ciliary nerves

A

Fibers from the ciliary ganglion travel to the ipsilateral eye

Pupillary Light Reflex

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245
Q

pupillary constrictor

A

Pupillary Light Reflex

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246
Q

direct pupillary light reflex

A

Illuminated eye—

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247
Q

—consensual pupillary light reflex

A

ØNon-illuminated eye

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248
Q

Light directed to either eye causes

A

bilateral constriction of the pupils

in Pupillary Light Reflex

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249
Q

Damage to the midline fibers of the optic chiasm may be caused by a

A

pituitary tumor.

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250
Q

right homonymous hemianopia means that there is

A

loss of vision in the right visual field

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251
Q

Vestibular Division on CN 8

A

Responds to movement of the head and the position of the head

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252
Q

Responds to sound

A

Cochlear Division of CN 8

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253
Q

The inner ear structures are embedded within the

A

temporal bone

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254
Q

bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

A

inner ear structures

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255
Q

hair cells

A

membranous labyrinth

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256
Q

correct The bone labyrinth follows most of the contours of the membranous labyrinth

A

 The membranous labyrinth follows most of the contours of the bony labyrinth

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257
Q

Consists of interconnected bony cavities and filled with perilymph

A

Bony Labyrinth

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258
Q

perilymph

A

high na

low in K

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259
Q

membranous ducts within the bony labyrinth

A

Membranous Labyrinth

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260
Q

endolymph

A

(low in Na+ , high in K+ )

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261
Q

endolymph

A

Membranous Labyrinth

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262
Q

eventually reabsorbed

A

endolymph

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263
Q

made by specialized cells in several locations in the membranous labyrinth.

A

endolymph

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264
Q

leaves through a duct, to reach a sac to get to venous systme

A

endolymph

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265
Q

[vertigo, nausea, hearing loss, ringing in the ears

A

obstruction of endolymph flow

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266
Q

rank from ant to post

 Vestibule:

Semicircular Canals: 3 on each side: )

 Ampullae

A

vestibule ampullla semicircular canal

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267
Q

central enlarged region of bony labrynth

A

vestibule

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268
Q

dilation at one end of the each semicircular canals

A

ampulla

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269
Q

function in complimentary pairing

A

L post+ r ant

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270
Q

left horizontal and r. horizontal

A

function in complimentary paring

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271
Q

Saccule:

A

Oriented vertically

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272
Q

located in the bony vestibule

A

utricule sacule

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273
Q

Oriented horizontally (when upright)

A

Utricle:

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274
Q

linear (horizontal) acceleration

A

Utricle

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275
Q

Detect angular acceleration 

Activated with most head movements

A

Semicircular canals

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276
Q

Detects linear (vertical) acceleration (example?)

A

saccule

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277
Q

static head position

A

utricle saccule

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278
Q

Adjacent to the tallest stereocilia

A

the single kinocilium (

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279
Q

project into endolymphatic interior of the membranous labyrinth

A

stereocilia

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280
Q

endolymph

A

surrrounds stereocilia

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281
Q

High intracellular K+ opens

A

voltage gated Ca+2 channels

Neurotransmitter is released (glutamate)

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282
Q

glutamate trigger and triggering CN 8 by

A

steeocilia

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283
Q

moveing toward highest stereocilia

A

Opens the mechanically gated K+ ion channels •

K+ enters the cell •

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284
Q

cupula

A

gelatinous mass hair cells are embedded in

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285
Q

tf cupula only half ways across wall of ampulla

A

f entire way through ampulla wall

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286
Q

neutral position of stereocilia

A

gate partially open

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287
Q

Bending of the stereocilia toward the utricle (—–l canals) activates CN—-axons

A

Bending of the stereocilia toward the utricle (horizontal canals) activates CN-VIII axons

angular acceleration

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288
Q

in ampulla , located within cristae

A

hair cells

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289
Q

hair cells supporting cells

A

crista

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290
Q

moving head to right

A

will make stereocilia move to Kinocilium on the right b/c endolymph moves to left

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291
Q

constant ang velocity when head is moving right

A

endolymph will stay in that direction and activate stereocilia in the other side of the head

when initial angular accel occurs; channels open on the side of hed turn because endolymp in opposit direction of head turn

when on the deceleration the direction changes and points toward Kinocilium on other side of head because it is now traveling indirection of head turn

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292
Q

angular accelration

A

relative difference in movement between head and the endolymph; endolymp pushes against cupula

bending its hair cells

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293
Q

left rotation

A

left left horizontal semicircular canal excited

Increase contraction of the L medial rectus and R lateral rectus

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294
Q

Kinocilium of hair cells are oriented —— utricle in the horizontal canals the (opposite in anterior and posterior canals)

A

Kinocilium of hair cells are oriented toward utricle in the horizontal canals the (opposite in anterior and posterior canals)

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295
Q

if head moves to right then

A

endolymph move to left in Semicircular Canals

inc firing in right semicirculat canals

Angular acc.

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296
Q

Allow fixation on an object even though the head is moving

A

Vestibulo-ocular Reflex

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297
Q

eyes move the direction opposite of the rotation)

A

Vestibulo ocular reflex

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298
Q

connections between the vestibular nucleus

A

and CN III, IV and VI in Vestibulo-ocular Reflex

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299
Q

decrease contraction of the L lateral rectus and R medial rectus

A

With L rotation of head

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300
Q

Oriented horizontally when upright

A

utricle

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301
Q

Oriented vertically when upright

A

sacule

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302
Q

forward - back motions [eg. car] and side-to-side

A

linear (horizontal) acceleration

by urticle

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303
Q

elevator)

A

Detects linear (vertical) acceleration

by saccule

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304
Q

 Provides information about static head position

A

saccule and utricle

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305
Q

maculae(Hair cells (vestibular receptor cells)) on

A

utricle and saccule

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306
Q

within the membranous labyrinth

hair cells and supporting cells

A

maculae of utricle and saccule

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307
Q

embather in otolithic membrane and bathed in endolymph

A

hair cells of the macula

(utricle and saccule)

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308
Q

carbonate crystals called otoconia or otoliths

A

make the otoconial membrane denser than the endolymph

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309
Q

moves with even subtle head movements

A

otolithic membrane

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310
Q

Linear movements

A

induces movement of the otolithic membrane

Input to CNS via cranial nerve VIII

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311
Q

Bending of the stereocilia toward the kinocilium

A

causes depolarization and an increase in firing

in utricle and saccule

312
Q

Hair cells are aligned within the macula

A

along the striola

(utricle and saccule)

