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Chapter 16 Respiratory System > All > Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the organs of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

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2
Q

The lower respiratory tract includes the

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

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3
Q

What does the nasal septum do?

A

Divides the nasal cavity into right and left portions

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4
Q

What does the nasal cavity include?

A

An extensive network of blood vessels and mucus membranes

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5
Q

What happens when air passes over the mucus membrane in the nasal cavity?

A

Heat leaves the blood and warms the air, adjusting the temperature to that of the body’s temperature

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6
Q

How is air adjusted to the temp of the body in the nasal cavity?

A

Air passes over the mucus membrane and the blood’s heat is used to warm it

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7
Q

When is air moistened?

A

When water evaporates from the mucus lining

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8
Q

What happens to dust particles that enter the nasal cavity?

A

A sticky mucus entrails them

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9
Q

What happens to mucus that is within the nasal cavity?

A

It is eventually swallowed and the gastric juices destroy microorganisms in the mucus

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10
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses found?

A

The maxillary, frontal, and sphenoid bones of the skull

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11
Q

What fills the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air

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12
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

Behind the oral cavity and larynx

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13
Q

The pharynx aka

A

Throat

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14
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The passageway for food traveling from the oral cavity to the esophagus and for air passing between the nasal cavity and the larynx

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15
Q

What is the larynx?

A

An enlargement in the airway at the top of the trachea and below the pharynx

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16
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

It conducts air in and out of the trachea and prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea

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17
Q

What does the larynx house?

A

The vocal cords

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18
Q

What controls the pitch of a sound?

A

Contracting or relaxing muscles that alter the tension on the vocal cords

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19
Q

What causes the intensity of loudness of a sound?

A

The force of air passing through the vocal cords

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20
Q

During normal breathing, the vocal cords are _____ and the ____ between them is called the _____ , which is a _____

A

Relaxed
Opening
Glottis
A triangular slit

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21
Q

When food is swallowed, what happens to muscles within the false vocal cords?

A

The close the glottis, which prevents food from entering the trachea

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22
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Prevents food from entering the larynx

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23
Q

The trachea extends

A

Downward and splits into the right and left bronchi

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24
Q

What lines the trachea’s inner wall?

A

A ciliated mucous membrane

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25
Q

What does the mucous membrane within the trachea do? How?

A

Filters air entering the lungs

Because it’s ciliated

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26
Q

What are found in the trachea’s wall?

A

About 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage rings stacked on each other

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27
Q

What do the hyaline cartilage rings of the trachea do?

A

Keep the trachea from collapsing

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28
Q

What do alveoli within the lungs provide?

A

A large surface area of thin simple squamous epithelial cells through which gas can easily be exchanged

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29
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Thin simple squamous epithelial cells

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30
Q

What does oxygen in alveoli in the lungs do?

A

Diffuses into the blood in nearby capillaries

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31
Q

CO2 diffuses from blood in capillaries into

In exchange for

A

Alveoli

Oxygen

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32
Q

What are the lungs?

A

Soft, spongy, cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity

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33
Q

Which lung is largest?

A

The right lung

34
Q

The right lungs is divided into how many lobes?

A

3

35
Q

The left lungs is divided into

A

Two lobes

36
Q

Breathing consists of _____ and ______.

A

Inspiration / inhalation

Expiration / exhalation

37
Q

What moves air into the lungs?

A

Atmospheric pressure due to the weight of air

38
Q

If the pressure inside the lungs and alveoli decreases, what does atmospheric pressure do? What is this process of breathing called?

A

It pushes outside air into the airways

Inspiration/ inhalation

39
Q

What happens to the diaphragm and the thoracic cavity in inhalation?

A

The diaphragm (below the lungs) contracts and moves air downward while the thoracic cavity enlarges, forcing air into the airways

40
Q

What happens to the external (inspiratory) intercostal muscles between the rigs while the diaphragm contracts?

A

They may be stimulated to contract (raising the ribs and enlarging the thoracic cavity)

41
Q

What are the muscles between the ribs called?

A

External (inspiratory) intercostal muscles

42
Q

What is surface tension?

A

A force which can make it difficult to inflate the alveoli and could cause the alveoli to collapse

43
Q

When is surfactant most important?

