All

Question 1

Who was the founder of NOLS?

Answer 1

Paul Petzold

Question 2

Founding of Outward Bound

Answer 2

1941

Question 3

Founding of NOLS

Answer 3

1965

Question 4

Yellowstone National Park established

Answer 4

1872

Question 5

Wilderness Education Association

Answer 5

1978

Question 6

Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts

Answer 6

1910-1912

Question 7

NOLS

Answer 7

National
Outdoor
Leadership
School

Question 8

OAE

Answer 8

Outdoor
Adventure
Education

Question 9

EAP

Answer 9

Educational
Adventure
Program

Question 10

GT

Answer 10

Guided

Trips

Question 11

____ can be real or ________ based on the perceptions (including misperceptions) of the participants and the ______ of the situation.

Answer 11

Risk
Perceived
reality

Question 12

It appears that the _______ to take risks is both an ______ aspect of OAE and one often structurally built into ______ activities.

Answer 12

willingness
inherent
adventure

Question 13

F = Pr(Ir*Is)Pc

Answer 13

F = fear
Pr = the perceived risk or consequence
Ir = information required to successfully engage activity
Is = information actually supplied to participant
Pc = perceived competence of the individual

Question 14

Compare/Contrast

NOLS

Answer 14

Leadership
Environmental ethics
Outdoor skills

Question 15

Compare/Contrast

Both

Answer 15

Wilderness
Education
Expedition

Question 16

Compare/Contrast

Outward Bound

Answer 16

Character Development

Teamwork

Question 17

Summarize the value of guided trips.

Answer 17

Guided trips cater to many different types of people because they can be simple to very technical. They promote team building, trust, personal growth, maturity, and decision making.

Question 18

Differentiate between leisure and recreation.

Answer 18

.

Question 19

As an OAE leader you want to plan activities that are in everyone’s best interest in regards to the right levels of RISK and COMPETENCE. Draw a diagram that illustrates how Risk and Competence relate and what the results are of an activity with too high of risk and another with too high of competence.

Answer 19

.

Question 20

Define OAE

Answer 20

“Education that focuses on the development of interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships while participating in outdoor activities that include attributes of risk and challenge” (Wagstaff and Attain, 2009,P.15) (Fill in the blank with words “Interpersonal” and “intrapersonal”)

Question 21

Key components of OAE

Answer 21

Setting, Set of activities, Instructional staff, processing and facilitation, personal meaning

Question 22

List founders of NOLS and Outward Bound (Multiple choice)

Answer 22

NOLS: Paul Petzoldt

Outward Bound: Kurt Hahn, Lawrence Holt

Question 23

Key values for NOLS and Outward Bound

Answer 23

NOLS: Wilderness, education, leadership, safety, community, excellence
Outward Bound: Compassion, Integrity, Excellence, Inclusion and diversity

Question 24

4 phases of adventure progression (Fill in the blank)

Answer 24

1. The participant imagines an activity and considers pursuing it: Anticipation
2. This often exciting and educational phase involves preparation, gathering information, and making arrangements: planning
3. This phase involves actually performing the activity or engaging in the experience. This phase extends from the time of departure to the time of return: participation
4. In this phase the tale gets retold. This phase often involves memories, photographs, mementos, videos and artifacts. Perhaps most important from the perspective of OAE, there is no time limit on this phase-it can last a lifetime: recollection.

Question 25

Compare OAE, Outdoor recreation and guided trips

Answer 25

Outdoor adventure education always has components of education, personal development and growth, risk management and often involves reflection that helps the participants process what they have learned and how to apply it to their day-to-day experience. Outdoor recreation involves being outside mainly for leisure purposes, and not really focusing on the learning or development of the participants, however often that takes place as a result. Guided trips can certainly be a part of outdoor adventure recreation, however they are often facilitated and can involve less risk, learning, and personal development for the participants. For guided trips, the participants often do not take the same leadership roles that they would step up to in outdoor adventure education, and do not always have the same outcomes. Guided trips can have the educational part of outdoor adventure recreation, but are often lacking in quite as much adventure. Outdoor recreation is often missing the critical educational part of outdoor experiences, outdoor recreation often does not have the same reflective process that is so critical to the learning that takes place in outdoor adventure education settings.