313
Q

within internal auditory meatus

A

Vestibular Ganglion

314
Q

Superior, Inferior, Medial and Lateral Vestibular Nuclei

A

bilaterally to Medial (neck) and Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract(SC)

Vestibular Nuclei and their Efferents

315
Q

bilat to To other cranial nerve nuclei

A

Superior, Inferior, Medial and Lateral Vestibular Nuclei

Vestibular Nuclei and their Efferents

316
Q

Superior, Inferior, Medial and Lateral Vestibular Nuclei

A

ips to cerebellum

Vestibular Nuclei and their Efferents

317
Q

Vestibulo ThalamoCortical Pathway

A

lateral and superior vestibular nuclei project to the VPL

318
Q

from the thalamus,

A

the vestibular neurons project to parietal cortex

Vestibulo ThalamoCortical Pathway

319
Q

Cochlear Division of CN 8

A

responds to sounds

320
Q

Vestibular Division of CN 8

A

Responds to position and movement of the head

321
Q

auricle and external auditory canal

A

Structure and Function External Ear

322
Q

conducts sound to the tympanic membrane.

A

ext ear

323
Q

medial boundary of the external ear

A

tympanic membrane

324
Q

Lateral border of middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

325
Q

Medial border of middle ear

A

oval & round windows

petrous part of the temporal bone

326
Q

malleus, incus, stapes

A

Bones of middle ear

327
Q

tensor tympani, stapedius

A

muscles of middle ear

328
Q

Sound induced ——— of the tympanic membrane are transferred along a chain of 3 small bones (——-) to the —–window

Middle ear

A

Sound induced vibrations of the tympanic membrane are transferred along a chain of 3 small bones (ossicles) to the oval window

329
Q

attached to tympanic membrane; attached to oval window

A

malleus vs. stapes

330
Q

types of joints between ossicle bones

A

synovial joints

331
Q

tf tensor tympani

increases the vibration of tympanic membrane via attachment to the incus(CN -V)

Middle Ear

A

tensor tympani

decreases the vibration of tympanic membrane via attachment to the malleus (CN -V)

332
Q

Stapedius

increases the vibration of the stapes via attachment to the malleus

A

Stapedius

decreases the vibration of the stapes via attachment to the stapes

333
Q

protect the ear from excessive vibration

A

tensor tympani and stapedius

334
Q

area of the tympanic membrane is — greater than the stapes attachment at the oval window.

A

area of the tympanic membrane is 15x greater than the stapes attachment at the oval window.

335
Q

attached at oval window

A

stapes

336
Q

differences magnifies the ——- per unit —– of the stapes at the oval window, which is sufficient to move —— within the cochlea.

A

differences magnifies the force per unit area of the stapes at the oval window, which is sufficient to move perilymph within the cochlea.

337
Q

The perilymph within the cochlea moves from the —- window toward the—-window, in the bony cochlea.

A

The perilymph within the cochlea moves from the oval window toward the round window, in the bony cochlea.

338
Q

membranous component of the cochlea

A

auditory receptor cells

deformed by Perilymph movement

339
Q

organ of corti.

A

auditory receptor cells

cochlea

340
Q

cochlear duct

A

Membranous Cochlea

341
Q

has endolymph

A

Membranous Cochlea

342
Q

Filled with perilymph

A

Bony Cochlea

343
Q

Consists of interconnected bony cavities

A

Bony Cochlea

344
Q

(high in Na + , low in K + ); (low in Na + , high in K + )

A

perilymph; endolymph

345
Q

label the blanks

A
346
Q

location of the auditory receptor cells … Hair Cells

A

Membranous Cochlea

347
Q
A
348
Q

Movement of the stapes deflects the membrane at the oval window

Perilymph movement deforms the membranous cochlea duct which contains the organ of corti with its auditory hair cells

This causes displacement of the perilymph within the bony cochlea

A

Movement of the stapes deflects the membrane at the oval window

This causes displacement of the perilymph within the bony cochlea

Perilymph movement deforms the membranous cochlea duct which contains the organ of corti with its auditory hair cells

349
Q

scala media

A

cochlear duct

350
Q

tf cochlear duct is square

A

f

triangular

351
Q

tips of the stereocilia are embedded in the —– membrane (outer hair cells)

A

tips of the stereocilia are embedded in the tectorial membrane (outer hair cells)

352
Q

cochlear apex

A

Relatively flexible , low notes

353
Q

Movement of the —— membrane influences movement of the —— and thus, impacts ——- release

A

Movement of the basilar membrane influences movement of the sterocilia and thus, impacts neurotransmitter (NT) releas

354
Q

release of — will excites CN —–

A

release of NT will excites CN-VIII

(occurs from basilar membrane when stereocilia is moved )

355
Q

cochlear base

A

high notes

Stiff

356
Q

“Tonotopically” organized.

A

Basilar Membrane

357
Q

number of nerve fibers responding

frequency of neuronal firing

A

Coding of Intensity of the sound

(decibals)

358
Q

location of sound

A

Coded within the CNS

CNS compares the timing of sounds reaching the two ears

359
Q

Auditory Pathway

A

majoraity fibers cross to contralateral superior olive

360
Q

cochlear nerve

A

goes to spiral ganglion and then to cochlear nucleus

361
Q

Superior olive is important in localization of sound

A

via the timing and intensity of input

362
Q

lat lemiscus

A

path through which fibers cross to inf colliculus in auditory path

363
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

last nucelus in audiotry pathway before goin to area 41

364
Q

auditory pathway crosings

A

trapezoid bodies

inferior colliculus,

medial geniculate nucleus

and cerebral cortex

365
Q

The trapezoid body (the ventral acoustic stria) is

A

part of the auditory pathway where some of the axons coming from the cochlear nucleus(specifically, the anterior cochlear nucleus) decussate (cross over) to the other side before traveling on to the superior olivary nucleus

366
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

(41/42)

367
Q

antiobiotic

A

destroy hair cells(ototoxic effects)

368
Q
A
369
Q

tf Cerebellum give rise to descending motor pathways.

A

Cerebellum does not give rise to descending motor pathways. Ø

370
Q

tf Damage to the cerebellum or its pathways DOES cause paralysis

A

Damage to the cerebellum or its pathways DOES NOT cause paralysis

371
Q

Input to cerebellum is

A

sensory

372
Q

Output of cerebllum

A

travels to motor structures

373
Q

rate, range, direction or accuracy of motor movements.

