All Flashcards by Hersheyz Smith

The Study of small organisms that require a microscope to study them

Microbiology

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Single celled organism, most are motile, at least one nucleus , obtain food by engulfing small microorganisms

Protozoa

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Intracellular structure, may form branching filaments, cell nucleus

Fungi

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Single celled microscopic organism, large complex cell, defined nucleus, photosynthesize own food

Algae

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Single called organism with different shapes , no cell nucleus, lack membrane enclosed, a few form filaments

Bacteria

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Single called organism, gram negative, to small to be seen with light microscope

Rickettsia

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A nucleus acid core inside a protein coat, either RNA or DNA, non-living

Viruses

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Infectious RNA particle , lacks a capsid ( protein coat)

Viroid

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Has no nucleic acid , protein, causes BSE(mad cow disease)

Prions

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Microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease

Germ theory

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The theory that living organisms can arise from nonliving things

Spontaneous generation

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One disease , one organism: required are

Specific causative agent must be found in every case
Culture disease organism in pure culture
Sample of culture put in healthy susceptible animal
Recover the disease organism from the inoculated animal

Koch postulates

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Microbiologist : Koch

Known for anthrax

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Microbiologist: Lister

First person to use aseptic techniques

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Jenner ?

Known for small pox

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Pasteur ?

Known for rabies

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Fleming ?

Known for penicillin ( penicillum mold)

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Chain & Florey

Known for purifying penicillin

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How do microbiologist solve problems?

Hypothesis , prediction , variable, and conclusion

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The science that deals with the basic properties of matter

Chemistry

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The use of nutrients for energy

Metabolism

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Smallest chemical unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

Atom

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Matter composed of one kind of atom, example: carbons, nitrogen, oxygen, sodium

Element

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Two or more atoms that chemicals combine

Molecule

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Molecules made up of two or more elements

Compound

The number of protons in an atom of a particular element

Atomic number

Electrically charged atom produced when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

Ion

Positively charged ion

Cation

Negatively charged ion

Anion

An atom of a particular element that contains of a different number of neutrons

Isotope

Interaction of electrons in atoms that form a molecule

Chemical bond

Chemical bond between atoms resulting from attraction of ions with opposite charges

Ionic bond

Bond between atoms created by sharing of electron pairs

Covalent bond

A relatively weak attraction between an H atom carrying a partial positive charge an O or N atom carrying a partial negative charge

Hydrogen bond

Mix of two or more substances inwhch the molecules are evenly distributed and will not separate on standing

Solution

Compound composed of C, H , O that serves as the main source of energy for living thing

Carbohydrate

One of a group of complex , water insoluble compounds; example : fats , steroids, phospholipids

Lipid

Saturated and unsaturated atoms

Fatty acid

A polymer of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Protein

One amino group , one acidic carbonyl group joined by a covalent bond

Peptide bonds

Contributed to the 3-D structure of cells , cell parts, and membranes

Structural protein

Protein catalyst ; controls the rate of chemical reaction in cell

Enzyme

Organic compound consisting of nitrogen base , a five carbons sugar, and one of more phosphate group

Nucleotide

One phosphate

AMP

Two phosphate

ADP

Three phosphate

ATP

Long polymers of nucleotides that encode genetic information and direct synthesis

Nucleic acid

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

Ribonucleic acid

RNA

1st person to see individual organism

Anton Vee Leeuwenhoek

Technology of making very small things visible to the human eye

Microscopy

1 x 10^-9 Meter

Nanometer

The length of light waves

Wavelength

Ability to see two items as separate and discrete units

Resolution

How much light is concentrated by the condenser lens and collected by the specimen

Numerical aperture

Typical resolving power of modern microscopes

Low power, high power, oil immersion, and properties of light

Light strikes an object and bounces back

Reflection

Passage of light through an object

Transmission

Light neither passes through or bounces of an object

Absorption

Absorbed light waves are changed into longer wave lengths and reemitted

Luminescence

When light waves strike an object

Fluorescence

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another of different density

Refraction

Same refraction index of the glass microscope slide to replace the air

Immersion oil

Increases differences in the indices of refraction

Staining ( dyeing)

The field you are looking through is dark and the specimen is going to show up as a shadow

Dark field microscopy

A condenser and objective lenses that enhance small differences

Phase contrast microscopy

The ability of an organism to emit light

Bioluminescence

Microscope that uses UV light to excite molecules

Fluorescence microscopy

A foreign substance

Antigen

A protein molecule produced by the body as an immune response to an invading antigen

Antibody

Allows small structure to be visualized

Electron microscopy

Uses very short wave length of illumination to see inside the electron , the very fine details

Transmission electron microscopy

Used to create images of the surface of specimens; see the outside dimensions

Scanning electron microscope

Allows 3-D imaging and measurement of structures; the folding and unfolding of proteins and and how much it takes to break

Atomic force microscope

Molecule that can bind to cellular structure and give it color

Stains ( dye)

Single due reveals basic cell shapes and cell arrangements

Simple stain

Two or more dyes and distinguishes between two organisms

Differential stain

Bacterial cells take up crystal violet

Gram stain

4 groups of organisms

Gram positive Gram negative Gram nonreactive Gram variable

Gram positive

Cell walls retain crystal viper ( blue) have thicker cell wall

Gram negative

Cell walls retain crystal violet ( red) have thinner cell wall

Gram non reactive

Do not stain or stain poorly . Cell wall has wax in it

Gram variable

Stain unevenly - often cultures over 48hours old