ALL Flashcards
cheil/o labi/o
lips
-phagia
eating, swallowing
esophag/o
esophagus
-pexy
surgical fixation
epi-
upon or above
phag/o
to swallow, to eat
duoden/o
duodenum, begins at stomach, ads at jijunum
diverticul/o
to turn away, go in a different direction
an/o
sphincter and opening to outside of body
rect/o
end of the colon- rectum
proct/o
rectum & anus together
-stenosis
narrowing or stricture
-centesis
puncture - surgical procedure
-tripsy
to crush
cholelith/o
gallstones
dia-
through
-emesis
vomit
-ptysis
spitting
hepat/o
liver
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhage
suture
bucc/o
cheek
-ptosis
dropping, drooping, prolapse
semi-
half
melan/o
black
retro-
behind, backwards
poly-
many, much
-algia
toothpain
-dynia
toothpain
-graph
something written, monograph, radiograph, instrument for making a record
anti-
against, opposing
-cele
pouching or hernia
dent/o odont/o
teeth
-ism
condition, disease, or intoxication, practice, doctrine
aden/o
gland
lith/o
stone
-lith
stone
ptyal/o
saliva
sial/o
saliva
or/o stomata/o stom/o
mouth, forming an opening
-prandial
meal
-rexia -orexia
appetite
steat/o lipid/o adip/o
fat
-emia
blood
-genesis
formation, beggining
gluc/o glyc/o
sugar
-ase
enzyme
-pepsia
digestion
gloss/o lingo/o
tongue
append/o appendic/o
appendix apend/o is a small structure hanging from a larger structure
polyp/o
growth on the internal lumen of an organ
sigmoid/o
section of coon (which is made of 4 sections)
jejun/o
jejunum- 2nd part of small intestine
pancreat/o
pancreas
choledoch/o
common bile duct
chol/e bil/i
bile or gall (rub/o for red & verd/o green)
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
pylor/o
pylorus- end of the 4 regions of the stomach
-graphy
a writing, a description
-orexia -rexia
appetite- the affective and combined aspect of an act, in contrast to the cognitive aspect
gingiv/o
gums of the mouth
-cyte
cell
cyst/o
bladder, cystic duct, cyst
-gram
recording- usually be a machine
-rrhea
excessive flow or discharge
-rrhaphy
suture
-al
?????
-ac
pertaining to
-ic
pertaining to
-ous
pertaining to
-osis
condition, abnormal condition, process
-y
a condition or processor having the nature or quality of
-oma
tumor, mass
-itis
inflammation of, infection of
-ia
condition, state, thing
-ics
knowledge, practice
an-
without, not
col/o colon/o
colon
hernia/o
hernia
iatrogenic
induced unintentionally as a result of treatment
nosocomial
of or relating to a hospital infection acquired from being treated in a hospital
gastro/o
stomach
log/o
word, the study of
nephr/o
kidney, nephron
iatr/o
physician, medical treatment
a-
away from, without
inter-
between
intra-
with in
endo-
inner most, with in
-spasm
sudden, involuntary muscle contraction
-malacia
A softening or loss of consistency and contiguity in any of the organs or tissues. Also used as a combining form in the suffix position.
bi-
Prefix meaning twice or double, referring to double structures or dual actions.
trace/o
trachea (windpipe)
spir/o
breath, a coil
pleur/o
pleura (lung membrane)
phren/o
diaphragm, mind
py/o
pus
pneum/o
lung
SOB
shortness of breath
ABG
arterial blood gases
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
C&S
culture & sensitivity: identify bacteria causing pulmonary infection to determine antibiotic treatment
expectorants
guaifenesin (Mucinex) EX out;away / PECTOR?O chest / ANT pertaining to
URI
upper respiratory infection
lob/o
lobe of an organ
spirometer
measures breath
meter
measure
antitussive
ANTI-against TUSS/O-cough IVE-pertaining to dextromethorphan & hydrocodone
nas/o
nose
ox/o
oxygen (ox/i)
-pnea
breathing
rales
irregular crackling or bubbling sounds during inspiration. Wet rales are caused by fluid or infection in the alveoli. Dry rales are caused by chronic irritation or fibrosis.
wheezes
high-pitched whistling or squeaking sounds during inspiration or expiration. They are caused by extreme narrowing of the lumen due to bronchospasm from asthma.
pleural friction rub
creaking, grating, or rubbing sound when the two layers of inflamed pleura rub against each other during inspiration
emphysema
chronic exposure to pollution or smoking. The alveoli become hyper inflated, rupture, causes air pockets in lungs. Can inhale, not exhale.