A

is disturbed by damage to the cerebellum

374
Q

cerebellum

A

modulates motor output

375
Q

in addition to motor output cerebllum

A

modulates complex behavioral and cognitive functions

376
Q

receives and processes vestibular information

A

flocculonodular lobe

377
Q

nodulus is

A

medial flocculonodular

378
Q

flocculus is

A

flocculus is lateral part of flocculonodular lobe

379
Q

tf flocculonodular lobe is post to post lobe

A

f

ant to it

380
Q

posterior lateral fissure

A

sep flocculonodular lobe and posterior lobe

381
Q

Lateral Hemisphere

A

forms the bulk of the cerebellum

382
Q

Paravermis:

A

Paravermis: R and L zones adjacent to the vermis

383
Q

Molecular layer

A

contains local circuit neurons and abundant axons and dendrites.

384
Q

.Purkinje cell layer (middle layer):

A

formed by a single layer of large neurons called Purkinje cells(PCs)

385
Q

Granular layer (deep layer):

A

composed mainly of small granule cells, but also contains other cell types.

386
Q

t The white matter core of the cerebellum is t

A

he location of the deep white matter cerebellar nuclei (DCN).

387
Q

most medial of deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN)

receives projections from vermis

A

Fastigial nucleus •

388
Q

lateral to fastigial n.

receives projections from paravermis

A

Globose nucleus

389
Q

Emboliform nucleus

A

lateral to globose n

receives projections from paravermis

390
Q

Dentate nucleus

A

• most lateral •

receives projections from lateral hemisphere

391
Q

trunk is represented in

A

the midline region (vermis) of cereblar cortex

392
Q

Label wat is missing on cerebllar cortex

A
393
Q
A
394
Q

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

afferents to cerebellum from spinal cord & medulla.

395
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

o Mainly afferents to cerebellum from pontine nuclei

396
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Mainly efferents from the cerebellum.

397
Q

highly convoluted, forming the cerebellar folia

A

cerebellum

398
Q
A
399
Q
A
400
Q

(1.) cerebellar cortical region (2.) cerebellar nucleus/nuclei

A

Functional systems associated with the cerebellum

401
Q

Buried within the white matter of the cerebellum

A

deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN)

402
Q

primary vestibular afferents and axons of 2nd order neurons from the vestibular nucleus.

A

FN lobe and vermis

403
Q

Purkinje cells in the FN lobe mainly project

A

directly to the vestibular nuclei

404
Q

vermis project to the

A

fastigial nucleus (most) which serves as a relay to the vestibular nucleus.

Vestibulocerebellar System

405
Q

tf body parts are epresented continuously in the cerebllar cortex

A

body parts are not represented continuouslyin the cerebllar cortex

406
Q

fractured somatotopy

A

body part is represented in several locations on cerebellar cortexx

407
Q

The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by – pairs of —– bundles comprised of — and —- axons —– the cerebellum

A

The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by 3 pairs of fiber bundles comprised of afferent and efferent axons to/from the cerebellum

408
Q
A
409
Q

These regions are involved in processing vestibular information

A

Vestibulocerebellum

410
Q

These regions are involved in processing cerebral cortical inputs

A

Cerebrocerebellum

411
Q

These regions are involved in processing proprioceptive inputs

A

Spinocerebellum

412
Q

Axons travel superiorly within the

A

posterior spinocerebellar tract

413
Q

lateral hemisphere and dentate nucleus

A

Cerebrocerebellum

414
Q

flocculonodular lobe,

fastigial nucleus

vermis

A

Vestibulocerebellum

415
Q

vermis, paravermis

globose and emboliform nuclei

A

Spinocerebellum

416
Q

maintaining equilibrium, posture and head position

A

Vestibulocerebellar System

417
Q

uses vestibulospinal tracts

A

Vestibulocerebellar System

418
Q

primary vestibular afferents and axons of 2nd order neurons from the vestibular nucleus.

A

go thru Inferior cerebellar peduncle

419
Q

Vestibulocerebellar System Assists in coordinating eye movements with head movements via

A

connections with the motor nuclei of CN-III, -IV and -VI

420
Q

coordinating eye movements with head movements

of Vestibulocerebellar System

A

Vestibular apparatus (position of head in space) –>

vestibular nucleus –> cerebellum à vestibular nucleus

–> CN III, IV, VI via medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF)

421
Q

medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF)

A

vestibular nucleus sends axons thru MLF to CN III, IV, VI

nuclei

422
Q

axons sent thru MLF to CN III, IV, VI

nuclei

A

bilateral in

Vestibulocerebellar System

423
Q

mooth pursuit

A

allows the eyes to follow a moving stimulus (maintains the stimulus on the fovea)

needs the cerebllum

424
Q

smooth pursuit

Cortical eye fields –>vest nuclei–> Cb –> vestibular nucleus –> CN III, IV, VI nuclei via the MLF

A

Cortical eye fields –> pontine nuclei –> Cb –> vestibular nucleus –> CN III, IV, VI nuclei via the MLF

425
Q

The cerebellum compares the—– ——with the intended movement and ——– the required corrections to maintain —— and proper eye position .

A

The cerebellum compares the vestibular input with the intended movement and “computes” the required corrections to maintain equilibrium and proper eye position .

426
Q

Generalized loss of equilibrium

A

Lesion of the Vestibulocerebellum

427
Q

Impaired ability to coordinating eye movements with head movements

A

Lesion of the Vestibulocerebellum

428
Q

Altered output along medial vestibulospinal tract – Altered output along MLF

A

Lesion of the Vestibulocerebellum

429
Q

Carries proprioceptive information trunk & LEs (T1 and below)

A

tPosterior Spinocerebellar Tract

430
Q

tCuneocerebellar Tract

A

Carries proprioceptive information neck & UEs (rostral to T1)

431
Q

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

A

proprioceptive information and cutaneous information

from receptors with large receptive fields from LEs

432
Q

Carries proprioceptive information from the oral cavity

A

Trigeminocerebellar Tract

433
Q

Propriceptive afferents travel in dorsal column

of Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract and travel to

A

Clarke’ s Column T1 - L2

434
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar tract travels thru

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

435
Q

tf Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract only travel to vermis

A

F vermis and paravermis

436
Q

TF Cuneocerebellar Tract

Axons travel in the dorsal column (fasciculus cuneatus) to med/ internal/ accessory cuneate nucleus

A

Cuneocerebellar Tract

Axons travel in the dorsal column (fasciculus cuneatus) to Lateral/ external/ accessory cuneate nucleus

437
Q

TF Cuneocerebellar Tract uses Clarke’s Column T1 - L2

A

F

438
Q

propriceptive afferents from C1-C8

A

Cuneocerebellar Tract

439
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Cuneocerebellar Tract

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract

440
Q

travels contralat then contralat back to same side

(after ascending)

A

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

441
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

fibers

442
Q

both use Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Cuneocerebellar Tract

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract

443
Q

Primary afferents synapse on spinal border cells (T2-L5)

A

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

444
Q

Trigeminocerebellar Tract

A

Proprioceptive info carried along branches of CN-V (ie. muscles of mastication, periodontal ligament)

445
Q

Proprioceptive info carried along branches of CN-V (ie. muscles of mastication, periodontal ligament) carried to

trigerm. cerebellar tract

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus.