A

In the minutes directly after birth

44
Q

What is surfactant?

A

A mix of lipids and proteins which prevents the collapsing of alveoli

45
Q

What do premature babies often suffer from and why?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

Because not enough surfactant is being produced

46
Q

What do the forces of expiration come from?

A

The elastic recoil of tissues and from surface tension

47
Q

Where is a lot of elastic tissue found?

A

In the lungs and thoracic walls

48
Q

When does elastic tissue in the lungs and thoracic walls stretch?

A

With lung expansion during inspiration

49
Q

As the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles (of the ribs) relax following inspiration, the elastic tissues

A

Cause the lungs and thoracic cage to recoil and return to their original shape

50
Q

What are 5 non-respiratory movements?

A

Coughing, sneezing, laughing, yanking, and hiccups

51
Q

What is a respiratory cycle?

A

One inspiration plus the following expiration

52
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air that enters or leaves during a single respiratory cycle

53
Q

What are the percentages that make up ordinary air?

A

21% O2 and 78% nitrogen

54
Q

What does almost all of the oxygen that is transported by blood do? What does the remaining oxygen do?

A

It binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells

It is dissolved in plasma

55
Q

How can a person increase breath holding time? What is this called?

A

By breathing rapidly and deeply in advance

Hyperventilation

56
Q

What are non-respiratory movements? What are they for?

A

Air movements that occur in addition to breatning

To clear air passages, ie coughing and sneezing, and to express emotion, ie laughing and crying

57
Q

What do non-respiratory movements result from?

A

Reflexes, although sometimes they are initiated voluntarily

58
Q

How can a cough be produced?

A

Through conscious effort or being triggered by a foreign object in an air passage

59
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

Hoarseness or lack of voice

60
Q

What causes a sneeze?

A

A mild irritation in the lining of the nasal cavity

61
Q

Laughing and crying both involve

A

Taking a breath and releasing it in a series of short expirations

62
Q

What causes a hiccup?

A

Sudden inspiration due to a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed

63
Q

What may yawning be for?

A

Aiding respiration by providing an occasional deep breath for ventilating the alveoli

64
Q

Tidal volume (TV) is

A

500 mLs

65
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is

A

3,000 mL

66
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

1,100 mLs

67
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

4,600 mLs

68
Q

What two groups can the organs of the respiratory system be divided into?

A

The upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
Upper tract: nose, naval cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
Lower tract: larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

69
Q

What is Laryngitis?

A

Hoarseness or lack of voice

70
Q

What does laryngitis occur?

A

When the mucous membrane of the larynx becomes inflamed and swollen because of an infection or irritation from inhaled vapors and prevents the vocal cords from vibrating freely as before

71
Q

When can laryngitis be dangerous, not mild?

A

If swollen tissues obstruct the airway and interfere with breathing

72
Q

How can the air passageway be restored in laryngitis?

A

By inserting an endotracheal tube into the trachea through the nose or mouth

73
Q

Where are the right superior and right inferior lobes?

A

Superior- the upper lobe
Inferior- lower lobe
Separated by right middle lobe

74
Q

Name the 5 lobes of the lungs:

A 
Right superior (upper) lobe
Right middle lobe
Right inferior (lower) lobe
Left superior (upper) lobe
Left inferior (lower) lobe
75
Q

What do the lungs contain?(6)

A

Air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves of the lower respiratory tract

76
Q

What is emphysema?

A

A progressive, degenerative disease that destroys alveolar walls

77
Q

What happens as a result of emphysema?

A

Clusters of small air sacs merge to form larger chambers, which drastically decreases the surface area of the respiratory membrane and thereby reduces the volume of gases that can be exchanged through the membrane

78
Q

What happens to alveolar walls because of emphysema?

A

They lose some of their elasticity and capillary networks associated with the alveoli diminish

79
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

Like any other cancers, it is an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells that rob normal cells of nutrients and oxygen, eventually crowding them out

80
Q

What are some causes of secondary lung cancer?

A

Cancerous growths in the lungs result from cancer cells that have spread (metastasized) from other parts of the lungs

Chapter 16 Respiratory System (1 decks)

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