asthma
hyperactivity of bronchi and bronchioles with bronchospasm. Inflammation and swelling severely narrow the lumens. (reactive airway disease)
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
bronch/o
bronchus
bronchi/o
bronchus
pector/o
chest
steth/o
chest
thorac/o
thorax-chest
pneumon/o
lung, air
pulmon/o
lung
myc/o
fungus
sinus/o
sinus
rhin/o
nose
osm/o
the sense of smell
hydr/o
water, fluid
-ectasis
condition of dialation
eu-
normal, good
asbestosis
occupational lung disease caused by asbestosis ABEST/O asbest/o OSIS-abnormal condition
aspiration pneumonia
lung infection - breath in-suck in- caused by foreign matter
double pneumonia
both lungs
pulmonary embolism
blockage of pulmonary artery or one of its branches by a embolus
tuberculosis
TUBERCUL/O nodule, tuberculosis OSIS abnormal condition (soft nodules of necrosis)
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
severe infection, extensive burns or injury to lungs- damages the alveoli. Alveoli are edematous, filled with fluid
stridor
High-pitched, harsh, crowing sound due to edema or obstruction in the trachea or larynx
sputum
mucus production from coughing
empyema
Pus in the lungs. EM-in PY/O-pus EMA-condition
atelectasis
Collapsed lung. Lungs do not expand or the collapse of the lungs due to mucus. ATEL/O-incomplete ECTASIS-condition of dilation
rhonchus (rhonchi)
Humming, whistling, or snoring sounds during inspiration or expiration. Caused by swelling, mucus, or a foreign body that partially obstructs the bronchi.
walking pneumonia
mild form pneumonia caused by bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
tuberculosis (TB)
lung infection bacterial Mycobacterium tuberculosis spread by airborne droplets and coughing
bronchopneumonia
BRONCH/O-bronchus PNEUMON/O-lung, air IA-condition
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (between 2 layers of pleura) due to inflammation or infection of the pleura and lungs
oximeter
instrument to meter oxygen
arterial blood gas
Blood test to measure the partial pressure (P) of the gases, oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) in a sample of arterial blood. PH (acidity or alkaline of the blood) is also measured. The higher the level of carbon dioxide, the more acidic the blood and the lower the PH.
-osmia
smell (odia)
-phonia
voice, sound
pleurisy
another name for pleuritis. inflammation of the pleural space.
-capnia
carbon dioxide capn/o-, -capnia are the root and suffix that mean carbon dioxide
alveoli/alveolus
are tiny air sacs (microscopic) in the lungs at the end of the bronchioles
asphyxia
asphyxia is the term that means there is no oxygen to the tissues or suffocation. It also means “no pulse” (-sphyxia)
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural cavity. Remember that pneum/o- means air or lung. A pneumothorax will collapse the lung causing atelectasis. Atelectasis can also be caused by infection, cancer or injury.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a combination of two diseases: chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Bronchodilator
Bronchodilator is a medication (usually an inhaler) that widens the bronchi during an asthma attack.
Mucolytic
Mucolytic agents are used to dissolve or breakdown mucus in the respiratory tract.
-plegia
paralysis or a stroke
SOB
shortness of breath
pneum/o
lung
py/o
pus
phren/o
diaphragm, mind
pleur/o
pleura (lung membrane)
spir/o
breath, a coil
trace/o
trachea (windpipe)
bi-
Prefix meaning twice or double, referring to double structures or dual actions.
-malacia
A softening or loss of consistency and contiguity in any of the organs or tissues. Also used as a combining form in the suffix position.
-spasm
sudden, involuntary muscle contraction
cheil/o labi/o
lips
-phagia
eating, swallowing
esophag/o
esophagus
-pexy
surgical fixation
epi-
upon or above
phag/o
to swallow, to eat
duoden/o
duodenum, begins at stomach, ads at jijunum
diverticul/o
to turn away, go in a different direction
an/o
sphincter and opening to outside of body
rect/o
end of the colon- rectum
proct/o
rectum & anus together
-stenosis
narrowing or stricture
-centesis
puncture - surgical procedure
-tripsy
to crush
cholelith/o
gallstones
dia-
through
-emesis
vomit
-ptysis
spitting
hepat/o
liver
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhage
suture
bucc/o
cheek
-ptosis
dropping, drooping, prolapse
semi-
half
melan/o
black
retro-
behind, backwards
poly-
many, much
-algia
toothpain
-dynia
toothpain
-graph
something written, monograph, radiograph, instrument for making a record
anti-
against, opposing
-cele
pouching or hernia
dent/o odont/o
teeth
-ism
condition, disease, or intoxication, practice, doctrine
aden/o
gland
lith/o
stone
-lith
stone
ptyal/o
saliva
sial/o
saliva
or/o stomata/o stom/o
mouth, forming an opening
-prandial
meal
-rexia -orexia
appetite
steat/o lipid/o adip/o
fat
-emia
blood
-genesis
formation, beggining
gluc/o glyc/o
sugar
-ase
enzyme
-pepsia
digestion
gloss/o lingo/o
tongue
append/o appendic/o
appendix apend/o is a small structure hanging from a larger structure
polyp/o
growth on the internal lumen of an organ
sigmoid/o
section of coon (which is made of 4 sections)
jejun/o
jejunum- 2nd part of small intestine
pancreat/o
pancreas
choledoch/o
common bile duct
chol/e bil/i
bile or gall (rub/o for red & verd/o green)
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
pylor/o
pylorus- end of the 4 regions of the stomach
-graphy
a writing, a description
-orexia -rexia
appetite- the affective and combined aspect of an act, in contrast to the cognitive aspect
gingiv/o
gums of the mouth
-cyte
cell
cyst/o
bladder, cystic duct, cyst
-gram
recording- usually be a machine
-rrhea
excessive flow or discharge
-rrhaphy
suture
-al
?????