446
Q

Axons from the spinal trigeminal nucleus project to the cerebellum

trigem cereblar tract

A

via the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

447
Q

trigeminoceebellar tract

cerebellum influences motor output by projecting to the

A

trigeminal motor nucleus.

448
Q

This circuit allow the oral motor system to receive —— ——— during mastication

trgemcerebellar tract

A

This circuit allow the oral motor system to receive continual feedback during mastication

449
Q

The cerebellum monitors the —— ——- on muscles of mastication and influences —— output accordingly.

trigem. cerebllar tract

A

The cerebellum monitors the changing demands on muscles of mastication and influences motor output accordingly.

450
Q

(ant post)Spinocerebellar and Trigeminocerebellar Tract

functions

A

After processing proprioceptive information in cerebellum , cerebellar efferents project to motor regions, either directly or indirectly via the thalamus.

allows for adjustment of movement during ongoing movement

451
Q

Functions Spinocerebellar and Trigeminocerebellar Tracts

A

The cerebellum compares the intended movement with the actual movement and “computes” the required corrections.

Efferent projections from the cerebellum corrects the movement

452
Q

Corticospinal tract and Rubrospinal tract

A

act modulate motor output in the Spinocerebellar System in the Proprioceptive afferents responce

453
Q

synapse in red nucleus

A

Rubrospinal tract efferent responce

454
Q

contralateral to the skeletal muscle

A

Corticospinal tract and Rubrospinal tract

(Spinocerebellar System afferent responce)

455
Q

Impaired ability to control axial muscles/ impaired trunk control

A

Lesion of the Spinocerebellum

456
Q

Altered rate, range, accuracy of limb movements

A

Lesion of the Spinocerebellum

457
Q

Dysmetria (overshooting a target)

A

lead to Intention Tremor

in Lesion of the Spinocerebellum

and inLesion to the Cerebrocerebellum

458
Q

Dysmetria

A

Rely on the feed-back

459
Q
A
460
Q

inf olive role in cerebrocellebellar tract

A

recieves input from dentate(from cerebellar hemisphere)

then has to correct and send climbing fibers to lat hemisphere of cerebellum

461
Q

Receives extensive input from the cerebral cortex (via pontine nuclei)

A

cerebellum in the

Cerebrocerebellar System

462
Q

Involved in the planning, initiation, timing and control of motor movements.

A

cerebellum

463
Q

VA/VL

A

recieves neurons from dentate

and sends neurons to motor cortex to modulate activity

464
Q

Pontine nuclei

A

recieves infor fromcerebral cortex and sends info to lateral hemishphere of Cerebelum

465
Q

climbing fibers

A

goes thru Inferior cerebellar peduncle to cerebellum(lat hemisphere)

466
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

carries axons from pontne nucleus to lat cerebellum

467
Q

contralat

A

Corticospinal and Rubrospinal Tracts

468
Q

The cerebellar hemisphere compares the —- movement with the —– movement and “computes” the required corrections for the next time the task is performed.

A

The cerebellar hemisphere compares the intended movement with the actual movement and “computes” the required corrections for the next time the task is performed.

469
Q

—— projections from the cerebellum corrects the movement via the —– tract.

A

Efferent projections from the cerebellum corrects the movement via the corticospinal tract.

470
Q

Studies on non-human primates

reversible cooling in the —– nucleus resulted in delayed —– of movement.

A

reversible cooling in the dentate nucleus resulted in delayed onset/initiation of movement.

Lesion to the Cerebrocerebellum

471
Q

Movement takes place —– rather than being coordinated smoothly

A

Lesion to the Cerebrocerebellum

472
Q

Impaired ability to plan motor movement

A

seen with inactivating the interposed [globos/emboliform] in monkeys

Lesion to the Cerebrocerebellum

473
Q

The basal ganglia (basal nuclei) are a group of —– ——nuclei.

A

The basal ganglia (basal nuclei) are a group of functionally related nuclei.

474
Q

Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)

A

located in diencephalon

475
Q

Dopaminergic neurons

A

are located in dorsal part of the substantia nigra

(cmpact part

476
Q

also located medially in ventral tegmental area.

A

Dopaminergic neurons

477
Q

Substantia Nigra (SN)

Compact Part (SNc) and Reticular Part (SNr)

A

in midbrain

478
Q
A
479
Q
A
480
Q
A
481
Q

dopamine

A

“reward system

482
Q

The substantia nigra (reticular part) functions with the

—–as the output from the —-.

A

The substantia nigra (reticular part) functions with the GPi as the output from the BG.

483
Q

ventral region of continuity btwn caudate and putamen

A

striatum

484
Q

lenticular nucleus

A

putamen

gpe

gpi

485
Q

cognition processes and control of movements.

A

dopamine

486
Q

dopamine

A

enjoyment and pleasure, which reinforces and motivates

487
Q

extrapyramidal system”

A

describes the nuclei and pathways of the BG

termed in 1900 by early 1900s Kinnier Wilson

488
Q

influences motor and non motor sysem

A

basal ganglia

489
Q

A lesion to —- —— of the BG will disrupt movement

A

A lesion to one or more of the BG will disrupt movement

490
Q

Absence of spontaneous movement/ slowness of movement

Inability to inhibit unwanted movements

A

A lesion to one or more of the BG

491
Q

TF BG directly innervate LMNs in the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei;

A

F BG do NOT directly innervate LMNs in the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei;

492
Q

TF lesion to one or more of the BG produce paralysis

A

lesion to one or more of the BG does not produce paralysis

493
Q

tf BG only influence motor actions

A

t BG only influence motor actions

494
Q

Hypokinetic Disorder

A

Parkinson’s Disease

495
Q

loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc

A

Parkinson’s Disease a hypokinetic disease

496
Q

Akinesia/Bradykinesia: without (difficulty initiating) movement/ slowness of movement

A

Hypokinetic Disorder

497
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Rigidity: increase in muscle tone

498
Q

Resting tremor:

A

rhythmic involuntary movement at rest

in Parkinson’s Disease

499
Q

Hypokinetic Disorder like parkinsons dispkay

A

Postural instability

500
Q

Chorea:

A

rapid, abrupt and random movements (limbs, face)

Hyperkinetic Disorders

501
Q

Putamen

A

input from motor and somatosensory cortices

influences motor output.

