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Microbiology Test 1-8 (2ndpart) > All > Flashcards

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1
Q

Used to detect tuberculosis and leprosy causing bacteria of the genus mycobacterium

A

Ziehl Neelsen acid fast stain

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2
Q

Polysaccharide layer surrounding outside of many bacteria; can act as a barrier to many host defense mechanism

A

Capsule

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3
Q

Same as dark field

A

Flagellar staining and endoscopy

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4
Q

Before true nucleus, no membrane enclosed structure’s, only a sexual reproduction, single celled organism

A

Prokaryotic

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5
Q

True nucleus, membrane enclosed structure, sexual or asexual reproduction

A

Eukaryotic

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6
Q

Above kingdom level

A

Domain

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7
Q

Three domains exist

A

2 prokaryotic- domain arches and domain bacteria

1 eukaryotic - domain eukarya

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8
Q

Spherical , round -coccus , rodlike-bacillus , spiral, square and triangle

A

Prokaryotic cells

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9
Q

Diplo

A

1 plane and cells in pairs

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10
Q

Strepto

A

Chains

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11
Q

Tetrads

A

2 planes , 4 cells in a cube

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12
Q

Staphylo

A

Grapelike clusters

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13
Q

Bacilli

A

1 plane and end like a train

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14
Q

Bacterial cell structure

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm , and external structures

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15
Q

Cell wall and sometimes outer layer

A

Cell membrane

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16
Q

Contains ribosomes, nuclear region , sometimes granules and vesicles; semifluid substance inside cell membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Capsules; pili; flagella

A

External structures

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18
Q

Important part of the outer membrane and can be used to identify gram-negative bacteria

A

Lipopolysaccharide ( endotoxins)

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19
Q

Proteins interspersed in a mosaic pattern ; mosaic = different types of pieces

A

Fluid mosaic structure

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20
Q

RNA protein ; protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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21
Q

Contain DNA , RNA , and protein

A

Nuclear region

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22
Q

Granules

A

Store glycogen

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23
Q

Vesicles

A

Contain gas or iron compounds ( magnetisomes)

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24
Q

Some bacteria form these for resistance

A

Endospores

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25
Q

Found on motile bacteria

A

Flagellum/flagella

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26
Q

Move toward or away from chemical

A

Chemotaxis

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27
Q

Move toward or away from light

A

Photo taxis

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28
Q

Exchange of DNA

A

Conjugation pili

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29
Q

Help stick to surfaces

A

Attachment pili(fimbriae)

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30
Q

Contains all polysaccharides that are outside the cell wall

A

Glycolax

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31
Q

Prevents host cell from destroying a bacterium

A

Capsule

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32
Q

Bacteria piles on itself ; protects cells from drying out, entraps nutrients and can bind cells together

A

Slime layer

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33
Q

Each cell receives 1 of each chromosomes found in parent cells

A

Mitosis

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34
Q

Each cell receives 1 member of each pair of chromosome

A

Meiosis

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35
Q

Progeny can be ?

A

Gametes or spores

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36
Q

No ribosomes , makes lipids

A

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

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37
Q

Ribosomes , makes proteins

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

Contain digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

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39
Q

Carry out chemical reactions that capture energy ATP

A

Mitochondria

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40
Q

Capture energy from light

A

Chloroplasts

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41
Q

Cell skeleton

A

Cytoskeleton

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42
Q

Beat in coordinated waves of motion , smaller than flagella

A

Cilia

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43
Q

Cause a creeping movement

A

Pseudopodia

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44
Q

Eukaryotic cells in plant and fungi kingdoms have this

A

Cell wall

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45
Q

Means of explaining how we got all the internal structures and organelles from bacteria

A

Endosymbiosis

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46
Q

Requires no energy

A

Passive movement

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47
Q

Comes from kinetic energy

A

Simple diffusion

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48
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of action