-ac
pertaining to
-ic
pertaining to
-ous
pertaining to
-osis
condition, abnormal condition, process
-y
a condition or processor having the nature or quality of
-oma
tumor, mass
-itis
inflammation of, infection of
-ia
condition, state, thing
-ics
knowledge, practice
an-
without, not
col/o colon/o
colon
hernia/o
hernia
iatrogenic
induced unintentionally as a result of treatment
nosocomial
of or relating to a hospital infection acquired from being treated in a hospital
gastro/o
stomach
log/o
word, the study of
nephr/o
kidney, nephron
iatr/o
physician, medical treatment
a-
away from, without
inter-
between
intra-
with in
endo-
inner most, with in
-porosis
formation of the callus in repair of a fractured bone
-physis
state of growing
-desis
procedure to fuse to together
-tome
instrument used to cut, area with distinct edges
-trophy
process of development
dia-
complete, completing through
syn-
together
brachia/o
arm
cost/o
rib
oste/o
bone
crani/o
cranium
pseud/o
false
thorac/o
thorax
laimin/o
lamina-a thin, flat plate or stratum of a composite structure; called also layer
cervic/o
neck, cervix
vertebr/o
vertebra
plant/o
sole of the foot
spin/o
spine, backbone
spindyl/o
vertebra
rachi/o
spinal column; vertebrae
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord, myelin
dactyl/o
fingers; toes
phalang/o
phalanx (fingers or toe)
radi/o
radius, (forearm bone)
ped/i
child
necr/o
dead cells
acr/o
extremity, highest point
kinesi/o
movement
burs/o
bursa - a thin sac of synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid to cushion and reduce friction where a tenon runs against a bone
tax/o
coordination
carp/o
wrist
muscul/o
muscle
rheumat/o
watery flow
pod/o
foot
ankyl/o
fused together, stiff
goni/o
angle
chondr/o
cartilage
condyl/o
knuckle, knob
synov/o
membrane
gangli-, gangli/o
ganglion, collection of nerve cell bodies
lei/o
smooth
my/o
muscle
rhabd/o
rod shaped
fasci/o, fasc/i
face
fibr/o
fiber
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
ankylosis
fused together
carpal tunnel syndrome
is a hand and arm condition that causes numbness, tingling and other symptoms
spasm
sudden, sever involuntary contraction of muscle
dislocation
displacement of end of bone from it’s normal position
subluxation
dislocation, full or partial
avulsion
a tearing away forcibly of a part or structure
open or compound fracture
bone breaks through overlying skin
closed fracture
bone does not break through overlying skin
Lyme disease
arthritis caused by bacteria of deer tick bites
gout
metabolic disorder, high level of uric acid creating crystal in soft tissures
lordosis
sway back condition
scoliosis
curved crooked back
kyphosis
hump back, hunch back, excessive, abnormal poster curvature
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disorder abnormal or rapid fatigue of muscles particularly in face
contracture
fibrosis of connective tissue in skin, facial muscle, or joint
sprain
overstretching or tear of ligament around a joint
plantar fascitis
tendon on bottom of foot is inflamed
strain
overstretching or tear of ligament around a joint
bone scan density
measures bone mineral density BMD
myelography
spinal cord picture
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, sed rate
rheumatoid factor
blood test, positive usually - rheumatoid arthritis ANTI-CCP
uric act test
test for gout-The uric acid blood test is used to detect high levels of this compound in the blood in order to help diagnose gout. The test is also used to monitor uric acid levels in people undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment for cancer.
goniometry
process of measuring angle
goniometer
instrument to measure angle
ROM
range of motion
RICE
rest, ice, compression, elevation
ADL
activities of daily living
EMG
electromyography
electromyography
the recording of the electrical activity of muscle tissue, or its representation as a visual display or audible signal, using electrodes attached to the skin or inserted into the muscle.
-asthenia
Weakness is a symptom used to describe a number of different conditions, including: lack of muscle strength, malaise, dizziness or fatigue.
-esthesia
feeling, sensation
-kinesia
movement
-lepsy
siezure
-paresis
weakness
-phasia
speech
-philia
attraction for
-plegia
paralysis; palsy
-trophy
nourishment; development (condition of)
-mania
obsessive preoccupation
-phoria
to bear, carry; feeling (mental state)
-thymia
mind (condition of)
tri-
three
para-
to bear, bring forth (live births)
quadri-
four, square
astr/o-
starlike structure
olig/o-
scanty, few
cephal/o-
head
cerebell/o-
cerebellum (posterior part of the brain)
cerebr/o-
cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
encephal/o
brain
lex/o
word; phrase
mening/o-
meningeo
narc/o-
stupor, sleep
tax/o
order; coordination
ton/o-
tension
hypn/o-
sleep
ment/o
mind
phren/o-
diaphragm, mind
psych/o-
mind
schiz/o
split
somat/o
body
pyr/o
fever, fire
mega/o-
large
phot/o-
light
xen/o-
foreign
hydrocephalus
an accumulation of serous fluid within the cranium, especially in infancy, due to obstruction of the movement of cerebrospinal fluid, often causing great enlargement of the head; water on the brain.