502
Q

info from limbic cortex, hippocampus and amygdala

A

N. Accumben

503
Q

emotional and behavioral functions.

A

N. Accumbens

504
Q

Athetosis:

A

slow, writhing movements

Hyperkinetic Disorders

505
Q

Hyperkinetic Disorders

A

Types of abnormal involuntary movements

506
Q

Ballism(“ballistic movement ”)

A

:violent, large-amplitude mvmts

hyperkinetic disease

507
Q

Huntington’s Disease (HD

A

progressive degeneration of projection neurons and local circuit neurons in the caudate and putamen.

508
Q

TF in huntington;s disease a Hyperkinetic Disorders;

Neurons that give rise to the indirect pathway are preferentially lost.

A

F Neurons that give rise to the indirect pathway are preferentially lost.

509
Q

extensive —– projections to the striatum;

A

extensive cortical projections to the striatum;

510
Q

recivees info from cortical association areas and has a role in cognitive functions

A

Caudate

511
Q
A
512
Q

cognitive functions

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal Loop:

513
Q

motor output.

A

motor loop

514
Q

Orbitofrontal loop:

A

planning and initiating socially appropriate actions

515
Q

Limbic loop

A

emotional and behavioral functions.

516
Q

Oculomotor loop:

A

control of orientation and gaze.

517
Q

general loop structure

A

Cortex 2 BG 2 Thalamus 2 Cortex

518
Q

Motor Loop

A

putamen of BG(step 2)

519
Q

ventral caudate (C) and n. accumbens(step 2)

A

Orbitofrontal loop

520
Q

nucleus accumbens (A) and other BG nuclei

A

Limbic loop:

521
Q

caudate (C) and other BG

A

Oculomotor loop and Dorsolateral prefrontal Loop:

522
Q

cortical neurons project to the —– where glutamate is released.

A

cortical neurons project to the striatum where glutamate is released.

523
Q

—— neurons in the substantia nigra, ——- project to the striatum

A

Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNc) project to the striatum

524
Q

—– projections provide an important pathway for the modulation of the —– and —— pathways

A

nigrostriatal projections provide an important pathway for the modulation of the direct and indirect pathways

525
Q

Di +

A

Direct pathway: facilitates motor (or cognitive) programs

526
Q

D2, –

A

Indirect pathway: inhibits the execution of competing motor programs

527
Q

Direct pathway by D1 +

A

GPi/ SNr

528
Q

Indirect pathway

A

D2-

–>GPe

529
Q

excited by dopamine and project to Gpi

A

(direct pathway)

530
Q

Striatal neurons with D1 receptors are excited by

A

Striatal neurons with D1 receptors are excited by dopamine

(direct pathway)

531
Q

Striatal neurons with D2 receptors are inhibited

A

Striatal neurons with D2 receptors are inhibited by dopamine

(indirect pathway)

532
Q

project to Gpe

A

Striatal neurons with D2 receptors

533
Q

dopaminergic projections

A

lost in Parkinson’s disease.

534
Q

Increased Activity of the Direct Pathway Occurs in the Presence of

Direct Pathway

A

Glutamate and Dopamine

535
Q

inc GABA in GPi/ SNr from striatum

A

decreased GABA release in the thalamus

Direct path

536
Q

low GABA put in from (GPi/SNr) ; more Glu excreted from

A

thalamus

537
Q

more glu neurons from thalamus

A

more glu neurons from motor cortex(CC)

Direct pathway

538
Q

1.Dopamine released from SN leads to —– of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.

Direct path

A

1.Dopamine released from SN leads to inhibition of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.

539
Q

STN in direct pathwya

A

inc GABA

540
Q

decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

A

caused from 3. Increased GABA levels in STN

(Direct pathway)

541
Q

decreased GABA release into thalamus

A

b/c of Reduced excitation of GPi /SNr-GABAergic neurons

542
Q

tf in the direct path

STN has inc firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

A

STN has decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

543
Q

tf dopaminergic neurons only relased from

A

Snc

544
Q

leff; more ;less

direct path

A

GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe.;

GPe neurons are disinhibited, leading to increased GABA levels in STN

Increased GABA levels in STN causes decrease firing of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

545
Q

Glutamate released from corticostriatal fibers leads to ——–activity of—– neurons projecting from striatum to GPe

indirect path

A

Glutamate released from corticostriatal fibers leads to increased activity of GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe

546
Q

less Glu from STN and less GABA from GBI

A

hyperkinesia

547
Q

more GABA from striatum and GPI/SNR

A

indirect pathway and hyperkinesia

548
Q

inhibition of GPe neurons

A

indirect path

occurs from Activation of GABAergic projections from striatum to GPe

549
Q

disinhibition of glutamatergic neurons projecting from STN to Gpi/ SNr

indirect pathway

A

from Inhibition of GPe neurons

550
Q

Gpi/SNr - GABAergic neurons excited

A

in indirect pathway3

551
Q

inc GABA release in indirect pathway from

A

Striatum

and (GPi/SNr)

552
Q

inhibited glutamatergic projections in indirect path

A

Thalamus (VA,VL)

and motor cortex

553
Q

Increased Activity of the Indirect Pathway

A

presense Glutamate (absence of dopamine)

554
Q

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in SNc

A

Parkinson’s Disease

555
Q

Dopamine inhibits

A

GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPe

556
Q

Dopamine excites

A

GABAergic neurons projecting from striatum to GPi

557
Q

lesion of the subthalamic nucleus

A

resulting hyperkinesia

558
Q

Degeneration of neurons in caudate and putamen

(indirect pathway)

A

Huntington’s Disease/ Huntington’s Chorea

excess movement

559
Q

GABA D2 not stimulated much

A

Huntington’s Chorea

560
Q
A
561
Q

vertebral arteries (R and L)

A

ascend through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebra and enter the cranial cavity via the foramen magnum.