Question 26

Summarize Roman/Greek influence on outdoor adventure education/outdoor recreation

Answer 26

Early greeks and Romans would travel mostly for the sake of necessity, finding new places, resources, and claiming new land. They were also some of the first to start what we would consider outdoor education today. They trained their youth (particularly boys) in climbing mountains and other outdoor activities, mostly in preparation for war. However, they were also the first to begin to use outdoor activities for a recreational purpose.

Question 27

Compare/Contrast stress and fear and the pros and cons of each in OAE. How are they different? How are they similar?

Answer 27

• Fear: Refers generally to an unpleasant emotion caused by a belief that danger, pain, or threat might be imminent. Dozier calls fear the quintessential human emotion because no one escapes the experience of fear.
• Stress: a psychological and physical response of the body that occurs whenever we must adapt to a changing or threatening situation. It is often difficult to define stress because of the complexity of people with different backgrounds, perceptions, skill levels, and other factors. Some researchers also distinguish dustless (good or helpful stress) from distress (bad or harmful stress).

Question 28

You are given the task of leading a group of a dozen middle schoolers on a 3-day, two night trip in the backcountry. The Outcomes of the trip should involve a stronger sense of community the group, a broader knowledge of their environment, and a sense of accomplishment. How would you design this trip? What would you want to keep in mind?

Answer 28

This question could be answered in a variety of ways, but this is how I would answer it.
Things to keep in mind: The group safety, group dynamic, and the individual and group needs. Logistics: Timing, food, comfort, where you will be staying each night, how you will be preparing food, where your water supply will be, bathroom needs, potential weather conditions, and the supplies will be needed for each of these variables.
The trip should include a challenge, but one that the leader is comfortable and confident in leading. You could potentially add some team-building exercises before you go, but a stronger sense of community will likely come from simply spending time camping together. You could implement some debrief at the end of each day to summarize the learning that has occurred and get a better sense of the group dynamic. The trip could involve a peak climb, or a trip from point “A” to Point “B” instead of hiking to a camping site, staying two nights, and then hiking back out. At normal breaks in the day (Water, lunch, etc) take the opportunity to learn or share information about the environment, a short lesson on the trees in the area, glaciers, or the history of the trail you are traveling on (Do some research before you go). Keeping in mind on the trip that the outcomes are a stronger sense of community, broader knowledge of the environment, and a sense of accomplishment, it is also important to remember that safety and the participants’ well-being should be a primary concern.

Question 29

What are three of the five components of the OAE experience?

Answer 29

Setting, activities, instructional staff, processing & facilitating, and personal meaning.

Question 30

How much money has Outdoor Recreation produced in the US?

Answer 30

$650 billion

Question 31

What are some roles of instructional staff?

Answer 31

Planning, coordination, logistics, coach, instructor, mentor, and risk managers.

Question 32

Who founded NOLS?

Answer 32

Paul Petzoldt

Question 33

Skill / Concept:

Define leisure. Give one example of what leisure looks like:

Answer 33

To be permitted to abstain from occupation or service. An example could be rock climbing, but there’s other things happening other than the climbing itself. This time of leisure is about changing the way people think about themselves and aiding them to gain confidence.

Question 34

Skill / Concept:

What caused the first adventurers to want to explore, and what drives adventurers in present day?

Answer 34

Explorations for wealth, to claim land, to spread religion, or science. Today they explore to grow personally, for therapy, rehabilitation, or experiencing nature.

Question 35

Strategic Thinking:

Name and explain the four things quality programming includes:

Answer 35

Freedom/ choice is allowing choice for the level of challenge, decision making, and the activity. Autotelic is an experience that isn’t reliant on a future outcome or product. Competence is the ability or opportunity for an individual to show mastery or success through self-reliance on one’s own skills. Optimal arousal is the appealing nature of an activity through its complexity and drive to push one out of their comfort zone.

Question 36

Recall & Reproduction:

In terms of OAE, what is adventure?