Alzheimer disease
a common form of dementia, believed to be caused by changes in the brain, usually beginning in late middle age, characterized by memory lapses, confusion, emotional instability, and progressive loss of mental ability
epilepsy
a disorder of the nervous system, characterized either by mild, episodic loss of attention or sleepiness (petit mal) or by severe convulsions with loss of consciousness (grand mal)
multiple sclerosis
a chronic degenerative, often episodic disease of the central nervous system marked by patchy destruction of the myelin that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers, usually appearing in young adulthood and manifested by one or more mild to severe neural and muscular impairments, as spastic weakness in one or more limbs, local sensory losses, bladder dysfunction, or visual disturbances.
Parkinson disease
a common neurologic disease believed to be caused by deterioration of the brain cells that produce dopamine, occurring primarily after the age of 60, characterized by tremors, especially of the fingers and hands, muscle rigidity, shuffling gait, slow speech, and a masklike facial expression
seizure
the act or an instance of seizing
concussion
injury to the brain or spinal cord due to jarring from a blow, fall, or the like.
contusion
an injury, as from a blow with a blunt instrument, in which the subsurface tissue is injured but the skin is not broken; bruise.
hematoma
a circumscribed collection of blood, usually clotted, in a tissue or organ, caused by a break in a blood vessel.
aneurysm
a permanent cardiac or arterial dilatation usually caused by weakening of the vessel wall.
cerebrovascular accident
a sudden interruption of the blood supply to the brain caused by rupture of an artery in the brain ( cerebral haemorrhage) or the blocking of a blood vessel, as by a clot of blood ( cerebral occlusion)
transient ischemic attack
a brief vascular spasm in which a partially blocked artery impedes blood flow to the brain, resulting in symptoms such as impaired vision, dizziness, numbness, or unconsciousness.
delirium
a more or less temporary disorder of the mental faculties, as in fevers, disturbances of consciousness, or intoxication, characterized by restlessness, excitement, delusions, hallucinations,
dementia
severe impairment or loss of intellectual capacity and personality integration, due to the loss of or damage to neurons in the brain.
syncope
brief loss of consciousness associated with transient cerebral anemia, as in heart block, sudden lowering of the blood pressure, etc.; fainting.
mania
excessive excitement or enthusiasm; craze
Munchausen syndrome
a factitious disorder in which otherwise healthy individuals seek to hospitalize themselves with feigned or self-induced pathology in order to receive surgical or other medical treatment
obsessive-compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder in which patients are driven to repeat the same act, such as washing their hands, over and over again, usually for many hours OCD
panic attack disorder
iagnosed in people who experience spontaneous seemingly out-of-the-blue panic attacks and are preoccupied with the fear of a recurring
-asthenia
Weakness is a symptom used to describe a number of different conditions, including: lack of muscle strength, malaise, dizziness or fatigue.
-esthesia
feeling, sensation
-kinesia
movement
-lepsy
siezure
-paresis
weakness
-phasia
speech
-philia
attraction for
-plegia
paralysis; palsy
-trophy
nourishment; development (condition of)
-mania
obsessive preoccupation
-phoria
to bear, carry; feeling (mental state)
-thymia
mind (condition of)
tri-
three
para-
to bear, bring forth (live births)
quadri-
four, square
astr/o-
starlike structure
olig/o-
scanty, few
cephal/o-
head
cerebell/o-
cerebellum (posterior part of the brain)
cerebr/o-
cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
encephal/o
brain
lex/o
word; phrase
mening/o-
meningeo
narc/o-
stupor, sleep
tax/o
order; coordination
ton/o-
tension
hypn/o-
sleep
ment/o
mind
phren/o-
diaphragm, mind
psych/o-
mind
schiz/o
split
somat/o
body
pyr/o
fever, fire
mega/o-
large
phot/o-
light
xen/o-
foreign
hydrocephalus
an accumulation of serous fluid within the cranium, especially in infancy, due to obstruction of the movement of cerebrospinal fluid, often causing great enlargement of the head; water on the brain.
Alzheimer disease
a common form of dementia, believed to be caused by changes in the brain, usually beginning in late middle age, characterized by memory lapses, confusion, emotional instability, and progressive loss of mental ability
epilepsy
a disorder of the nervous system, characterized either by mild, episodic loss of attention or sleepiness (petit mal) or by severe convulsions with loss of consciousness (grand mal)
multiple sclerosis
a chronic degenerative, often episodic disease of the central nervous system marked by patchy destruction of the myelin that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers, usually appearing in young adulthood and manifested by one or more mild to severe neural and muscular impairments, as spastic weakness in one or more limbs, local sensory losses, bladder dysfunction, or visual disturbances.