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49
Q

Moves substances from higher to lower concentration

A

Facilitated diffusion

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50
Q

Movement of water molecules from higher to lower concentration of water

A

Osmosis

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51
Q

Solution is the pressure required to prevent osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

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52
Q

Requires protein carrier , an ATP source , and an enzyme that releases ATP energy

A

Active transport

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53
Q

Vesicles enters the cell

A

Endocytosis

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54
Q

Vesicles leaves the cell

A

Exocytosis

55
Q

Krebs cycle [TCA cycle]

A

Oxidation of carbons transfer of electrons to coenzymes, energy capture , total yield of 38 ATPs per glucose molecule

56
Q

Fatty acid , fat molecule non-water soluble

A

Beta oxidation

57
Q

Double membrane

A

Nuclear envelop

58
Q

Allows RNA to pass through

A

Nuclear pores

59
Q

Semi fluid portion of the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

60
Q

Requires energy to make complex molecules to simpler ones

A

Anabolism

61
Q

Releases energy to break down complex molecules to simpler ones

A

Catabolism

62
Q

Loss of electrons

A

Oxidation

63
Q

Gain of electrons

A

Reduction

64
Q

Oxidation and reductions occur simultaneously

A

Redox reactions

65
Q

Autotrophy

A

Self feeding

66
Q

Heterotrophy

A

Other feeding

67
Q

Capture energy in a form that cells can use

A

Catabolic

68
Q

Make the complex molecules that form the structure of cells ; enzymes and other molecules

A

Anabolic

69
Q

Ends in (-ase)

A

Enzymes

70
Q

Non protein organic molecule bound to an enzyme

A

Coenzyme

71
Q

Improve the fit to the enzyme with its substrate usually magnesium or zinc

A

Cofactor

72
Q

Factors that affect enzyme reactions

A

Time , temperature , pH, and concentration of substrate , product and enzyme

73
Q

Chemical reaction reaches a steady state , no net changes in concentration of substrates or products

A

Chemical equilibrium

74
Q

Break down of glucose sugar , do not require oxygen

A

Glycolysis

75
Q

4 important events of Embden Meyerhof Pathway

A
  1. Transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to glucose
  2. Breakdown glucose into 2x3 carbon molecules
  3. Transfer of 2 electrons to the coenzyme NAD
  4. Capture energy ATP which is 2 molecules net
76
Q

Anaerobic metabolism of the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis

A

Fermentation

77
Q

Pyruvic acid converted directly to lactic acid , produces no gas, occurs in lactibacillus , streptococci

A

Homolactic acid

78
Q

Release from pyruvic acid to form acetaldehyde then reduced to ethyl alcohol

A

Alcoholic

79
Q

Aerobes

A

Requires oxygen

80
Q

Anaerobes

A

Do not require oxygen

81
Q

Use oxygen if available but can function without it

A

Facultative anaerobes

82
Q

Bacterial cell duplicates it components and divides into 2 cells

A

Binary fission

83
Q

Small new cell develops from the surface of an existing cell and then separates from the parent cell

A

Budding

84
Q

Phases of growth

A

Lag , log , stationary , death

85
Q

Factors affecting bacterial growth

A

Physical and nutritional factors

86
Q

pH levels

A

Acidophiles = 0.1-5.4, neutrophils=5.4-8.0

Alkaliphile=7.5-11.5

87
Q

Temperature lovers

A 
Psychrophiles = cold water
Mesophiles= medium temp
Thermophiles = hot water loving
88
Q

The first vaccine for human use produced using recombinant DNA technology was?