Answer 36

(Pursuit in an outdoor setting within an educational context)

Question 37

Pick the 4 correct criteria of Outdoor Education.

a. uncertainty of outcome
b. compelling tasks related to intrapersonal relationships
c. begins with uncertainty and ends with enjoyment
d. search for excellence
e. challenging task that is hard for group members to complete
f. Involves learning to cook outdoors in order to become self sufficient
g. At least one participant must cry

Answer 37

Correct answer: a,b,c,d

Question 38

What is the purpose of instructors in OAE?

a. To run and maintain the experience
b. Watching over or “safeguarding the adventure
c. Reducing the effects of the outside environment
d. All of the above

Answer 38

d

Question 39

____________ and _____________ are two of the most well-known formalized schools of Outdoor Education.

Answer 39

NOLS and Outward Bound

Question 40

What quality of an OE program does “an experience that has a purpose within itself and is not dependent on a future outcome or product. Intrinsic motivation.” define?

a. freedom/choice
b. Autotelic
c. Competence
d. Optimal arousal

Answer 40

b

Question 41

Skill or Concept

1. Summarize the change in motivations of early adventurers and those engaging in outdoor adventure activities today.

Answer 41

Answer: The early explorers were extrinsically motivated. They explored because they want to gain wealth such as gold and furs, claim new land, and spread religion and science. On the other hand, adventurers today are motivated intrinsically. They explore for personal growth, therapy, rehabilitation, and for purely experiencing the outdoors.

Question 42

Skill or Concept

2. Compare and contrast the intended outcomes of NOLS and Outward Bound programs.

Answer 42

Answer: NOLS and Outward Bound programs both place a heavy emphasis on growth through experience in the outdoors. Both use the presentation of challenging (risky) situations in order to promote growth in their participants. NOLS however, is more focused on developing leadership qualities and a proficiency in wilderness travel skills, while Outward Bound is more focused on facilitating intrinsic personal growth through education and the achieving of extrinsic goals.

Question 43

Strategic Thinking:

Why does any OAE activity, such as rock-climbing, have more beneficial effects on the students besides simply helping students be active? Explain some other possible outcomes in your response.

Answer 43

Answer: OAE activities have many beneficial results for the participants that go much beyond them getting exercise. OAE activities are a great way to promote teamwork, self-growth, and expand people’s confidence. By being a part of a team that has to work together in the face of real risks or dangers outdoors, people are able to feel valued through realizing that every team member matters in the success of a group.

Question 44

Extended Reasoning:

Give an in depth description of how you would change a rock climbing activity using at least one of the 4 techniques of fear modification for a student that is terrified of rock climbing and heights and cannot seem to engage in the activity in an effective way. How would you facilitate effective reflection time for them?

Answer 44

Answer: Of the 4 techniques of fear modification: systematic desensitization, flooding, modeling, and rehearsal, I think the two that I would find most useful would be systematic desensitization and rehearsal. They can occur simultaneously very easily. By continuing to push the student to keep trying, even if they don’t make it very far, you are both giving them a chance to practice doing what they are afraid of in a low risk environment (rehearsal) and slowly eroding their fear by continuously exposing them to the very thing they are afraid of (systematic desensitization). In terms of reflecting on the activity, I would begin by having a one on one discussion with the student, trying to prompt them to think about what it was they were afraid of, whether the risk was real or perceived, and what techniques they used to overcome their fear. Then, I would give them some personal journalling or reflecting time so that they could think about what we’d talked about and solidify the information themselves. I use journalling time because it’s an activity that can be assigned that gets the job done, rather than telling the student to just go off and reflect, which almost definitely will not get done in any satisfactory way.

Question 45

Who started Outward Bound

Answer 45

Kurt Hahn

Question 46

Who started NOLS

Answer 46

Paul Petzoldt

Question 47

What is outdoor education

Answer 47

Learning experientially in a natural setting in a group.

Question 48

List three examples of outdoor ed activities

Answer 48

White water rafting, rock climbing, canoeing

Question 49

Autotelic definition

Answer 49

Experience that you do for its own sake, that you have intrinsic motivation to do

Question 50

Sort words into OB or NOLS philosophy:

OB

NOLS

Answer 50

§ Caters to young people or adults
§ Self efficacy
§ Personal growth
§ Team building

§ Leadership
§ Wilderness

Question 51

Summarize role of instructional staff in outdoor ed

Answer 51

Safety, support of group, preserving environment, making it educational and reflective, adapting to changing situations, get the kids back safe.