Parkinson disease
a common neurologic disease believed to be caused by deterioration of the brain cells that produce dopamine, occurring primarily after the age of 60, characterized by tremors, especially of the fingers and hands, muscle rigidity, shuffling gait, slow speech, and a masklike facial expression
seizure
the act or an instance of seizing
concussion
injury to the brain or spinal cord due to jarring from a blow, fall, or the like.
contusion
an injury, as from a blow with a blunt instrument, in which the subsurface tissue is injured but the skin is not broken; bruise.
hematoma
a circumscribed collection of blood, usually clotted, in a tissue or organ, caused by a break in a blood vessel.
aneurysm
a permanent cardiac or arterial dilatation usually caused by weakening of the vessel wall.
cerebrovascular accident
a sudden interruption of the blood supply to the brain caused by rupture of an artery in the brain ( cerebral haemorrhage) or the blocking of a blood vessel, as by a clot of blood ( cerebral occlusion)
transient ischemic attack
a brief vascular spasm in which a partially blocked artery impedes blood flow to the brain, resulting in symptoms such as impaired vision, dizziness, numbness, or unconsciousness.
delirium
a more or less temporary disorder of the mental faculties, as in fevers, disturbances of consciousness, or intoxication, characterized by restlessness, excitement, delusions, hallucinations,
dementia
severe impairment or loss of intellectual capacity and personality integration, due to the loss of or damage to neurons in the brain.
syncope
brief loss of consciousness associated with transient cerebral anemia, as in heart block, sudden lowering of the blood pressure, etc.; fainting.
mania
excessive excitement or enthusiasm; craze
Munchausen syndrome
a factitious disorder in which otherwise healthy individuals seek to hospitalize themselves with feigned or self-induced pathology in order to receive surgical or other medical treatment
obsessive-compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder in which patients are driven to repeat the same act, such as washing their hands, over and over again, usually for many hours OCD
panic attack disorder
iagnosed in people who experience spontaneous seemingly out-of-the-blue panic attacks and are preoccupied with the fear of a recurring
-arche
beginning
-cyesis
pregnancy
-dipsia
thirst?
-gravida
pregnant woman
-para
to bear, bring forth (live births)
-pasm
find it
-tocia
labor; birth (condition of)
-uria
urination; condition of urine
-multi-
many
neo-
new
nulli-
none
olig-
scanty
para-
near; beside; abnormal; apart from; along the side of
primi-
first
supra-
above; upper
amni/o-
amnion (sac surrounding the embryo)
andr/o-
male
cervic/o
neck; cervix (neck of uterus)
colp/o-, vagin/o-
vagina
cry/o-
cold
crypt/o-
hidden
cyst/o-
urinary bladder; cyst; sac of fluid
dips/o-
thirst
episi/o-, vulv/o-
vulva
galact/o-, lact/o-
milk
glomerul/o-
glomerulus
gynec/o
women
hyster/o-, metr/o-, uter/o-, metri/o
uterus; womb
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle
mamm/o-, mast/o-
breast
men/o-
menses; menstruation
nephr/o-
kidney
noct/o-
night
oophor/o-, ovari/o-
ovary
orch/o-, orchi/o-
testis
orchid/o-, test/o-
testis
oxy/o-
swift; sharpp; acid
perine/o-
perineum
prostat/o-
prostate gland
pseud/o-
false
pyel/o-
renal pelvis
ren/o-
kidney
salping/o-
fallopian tube; auditory (eustachian) tube
sperm/o-
spermatozoa; sperm cells
spermat/o-
spermatozoa; sperm cells
ur/o-
urine; urinary tract
ureter/o-
ureter
urin/o-
urine
vas/o-
vessel; duct; vas deferens
anteversion
Turning forward, inclining forward as a whole without bending; most commonly used to describe the normal position of the uterus in which it is angled anteriorly relative to the long axis of the vagina, so that it rests on the bladder.
atrophy
A wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body, as from death and reabsorption of cells, diminished cellular proliferation, decreased cellular volume, pressure, ischemia, malnutrition, lessened function, or hormonal changes.
benign prostatic hyperplasia
progressive enlargement of the prostate due to hyperplasia of both glandular and stromal components, typically beginning in the fifth decade and sometimes causing obstructive or irritative symptoms, or both; does not evolve into cancer.
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
nitrogen, in the form of urea, in the blood; the most prevalent of nonprotein nitrogenous compounds in blood; blood normally contains 10–15 mg of urea/100 mL. Measurements in the laboratory are commonly used as a measure of renal function.
chordee
Bending or curvature of erect penis; either congenital, as associated with hypospadias, or acquired, as in Peyronie disease.
dyspareunia
Occurrence of pain during sexual intercourse.
eclampsia
Occurrence of one or more convulsions, not attributable to other cerebral conditions such as epilepsy or cerebral hemorrhage, in a patient with preeclampsia.
ectopic pregnancy
the implantation and development of a blastocyst outside the cavity of the uterus.
glomerulonephritis
Renal disease characterized by diffuse inflammatory changes in glomeruli that are not the acute response to infection of the kidneys.
gravida
A pregnant woman
gynecomastia
Excessive development of the male mammary glands, due mainly to ductal proliferation with periductal edema; frequently secondary to increased estrogen levels, but mild gynecomastia may occur in normal adolescence.