A

Polio vaccine

89
Q

Consists of a plastic tray with 20 microtubes, 7 digit profile

A

API (analytical profile index)

90
Q

15 different tests, 5 digit is number for gram negative bacteria

A

Enetreotube

91
Q

The study of heredity

A

Genetics

92
Q

The transmission of DNA ( or RNA in viruses) from an organism to its progeny

A

Heredity

93
Q

Threadlike molecules of DNA that contain genetic information essential for survival

A

Chromosome

94
Q

The basic unit of heredity

A

Gene

95
Q

A permanent alteration in the DNA

A

Mutation

96
Q

DNA contains 4 nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, thymine , guanine, and cytosine

97
Q

Bonds closely to certain proteins to form two kinds of ribosome subunits

A

Ribosomal RNA

98
Q

Synthesized in units that contain sufficient information to direct the synthesis of one or more polypeptide chain

A

Messenger RNA

99
Q

Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for replacement in a protein molecule

A

Transfer RNA

100
Q

Several ribosomes attached at different points along an mRNA molecule

A

Polyribosome

101
Q

The significance of Regulatory mechanisms

A

Grow in large numbers of relatively inexpensively
Produce many new generations quickly
A variety of mutations are observed in a relatively short time

102
Q

Categories of regulatory mechanisms

A

Feedback inhibition
Enzyme induction
Enzyme repression

103
Q

The genetic information contained in the DNA of the organism

A

Genotype

104
Q

The specific characteristics displayed by the organism

A

Phenotype

105
Q

Base substitution where one base is substituted for another at a specific location in a gene

A

Point mutation

106
Q

The insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides

A

Frame shit mutation

107
Q

Occur in the absence of any known mutagen and appear to be due to errors in base pairing during DNA replication

A

Spontaneous mutation

108
Q

Mutations produced by agents call mutagens

A

Induced mutations

109
Q

Increase the mutation rate

A

Mutagens

110
Q

Causes the formation of dimers

A

Radiation

111
Q

Repairs of DNA damage

A

Light repair and dark repair

112
Q

Demonstrates that resistance to chemical substances occurs spontaneously

A

Fluctuation test

113
Q

Demonstrates the spontaneous nature of mutations

A

Replica plating

114
Q

Used for screening chemicals for mutagenic properties

A

Ames test

115
Q

The movement of genetic information between organisms

A

Gene transfer

116
Q

Combining of genes DNA from step different cells

A

Recombination

117
Q

When genes pass from parents to offspring

A

Vertical gene transfer

118
Q

They pass genes to other microbes of their same generation

A

Lateral gene transfer

119
Q

Composed of a core of nucleic acid covered by a protein coat

A

Phages

120
Q

Uses an enzyme that is activated by visible light and that breaks bonds between pyrimidines of a dimer

A

Light repair

121
Q

Uses several enzymes that do not require light for activation

A

Dark repair

122
Q

Genetic engineering consists of ?

A

Genetic fusion , protoplasm fusion , gene amplification , hybridomas

123
Q

Significance of transformation

A

It contributes to genetic diversity
Can be used to introduce DNA Into organism
Can be used to create recombinant DNA

124
Q

Genetic material is carried by a bacteriophage

A

Transduction

125
Q

Significance of transduction

A

Transfers genetic material and demonstrates a close evolutionary relationship between prophage and host cell DNA

126
Q

Large quantities of DNA are transferred from one organism to another

A

Conjugation

127
Q

Extrachromosomal DNA molecules

A

Plasmids

128
Q

The manipulation of genetics material to alter the characteristics of an organism

A

Genetic engineering

129
Q

The addition of plasmids to microorganisms in order to increase the yield of useful gene products

A

Gene amplification

130
Q

Combines organisms without cell walls allowing them to mix their genetic information

A

Protoplast fusion

131
Q

Enzyme that recognizes specific sequences of 4 to 8 base pairs of DNA weren’t then cuts across to create a restriction fragment

A

Restriction endonucleases

132
Q

How’s the transposition and joining of jeans from two separate jeans that were originally located at different positions on the chromosome

A

Genetic fusion

133
Q

Results when a new DNA is produced by taking genes from one kind of organism and introducing them into genome of another different organism

A

Transgenic

134
Q

Significance of conjugation

A

It increases genetic diversity , may represent an evolutionary stage between asexual and sexual reproduction, and it provides a means of mapping genes in bacterial Chromosomes

Microbiology Test 1-8 (2ndpart) (1 decks)

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