562
Q

internal carotid arteries

A

ascend through the neck to the base of the skull and enter the cranial cavity through the carotid canal.

563
Q

The vertebral arteries contribute to the ——-

circulation

A

The vertebral arteries contribute to the posterior circulation

564
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

, ascend through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebra and enter the cranial cavity via the foramen magnum.

565
Q

pontomedullary junction,

A

the right and left vertebral arteries unite to form the basilar artery.

566
Q

The anterior and posterior spinal arteries

A

arise from the vertebral arteries

567
Q

supply the spinal cord

A

anterior and posterior spinal arteries

568
Q

travel midline spinal cord (

A

Anterior Spinal Artery

569
Q

travel just posterior to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (bilateral)

A

Posterior Spinal Arteries

570
Q

spinal arteries braches from the vertebral artery provide

A

sufficient blood supply to the upper cervical spinal cord levels only.

571
Q

one anterior and two posterior spinal arteries extend —–to supply the spinal cord

A

one anterior and two posterior spinal arteries extend caudally to supply the spinal cord

572
Q

radicular arteries.

A

reinforce anterior and posterior spinal arteries

573
Q

radicular arteries

A

branches off of the posterior intercostal arteries.

574
Q

radicular artery at ~T12 spinal cord level

A

called the great radicular artery

may provide the entire arterial supply for the lumbosacral spinal cord.

575
Q

vertigo and ipsilateral deafness

A

occlusion of internal auditory or labyrinthine artery

576
Q

basilar artery terminates by bifurcating

A

into the two posterior cerebral arteries

577
Q

which of the following isnt a branch of the basilar art

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

pontine arteries

Superior cerebellar artery

internal auditory or labyrinthine artery

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

A

t Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

578
Q

anterior spinal artery, vertebral artery, PICA supply

A

Caudal medulla

579
Q

posterior spinal artery

A

Caudal medulla :

580
Q

pons is mainly supplied by branches of the —–

artery

A

pons is mainly supplied by branches of the basilar artery

581
Q

caudal pontine

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery and

basilar artery

582
Q

rostral pontine levels

A

basilar artery and superior cerebellar artery

583
Q

Most of the midbrain is supplied by the —— —– —- and their branches

A

Most of the midbrain is supplied by the posterior cerebral arteries and their branches

584
Q

Blood supply to the most dorsal aspect of the midbrain arises from the ——- ——- ——-

A

Blood supply to the most dorsal aspect of the midbrain arises from the superior cerebellar artery.

585
Q

Supplies the occipital lobe and medial and inferior surface of the temporal lobe

A

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) territory

587
Q

lesion to post column

A

vibration and position sense

588
Q

lesion to anterolateral pathways

A

pain and temp sense

motor loss

589
Q

lateral medullary syndrome

A

Wallenberg’ s Syndrome

590
Q

ischemia in the territory of the vertebral artery and/or PICA.

A

Wallenberg’s syndrome

592
Q

spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract of wallensurg syndrome

A

contralat body dec. pain and temp sense

593
Q

Spinothalamic tract of wallenburg syndrome

A

contralat body dec pain and temp sense

594
Q

hoarsenss and dysphagia

A

nucleus ambiguous of wallenburg syndrome

595
Q

ipsilateral dec taste

A

nucleus solitary of Wallenburg syndrome

596
Q

descending symp. fibers of wallenburg syndrome

A

ipsilateral horners syndrome

597
Q

inf cerebral peduncle, vestibular nuceli

A

ips ataxia, vertigo, nausea, nystagmus

598
Q

bilateral ventral pons ischemia

A

Locked-in Syndrome

599
Q

narrowing of basilar artery

A

Wallenburg syndrome

600
Q

he/she is only capable of eye movements.

A

Locked-in Syndrome

601
Q

pontomesencephalic reticular formation

A

spared in Locked-in Syndrome

602
Q

Locked-in Syndrome

A

consciousness is spared.

603
Q

only capable of eye movements

A

Locked-in Syndrome

604
Q

by bilateral ventral midbrain ischemia (cerebral peduncles)

A

Locked-in Syndrome

605
Q

secondary to lack of blood flow in the rostral basilar artery

A

Locked-in Syndrome

606
Q

The “Circle of Willis” connects the —– and —–

arterial cerebral circulation

A

The “Circle of Willis” connects the anterior and posterior arterial cerebral circulation

607
Q

©Both ICAs terminate by giving rise to

A

a middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA).

608
Q

Prior to terminating, however, each ICA gives off a .

A

posterior communicating artery

609
Q

posterior communicating arteries project posteriorly to communicate with the

A

posterior cerebral artery (PCA).

610
Q

two ant cerebral art are connected by an anastomosing branch called the

A

anterior communicating artery.

611
Q

not part of circle of willis

A

middle cerebral artery

612
Q

hip and down provided by

A

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

613
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

supply rest of body other than LE

614
Q
A
615
Q

lenticulostriate arteries

A

given off by middle cerebral arteries as they course lateral

616
Q

frequent site of stroke

A

lenticulostriate arteries

617
Q

internal capsule and deep gray matter

A

lenticulostriate arteries

618
Q

formed by tight junctions between the endothelial cells lining CNS capillaries

A

Blood Brain Barrier

619
Q

limit the flow of substances from capillaries into the CNS

A

tight junctions of Blood brain barrier

620
Q

hydrophilic substances such as amino acids and glucose and medications

A

cant cross bbb alone

need carrier

621
Q

Lipid soluble molecules, such as ethanol, nicotine and caffeine

A

cross the BBB,

622
Q

Intermediate meningeal layer

A

Arachnoid

623
Q

Conforms to shape of brain …

does not dip into sulci

Delicate membrane

A

Arachnoid

624
Q

Pia mater

A

Adheres to the brain, following all of its contours

625
Q

Dura mater

A

External Periosteal Layer

Internal Meningeal Layer

626
Q

Internal Meningeal Layer of dura mater

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

627
Q

invaginates along the longitudinal fissure, between the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

628
Q

positioned between the occipital and temporal lobes - and- cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli:

629
Q

External Periosteal Layer

A

Formed by the periosteum which adheres to the internal surface of skull

630
Q

two largest dural reflections are

A

Falx cerebri

©Tentorium cerebelli

633
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

Dural reflections

receive deoxygenated blood

634
Q

conveys deoxygenated blood from cerebral veins to the internal jugular vein

A

dural venous sinus system

635
Q

arrange

venous sinuses –> cerebral arteries capillaries –>internal jugular vein–> cerebral veins

A

cerebral arteries capillaries –> cerebral veins –> venous sinuses –> internal jugular vein

636
Q

diff b/n Cerebral veins and dural venous sinuses

A

typical venous histology vs. dural spaces lined with endothelial cells

637
Q

Potential space between cranium & periosteal layer of dura

A

Epidural space

638
Q

Epidural hemorrhage/ hematoma

A

Most frequently occurs with trauma/skull fracture

639
Q

Epidural hemorrhage/ hematoma

A

Laceration/ tearing of the meningeal artery and

Bleeding into the potential space between the cranium and periosteal layer of dura

640
Q

the periosteal dura encloses the

A

meningeal vessels.