hydrocele
A collection of serous fluid in a sacculated cavity; specifically, such a collection in the space of the tunica vaginalis testis, or in a separate pocket along the spermatic cord
incontinence
Inability to prevent the discharge of any of the excretions, especially of urine or feces.
intravenous pyelogram
____________A radiograph or series of radiographs of the renal pelvis and ureter, following injection of contrast medium.
micturition
- The desire to urinate.2. Frequency of urination.
para
hmmmmm
pelvic inflammatory disease
acute or chronic suppurative inflammation of female pelvic structures (endometrium, uterine tubes, pelvic peritoneum) due to infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or other organisms, typically a complication of sexually transmitted infection of the lower genital tract, may be precipitated by menstruation, parturition, or surgical procedures including abortion; complications include tuboovarian abscess, tubal stenosis with resulting infertility or sterility and heightened risk of ectopic pregnancy, and peritoneal adhesions.
placenta previa
the condition in which the placenta is implanted in the lower segment of the uterus, extending to the margin of the internal os of the uterus or partially or completely obstructing the os.
polycystic kidney
a progressive disease characterized by formation of multiple cysts of varying size scattered diffusely throughout both kidneys, resulting in compression and destruction of renal parenchyma, usually with hypertension, gross hematuria, and uremia leading to progressive renal failure. There are two major types: with onset in infancy or early childhood, usually of autosomal recessive inheritance with onset in adulthood, of autosomal dominant inheritance with genetic heterogeneity
pre-eclampsia
Development of hypertension with proteinuria or edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy; it usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.
retroversion
A turning backward, as of the uterus.
urgency
A strong desire to void.
urinalysis
Analysis of the urine.
varicocele
A condition manifested by abnormal dilation of the veins of the spermatic cord, caused by incompetent valves in the internal spermatic vein and resulting in impaired drainage of blood into the spermatic cord veins when the person assumes an upright position.
voiding cystourethrogram
an x-ray image made during voiding and with the bladder and urethra filled with contrast medium
catheterization
Passage of a catheter.
cryosurgery
An operation using freezing temperature (achieved by liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide) as an independent agent or in an instrument to destroy tissue.
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
breaking up of renal or ureteral calculi by focused sound energy.
hemodialysis
Dialysis of soluble substances and water from the blood by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane; separation of cellular elements and colloids from soluble substances is achieved by pore size in the membrane and rates of diffusion.
peritoneal dialysis
removal from the body of soluble substances and water by transfer across the peritoneum, using a dialysis solution that is intermittently introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity; transfer of diffusable solutes and water between the blood and the peritoneal cavity depends on the concentration gradient between the two fluid compartments.
Pharmacology
The science concerned with drugs, their sources, appearance, chemistry, actions, and uses.
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia
BUN
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
D&C
dilation & curettage
GU
Gastric Ulcer
GYN
Gynecologic, Gynecology, Gynecologist
IVP
In Vitro Production
KUB
Kidney-Ureter-Bladder
LMP
Last Menstrual Period
OB
Obstetrics, Obstetrician
Pap
Papilla
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
STD
Sexually Transmitted Disease
TURP
Transurethral Resection of Prostate
UA
urinalysis
UTI
Urinary Tract Infection
end-stage renal disease
Kidneys no longer able to work at level needed for day-today life. Diabetes and high blood pressure most common cuase. After chronic kidney disease.
para
defense, protection against; that which protects from,” from Italian para, imperative of parare “to ward off,” from Latin parare “make ready”
prostate-specific antigen
a protein produced by cells of the prostate gland
renal calculi
kidney stone
renal scan
nuclear medicine exam in which a small amount of radioactive material (radioisotope) is used to measure the function of the kidneys.
antispasmodics
Antispasmodic drugs relieve cramps or spasms of the stomach, intestines, and bladder.
dilation & curettage (D&C)
Remove tissue in the uterus during or after a miscarriage or abortion or to remove small pieces of placenta after childbirth. This helps prevent infection or heavy bleeding.
diuretics
For high blood pressure, diuretics, commonly known as “water pills,” help your body get rid of unneeded water and salt through the urine
Papanicolaou test
cervical smear, or smear test) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb).
stent placement
Angioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to your legs. Fatty deposits can build up inside the arteries and block blood flow. A stent is a small, metal mesh tube that keeps the artery open. Angioplasty and stent placement are two ways to open blocked peripheral arteries.