Question 52

Strategic Thinking

Differentiate between of Leisure, outdoor recreation, adventure education, and environmental education

Answer 52

Leisure: time free of obligation; 3 components are amusement, recreation and contemplation
o Outdoor recreation: physically active side of leisure, recreation activities in a natural setting
o Adventure education: used to teach how to work effectively in groups; personal and interpersonal growth through adventure experiences
o Environmental education: humans relationship to nature and the world; ecosystemic is interdependence of living organisms and ekistic is key interactions between humans and society

Question 53

Extended reasoning
Nick is caving and his instructor forces him to crawl into a tiny hole. Inexperienced Nick is afraid and starts to hyperventilate and panic. He’s also suffering from hypothermia. His instructor tells him to suck it up and “be a man.” Nick never does OB again. What is wrong with this scenario and what could be done to fix it?

Answer 53

Fear is being used as a detriment because Nick is outside his skill level. Also the instructor doesn’t recognize the difference between good and bad fear/stress. Next time they should offer him options of what he is comfortable doing.

Question 54

Number the sequence of changes that occurs during a risky activity in the right order:
\_\_ Reflection Zone
\_\_ Safety Zone
\_\_ Risk Zone
\_\_ Anticipation Zone

Answer 54

4, 1, 3, 2

Question 55

The opposite of distress is _____ (good stress).

Answer 55

Answer: eustress

Question 56

4)    Which one is NOT a motivation associated with outdoor recreation?
A.    Excitement seeking
B.    Leadership development
C.     Escapism
D.    Sociability

Answer 56

B

Question 57

Which of these qualities are generally included in a high-quality adventure experience?

A.    Sense of freedom and choice
B.    Autotelic experience
C.     Competence and effectiveness
D.    Optimal arousal
E.     All of the above

Answer 57

E

Question 58

Compare and contrast adventure education and outdoor recreation.

Answer 58

Outdoor recreation: recreational activities in natural settings
Adventure education: opportunities for personal and interpersonal growth through adventure experiences

Question 59

How do the values/mission of NOLS differ from those of Outward Bound?

Answer 59

Nols: developing skills in the wilderness to become outdoor leaders and educators
Outward bound: personal development/increased self-confidence through outdoor expeditions. Character and communal development.

Question 60

Strategic Thinking:
Explain the importance of reviewing and reflecting in an Adventure Education setting. What does that look like and do you agree with some experts that say quality reflection is equal to a quality activity (article Reviewing and Reflecting)?

Answer 60

Answer: (There are multiple ways to answer this question) Ex. Reviewing and Reflecting helps people assess what they gained from an experience and create concrete learning. Sometimes if there is no reflection participants do not realize the lessons that a certain activity provided them. Debriefing is the most common and easiest structure for reviewing and reflecting in the activity process, however you can also reflect during the activity if there is an opportunity. Quality reflection is just as important as quality activity because no matter how good the activity is there will not be a lasting effect or lessons learned without reflection.

Question 61

Extended Reasoning:
Do you think factors such as motivation, stress, fear, and risk are unique to Adventure Education? Do you think there is anyway these factors can be incorporated into the traditional classroom setting?

Answer 61

Answer: (Many different ways to answer) Ex. Motivation, stress, fear, and risk are obviously easier to harness and implement into an outdoor experience but I think that all of these things can be used, in a slightly different fashion, in a traditional classroom. Especially when it comes to motivation, if a teacher instills an intrinsic motivation for her students to learn through giving them confidence and showing them the joy of learning that can have big effects on classroom performance. Stress, fear, and risk are a little bit harder to translate into the traditional classroom. I know that every student has had their share of stress from the amount of work they had to accomplish, etc. but as a teacher you must create a balance. Just like outdoor education it is imperative not to let the waters rise above a student’s experience and skill level or they will drown. Risk and fear can go hand in hand with oral presentations and public speaking, or projects that require creativity and putting yourself out there with a new idea open to be scrutinized by others. And again just as with adventure education, one must not make it too challenging for the students but provide the right levels of risk.