641
Q

subdural space

A

Potential space between the dura and arachnoid

642
Q

Subdural Hemorrhage/ Hematoma

A

secondary to rapid acceleration/deceleration which pulls the brain away from the skull

643
Q

Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monroe)

A

communicates Lateral Ventricles (2) Right Left

to 3rd ventricle

644
Q

communication between 3rd and 4th ventricle

A

Cerebral Aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)

645
Q

tears cerebral veins as they enter the dural sinus

A

Subdural Hemorrhage/ Hematoma

646
Q

subarachnoid space

A

true space that contains blood vessels and CSF

647
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/ Hematoma

A

arterial hemorrhage

648
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/ Hematoma

A

~70% are 2° aneurysm

651
Q

Foramen of Magendie

A

Midline opening in the 4th ventricle

652
Q

Foramen of Luschka

A

Paired openings in the 4th ventricle

653
Q

CSF is made in the —— ——-, it circulates through the ——— and exits the —- ventricle

A

CSF is made in the choroid plexus, it circulates through the ventricles and exits the 4th ventricle

654
Q

As CSF leaves the 4th ventricle, it enters the

A

subarachnoid space.

655
Q

CSF travel to subarachnoid space into the dural venous sinuses

A

via arachnoid granulations

656
Q
A
657
Q

Frontal and Parietal lobes

A

• Attention

658
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Visuospatial

659
Q

Frontal and Temporal Lobes

A

Language

660
Q

• Executive function

A

Frontal Lobes

661
Q

Temporal and Frontal lobes

A

Memory

662
Q

• Area of cortex between frontal and occipital lobes

A

parietal lobe

663
Q

Principle regions of parietal lobe

A

• post-central gyrus • superior parietal lobule • supramarginal gyrus • angular gyrus

665
Q

Processes and integrates somatosensory and visual information

A

parietal lobe

666
Q

parietal lobes

A

Processes sensations

and guidance of movement

667
Q

“Gerstmann’s Syndrome.”

A

• Lesion usually in angular and supramarginal gyri

Left parietal lobe damage

668
Q

• right-left confusion, dysgraphia, dyscalculia

A

“Gerstmann’s Syndrome.”

669
Q

finger agnosia.

A

“Gerstmann’s Syndrome.”

670
Q

Right parietal lobe damage

A

Neglect of contralateral side of body or space

Difficulty making things (constructional apraxia)

671
Q

Denial of deficits (anosagnosia)

A

Right parietal lobe damage

672
Q

• Sensory Thresholds • Prosopagnosia•

A

other symptoms of parietal lobes damage

673
Q

• Inability to locate and recognize parts of the body or self

A

other symptoms of parietal lobes damage

674
Q

• Neglect of visual, auditory and somatosensory stimuli on the side of the body opposite to the lesion

A

Contralateral Neglect

675
Q

defective sensation and perception and

defective attention

A

cause Contralateral Neglect

676
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

below the Sylvian fissure and anterior to occipital cortex

677
Q

Temporal lobe

A

amgydala, limbic cortex, and hippocampus

678
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

auditory and gustatory areas

679
Q

• Inputs from all sensory modalities, parietal and frontal lobes,

A

Temporal Lobe

680
Q

input from ventral visual stream, limbic structures and basal ganglia

A

Temporal Lobe

681
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Temporal Lobe

682
Q

Comprehension of language

A

Wernicke’s area of temporal lobe

683
Q

Processing of auditory input

A

Primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe

684
Q

Learning and memory

A

Hippocampus and Amygdala of Temporal lobe

685
Q

• Lesion in superior temporal gyrus

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

686
Q

• Comprehension of speech is impaired

A

• Comprehension of speech is impaired

Wernicke’s Aphasia

687
Q

Speech is: –

fluent but meaningless (word salad) –

devoid of any content –

neologisms

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

688
Q

Content ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

689
Q

The ability to encode, store, retain, recall and recognize information

A

Memory

690
Q

Memory

A

duration of memories and formation and retrieval of information

691
Q

Four types of memory based on

A

duration of retention

692
Q

Sensory memory •

A

200-500 ms after input is perceived

693
Q

– Working memory •

A

Focuses on the processing of briefly stored information

694
Q

– Short-term memory •

A

Holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

695
Q

Long-term memory •

A

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse

696
Q

Three stages in the formation and retrieval of memory:

A

Encoding storage retrieval

697
Q

• Processing and combining received information

A

encoding

698
Q

• Creation of a permanent record of the encoded information

A

storage

699
Q

• Calling back stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity

Recognition

A

Recall

700
Q

Hippocampus

A

Consolidates memories

701
Q

• Critical structure for explicit memory

A

hippocampus

702
Q

Hippocampus

A

Made permanent before stored elsewhere

703
Q

Hippocampus

A

curved sheet of cortex in the medial temporal lobe

704
Q

Hippocampus

A

Dentate gyrus

Subiculum

CA (cornu ammonis) subfields

705
Q

Entorhinal Cortex (EC)

A

Main input to HC and a target of hippocampal output

706
Q

Hipocampus

A

amygdala to the splenium of the corpus callosum

709
Q

A collection of nuclei located at the anterior end of the hippocampus

A

Amygdala

710
Q

severe anterograde amnesia

A

Bilateral removal of the hippocampus; patient was unable to form new memories of facts or events