NB
newborn
-derma
skin
-tome
instrument to cut
-malacia
softening
para-
near; beside; abnormal; apart from; along the side of
adip/o - lip/o
fat fat; lipid
xanth/o
yellow
cutane/o -derma dermat/o
skin
toxic/o
poison
hidr/o
sweat
myc/o
fungus
onych/o
nail (of fingers or toes)
ungu/o
nail
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
seb/o
sebum
adren/o
adrenal gland
calc/o
calcium
gluc/o
glucose; sugar
ox/o
oxygen
albin/o
white
leuk/o
white
cirrh/o
orange-yellow
jaund/o
yellow
cyan/o
blue
rhytid/o
wrinkle
kal/i
potassium
pancreat/o
pancreas
erythem/o
flushed; redness
erythr/o
red
kerat/o
cornea; hard, horny tissue
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o
thyroid gland; sheild
xer/o
dry, dryness
ichthy/o
dry; scaly
pil/o
hair
acr/o
extremities; top; extreme point
alopecia
Alopecia simply means hair loss (baldness).
basal cell carcinoma
most common form of skin cancer, consisting of an epithelial tumor of the skin originating from neoplastic differentiation of basal cells, rarely metastatic but locally invasive and aggressive.
cellulitis
“inflammation of the cells.
cyst
- bladder. 2. an abnormal closed epithelium-lined sac in the body that contains a liquid or semisolid substance.
gangrene
Gangrene is the term used to describe the decay or death of an organ or tissue caused by a lack of blood supply. It is a complication resulting from infectious or inflammatory processes, injury, or degenerative changes associated with chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus.
jaundice
Jaundice is a condition in which a person’s skin and the whites of the eyes are discolored yellow due to an increased level of bile pigments in the blood resulting from liver disease. Jaundice is sometimes called icterus, from a Greek word for the condition.
hirsutism
Excessive growth of facial or body hair in women is called hirsutism.
ichthyosis
Derived from two Greek words meaning “fish” and “disease,” ichthyosis is a congenital (meaning present at birth) dermatological (skin) disease that is represented by thick, scaly skin.
tinea
tinea ca´pitis ringworm of the scalp, a fungal infection caused by various species of Microsporum and Trichophyton. Generally it is characterized by one or more small, round, elevated patches, scaling of the scalp, and dry and brittle hair.
nevus
a circumscribed stable malformation of the skin or sometimes the oral mucosa, which is not due to external causes; the excess (or deficiency) of tissue may involve epidermal, connective tissue, adnexal, nervous, or vascular elements. Most are either brown, black, or pink; they may appear on any part of the skin, vary in size and thickness, and occur either in groups or alone. See also mole.
petechia
a minute, pinpoint, nonraised, perfectly round, purplish red spot caused by intradermal or submucous hemorrhage, which later turns blue or yellow. adj., adj pete´chial.
squamous-cell carcinoma
A carcinoma composed principally of anaplastic, squamous epithelial cells. Also known as epidermoid carcinoma.
ulcer
open sore or circumscribed erosion, usually slow to heal, on the skin or mucous membranes. It may develop as a result of injury; because of a circulatory disturbance, e.g., in varicose veins or after prolonged bed rest; or in association with such diseases as tuberculosis, syphilis, or leprosy. Corneal ulcers, which result from infection, allergy, or foreign objects in the eye, can cause visual impairment if not treated promptly. Some ulcers may develop into cancer. The underlying cause must be treated as well as the ulcerous lesion.
Urticaria
Hives or nettle rash; a skin condition characterized by the appearance of intensely itching wheals or welts with elevated, usually white centers and a surrounding area of erythema. Also known as hives.
pitting edema
Edema of such degree that the skin can be temporarily indented by pressure with the fingers.
pallor
Paleness, especially of the skin and mucous membranes.
Scleroderma
An abnormal increase in collagenous connective tissue in the skin. Also known as chorionitis; dermatosclerosis; scleriasis.
diaphoresis
Perspiration, especially when copious and medically induced.
melanoma
A dark-pigmented, usually malignant tumor arising from a melanocyte and occurring most commonly in the skin.
petechiae
A small purplish spot on a body surface, such as the skin or a mucous membrane, caused by a minute hemorrhage and often seen in typhus.
graves disease
a disease characterized by an enlarged thyroid and increased basal metabolism due to excessive thyroid secretion.
hirsutism
Heavy growth of hair, often in abnormal distribution.
hypervolemia
a blood disorder consisting of an increase in the volume of circulating blood
hyponatremia
An abnormally low plasma concentration of sodium ions.
ketoacidosis
acidosis with an accumulation of ketone bodies; occurs primarily in diabetes mellitus acidosis - abnormally high acidity (excess hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissues
purpura
A condition characterized by hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes that result in the appearance of purplish spots or patches.
myxedema
A disease caused by decreased activity of the thyroid gland in adults and characterized by dry skin, swellings around the lips and nose, mental deterioration, and a subnormal basal metabolic rate.
acromegaly
A chronic disease of adults marked by enlargement of the bones of the extremities, face, and jaw that is caused by overactivity of the pituitary gland.
Addison disease
An endocrinopathy characterised by decreased production of aldosterone and cortisol.
anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a type of allergic reaction, in which the immune system responds to otherwise harmless substances from the environment. Unlike other allergic reactions, however, anaphylaxis can kill. Reaction may begin within minutes or even seconds of exposure, and rapidly progress to cause airway constriction, skin and intestinal irritation, and altered heart rhythms. In severe cases, it can result in complete airway obstruction, shock, and death.
Cushing syndrome
a disorder resulting from increased adrenocortical secretion of cortisol (giving clinical picture of Cushing disease), due to any one of several sources: ACTH-dependent adrenocortical hyperplasia or tumor, ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor, or excessive administrations of steroids; characterized by trunkal obesity, moon face, acne, abdominal striae, hypertension, decreased carbohydrate tolerance, protein catabolism, psychiatric disturbances, and osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and hirsutism in females; when associated with an ACTH-producing adenoma, called Cushing disease.
debridement
Debridement is the process of removing nonliving tissue from pressure ulcers, burns, and other wounds.
lobectomy
excision of a lobe, as of the lung, brain, or liver.
cryosurgery
An operation using freezing temperature (achieved by liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide) as an independent agent or in an instrument to destroy tissue.
Antimycotics
An antifungal medication is a pharmaceutical fungicide used to treat mycoses such as athlete’s foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others.
antipruritics
Used to reduce or prevent itching of the skin or mucous membranes.
Antifungals
Destroying or inhibiting the growth of fungi.
corticosteroids
- Cortisone and other hormones produced in the cortex of each adrenal gland. Corticosteroids help to control the balance of salts and sugars in the body. 2. Natural or synthetic hormones that assist metabolism, act in relation to stress, or maintain the salt-andwater balance in the body.
-oma
tumor; mass; fluid collection
ana-
up; apart; backward; again; anew
dys-
bad: painful: difficult: abnormal
meta-
change; beyond
neo-
new
eso-
inward
exo-
out; away from
hetero-
other, different
carcin/o
cancerous; cancer
cry/o
cold
hist/o
tissue
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle
leuk/o
white
onc/o
tumor
myel/o
spinal cord; bone marrow
sarc/o
flesh (connective tissue)
aden/o
gland
son/o
sound
radi/o
x-rays; radioactivity; radius (lateral lower arm bone)
metastasis
- the transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it. It may be due either to the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., tubercle bacilli) or to the transfer of cells, as in malignant tumors. See also cancer. 2. a growth of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells distant from the site primarily involved by the morbid process. adj., adj metastat´ic.
apoptosis
the cessation of all physical and chemical processes that invariably occurs in all living organisms.
excisional
surgery of or relating to an excision
incisional
a. A cut into a body tissue or organ, especially one made during surgery. b. The scar resulting from such a cut.
benign neoplasm
a localized tumor that has a fibrous capsule, limited potential for growth, a regular shape, and cells that are well differentiated.
in situ
in its normal place; confined to the site of origin.
malignant neoplasm
a tumor that tends to grow, invade, and metastasize. The tumor usually has an irregular shape and is composed of poorly differentiated cells. If untreated, it may result in death.
hyperplasia
abnormal increase in volume of a tissue or organ caused by the formation and growth of new normal cells.
metaplasia
the change in the type of adult cells in a tissue to a form abnormal for that tissue.
dysplasia
an abnormality of development; in pathology, alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells.
anaplasia
loss of differentiation of cells and their orientation to each other, a characteristic of tumor cells;
neoplasia
the formation of a neoplasm.
palliative
- giving relief but not curing. 2. a drug with this effect.
cachexia
a profound and marked state of constitutional disorder; general ill health and malnutrition.
rhabdomyoscarcoma
a highly malignant tumor arising in striated muscle or in embryonal mesenchymal cells that exhibit differentiation along rhabdomyoblastic lines, including but not limited to the presence of cells with recognizable cross striations.
flat plate
jargon for plain film.
film badge
a pack of radiographic film or films worn as a badge, used for the detection and approximate measurement of radiation exposure of personnel.
papilloma
a benign tumor derived from epithelium. Papillomas may arise from skin, mucous membranes, or glandular ducts.
interventional radiology
the branch of medical science dealing with use of x-rays, radioactive substances, and other forms of radiant energy in diagnosis and treatment of disease.
dosimetry
scientific determination of amount, rate, and distribution of radiation emitted from a source of ionizing radiation.
peau d’ orange
A swollen pitted skin surface overlying carcinoma of the breast in which there is both stromal infiltration and lymphatic obstruction with edema.
remission
diminution or abatement of the symptoms of a disease; the period during which such diminution occurs.
scout film
a radiograph exposed before contrast medium is given, such as the preliminary film for an angiogram, urogram, or barium contrast gastrointestinal examination.
serum tumor markers
yep
plain film
a radiograph made without use of a contrast medium.
encapsulated
Enclosed in a capsule or sheath.
leukemia
a progressive, malignant neoplasm of the blood-forming organs, marked by diffuse replacement of the bone marrow development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow.
multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer in which antibody-producing plasma cells grow in an uncontrolled and invasive (malignant) manner.
sarcoma
A tumor, often highly malignant, composed of cells derived from connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, muscle, blood vessel, or lymphoid tissue; sarcomas usually develop rapidly and metastasize through the lymph channels.
carcinoma
a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate surrounding tissues and to give rise to metastases.
adenocarcinoma
carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures.
lymphoma
any neoplastic disorder of lymphoid tissue, including hodgkin’s disease.
Hodgin’s lymphoma
a rare lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system.
Non-Hodgin’s lymphoma
any neoplastic disorder of lymphoid tissue, NOT including hodgkin’s disease.