711
Q

Bilateral removal of the hippocampus

A

• Past, early memories were intact

712
Q

• Mirror Drawing Task with Case of Patient HM

A

H.M.ʼs performance does improve on this task

BUT Doesnʼt remember ever completing the task

713
Q

Amygdala Sends impulses to hypothalamus for activation of the —- —– —–

A

sympathetic nervous system

714
Q

associating sensory stimuli with appropriate emotion response

and Also involved in sense of smell

A

amygdala

716
Q

Efferents of amygdala

A

project to the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus

717
Q

Visceral inputs, particularly olfactory inputs, are especially prominent

A

to amygdala

718
Q

• Involved in memories of emotional, olfactory and visceral events

A

Amygdala

719
Q

Frontal Lobe; All cortical tissue anterior to

A

central sulcus

722
Q
A
723
Q

Stroke in Hippocampus and/or Amygdala

A

• Profound memory impairments

Impaired ability to determine and identify emotional significance of stimuli or events

724
Q

Stroke in Hippocampus and/or Amygdala

A

• Decreased emotional responses

Decreased responsiveness, aggression, fear, dominance and social interest

725
Q

All neural roads lead to the

A

frontal lobes”

727
Q

motor • premotor • prefrontal

A

functional distinct regions of frontal lobe

728
Q

Motor Movements Speech Production

A

Frontlal Lobe

729
Q

Planning Organizing Problem solving

A

Frontal Lobe

730
Q

Personality Behavior Emotions

A

Frontal Lobe

731
Q

Selective attention

A

Frontal Lobe

732
Q

• Primary motor cortex

A

Controls contralateral side of body • ‘motor homunculus’ •

733
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

voluntary, skilled movements

734
Q

• Premotor cortex

A

• sequencing, timing, and initiation of voluntary movements

735
Q

Brocha’s area of Frontal Lobe

A

speech production

736
Q

Motor and pre-motor cortices of frontal lobe

A

direct control of movements through projections to spinal motor neurons and cranial nerve motor neurons

737
Q

Motor and pre-motor cortices of frontal lobe

A

also projects to basal ganglia

738
Q

lesion to Broca’s Aphasia

A

Inability to speak fluently

Non-fluent speech

Few words, short sentences, many pauses

739
Q

lesion to

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Words produced with effort and sound distorted • Repetition is impaired

740
Q

lesion to Broca’s Aphasia

A

Repetition is impaired •

Comprehension is relatively intact • Awareness of mistakes

741
Q

Prefrontal Cortex: Executive Functions of Frontal Lobe

A

effective and efficient goal-directed behavior; organization of behavior & cognition

742
Q

Prefrontal Cortex of Frontal Lobe

A

Initiating - Inhibiting and Judgment

743
Q
  • Planning and organizing

and problem solving

A

Prefrontal Cortex

744
Q

Selective attention

  • Self-monitoring
A

Prefrontal Cortex

745
Q

Abstract thinking and mental flexibility

A

Prefrontal Cortex:

746
Q

frontal lobe lesion

A

Short-term memory impairment

• Loss of flexible thinking

747
Q

Poor response inhibition

A

Damage to the Frontal Lobe

748
Q

Inappropriate social & sexual behavior

A

Damage to the Frontal Lobe

749
Q

Impaired judgment, abstract thinking, hypothesis testing and planning

A

Damage to the Frontal Lobe

750
Q

• Difficulties using cues and information from the environment to direct, control, or change behavior

A

Damage to the Frontal Lobe

751
Q

Occiptal lobe Separated from parietal and temporal lobes

A

by parieto-occiptal sulcus

752
Q

Primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17,

A

Occipital lobe

753
Q

Posterior pole of cerebral hemispheres

A

Occipital Lobe

754
Q

Dorsal stream of occipital lobe

A

visual information to posterior parietal cortex

755
Q

Dorsal stream of occipital lobe

A

“where”

756
Q

Ventral stream of occipital lobe

A

visual information to inferotemporal cortex

757
Q

Ventral stream of occipital lobe

A

what

758
Q

Can only perceive movement through a compilation of still images as if watching the world through a strobe light

A

Akinetopsia

759
Q

Akinetopsia

A

inability to perceive motion

760
Q

brain damage disrupting input to the dorsal pathway (V5/MT).

A

Akinetopsia

761
Q

Occipital Lobe Dysfunction

A

Visual agnosia, Prosopagnosia,Akinetopsia

762
Q

inability recognize an object

A

Visual agnosia

763
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces including their own

764
Q

Agnosia?

A

• Inability of the brain to process or make use of sensory stimuli

765
Q

Sensory perception of the stimulus is disconnected from memories associated with the stimulus

A

Agnosia

766
Q

strokes, dementia, carbon monoxide poisoning cause

A

Agnosia

767
Q

agnosia not same as

A

blind or deaf

768
Q

Auditory Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize sounds

769
Q

Inability to perceive objects through tactile stimulation

A

Somatosensory Agnosia

770
Q

Difficultly recognizing objects, faces and words

A

Visual agnosia

occipital disfunction

771
Q

Cannot sort pictures or objects into categories and – Cannot name objects

A

Visual agnosia

772
Q

Visual agnosia

Prosopagnosia

Akinetopsia

A

Occipital Lobe Dysfunction

773
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Severe disturbance in the ability to recognize faces

774
Q

Lesions of inferior and medial occipital lobe

A

Prosopagnosia

775
Q

Recognition of facial parts is intact

A

Prosopagnosia

776
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

• Accurate judgments about gender, age and emotion are still intact and can recall detailed information about a specific individual

777
Q

Language is

A

any system for representing and communicating ideas

778
Q

speech

A

particular audible manner of communicating language

779
Q

Broca’s area –

A

production of area

780
Q

Wernicke’s area –

A

Comprehension of language

781
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind Model

A

Neural Basis of Language

782
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind Model

A

Comprehension – Production – Reading

783
Q

When we listen to speech, words are send via pathways to primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus);

A

relayed to Wernicke’s area(Comprehension)

784
Q

Broca’s area

A

holds representations for articulating words –

785
Q

broca’s area(language production)

A

Instructions are sent to facial area of motor cortex -> facial motor neurons in brain stem

786
Q

Reading;Information is sent to visual areas 17, 18 and 19

A

– Goes to angular gyrus -> Wernicke’s area

787
Q

Wada Test

A

Sodium amytal, an anesthetic, is injected into the right or left carotid artery

788
Q

Wada test

If the left hemisphere is put to sleep in people who have language ability in the left hemisphere

A

person cannot speak

789
Q

if right hemisphere is put to sleep, then will be able to speak

with anestiic in left hemisphere

A

person can still talk

790
Q

Identifying Language Areas;

Electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex on left side

A

left side dominance language will be disrupted with electrode stimulation

anatomy block 4 part 2 (1 decks)

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