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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Acid

A

A sour substance that can attack metal, clothing or our skin. The chemical opposite of an alkali. When dissolved in water, it’s solution had a ph number of less than 7. Acids are proton H+ ion) donors

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2
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum energy needed to start off a reaction

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3
Q

Active site

A

The site on an enzyme where reactants bind

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4
Q

Algal cells

A

The cells of algae, single-called or simple multi- cellular organisms, which can photosynthesis but are not plants.

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5
Q

Alkali

A

It’s a solution which had a ph number of more than 7

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6
Q

Allele

A

A version of a particular gene

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7
Q

Alpha radiation

A

Alpha particles, each composed of two neutrons, emitted by an unstable nuclei

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8
Q

Alternating current

A

Electric current in a circuit which repeatedly reverses it’s direction

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9
Q

Amino acid

A

The building block of protein

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10
Q

Amylase

A

The enzyme made in the salivary glands and the pancreas that speeds up the break down of starch and simple sugars

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11
Q

Anhydrous

A

Describes a substance which does not contain water

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12
Q

Aqueous solution

A

The mixture made by adding a soluble substance to water

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13
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of proteins (which equals the number of electrons) in an atom. It is sometimes called the proton number.

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14
Q

Attract

A

To cause to move nearer

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15
Q

Acceleration

A

Change in velocity per second (In metres per second per second, m/s2 )

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16
Q

Bacterial colony

A

A population of billions of bacteria grown in a culture

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17
Q

Base

A

The oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of a metal that will react with an acid, forming a salt as one of the products. (If a base dissolves in water it is called an alkali). Bases are proton (H+ ion) acceptors

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18
Q

Beta radiation

A

Beta particles that are high-energy electrons created in and emitted from unstable nuclei

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19
Q

Bile

A

Yellowy-green liquid made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It is released into he small intestine and emulsifies fats

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20
Q

Biological detergent

A

Washing detergent that contains enzymes

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21
Q

Biomass

A

Biological material from a living thing or recently living organisms.

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22
Q

Black dwarf

A

A star that has faded out and gone cold.

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23
Q

Black hole

A

An object in space that has so much mass that nothing, not even light, can escape from its gravitational field

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24
Q

Braking distance

A

The distance traveled by a vehicle during the time it’s brakes act

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25
Q

Cable

A

Two or three insulated wires surrounded by an outer layer of rubber or flexible plastic h

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26
Q

Carbohydrase

A

Enzyme that speeds up the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates

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27
Q

Carrier

A

Individual who is heterozygous for a faulty allele that causes a genetic disease

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28
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction. At the end of the reaction the catalyst ends up unchanged

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29
Q

Cell membrane

A

The membrane around the contents of a cell that controls what moves in and out of the cell

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30
Q

Cell wall

A

A rigid structure that surrounds the cells of living organisms apart from animals

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31
Q

Cellulose

A

A big carbohydrate molecule that makes up plant and algal cell walls

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32
Q

Chain reaction

A

Reactions in which one reaction causes further reactions, ect. A nuclear chain reaction occurs when fission neutrons cause further fission, so more fission neutrons are released. These go on top to produce further fission.

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33
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The green pigment contained in chloroplasts

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34
Q

Chloroplast

A

The organelle in which photosynthesis takes place

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35
Q

Chromatography

A

The pro see whereby small amounts of dissolves substances are separated by running a solvent along a material such as absorbent paper

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36
Q

Circuit breaker

A

An electromagnetic switch which opens and cuts the current off if too much current passes through it.

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37
Q

Collision theory

A

An explanation of chemical reactions in terms of reacting partials colliding with sufficient energy for a reaction to take place.

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38
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The gradient between an area where a substance is at a high concentration and an area at a low concentration

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39
Q

Conservation of momentum

A

In a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event. Momentum is conserved in any Collin or explosion provided no external forces act on the objects that collide or explode

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40
Q

Covalent bonding

A

The attraction between two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons

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41
Q

Crumple zone

A

Region of a vehicle designed to crumple I’m a collision to reduce the force on occupants

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42
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

A genetic disease that affects the lungs, digestive and reproductive systems. It is inherited through a recessive allele

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43
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The water-bases gel in which organelles of all living cells are suspended

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44
Q

Deceleration

A

Change of velocity per second when an object slows down

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45
Q

Delocalises electron

A

Bonding electron that is no longer associated with any one particular atom

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46
Q

Denatured

A

Change the shape of an enzyme so that it can no longer speed up a reaction

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47
Q

Differentiate

A

Specialise for a particular function

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48
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of particles of a gas or a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (along a concentration gradient)

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49
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down small molecules by the digestive enzymes.

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50
Q

Digestive juice

A

The mixture of enzymes and other chemicals produced by the digestive system

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51
Q

Digestive system

A

The organ system running from the mouth to the anus where food is digested

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52
Q

Diode

A

Electrical device that allows current flow in one direction only

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53
Q

Direct Current

A

Electric current in a circuit that is in one direction only

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54
Q

Directly proportional

A

A graph will show this if the line of best fit is a straight line through the origin

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55
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

Pattern produced by analysing the DNA which can be used to identify an individual

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56
Q

Dominant

A

The characteristic that will show up in the offspring even if only one of the alleles is inherited

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57
Q

Dot and Cross diagram

A

A drawing to show the arrangement of the outer shell electrons only of the atoms or ions in a substance

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58
Q

Drag force

A

A force opposing the motion of an object due to fluid (eg. Air) flowing past the object as it moves

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59
Q

Elastic

A

A material is elastic if it is able to regain its shape after it has been squashed or stretched

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60
Q

Elastic potential energy

A

Energy stored in an elastic object when work is done to change its shape

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61
Q

Electrolyte

A

A liquid, containing free-moving ions, that is broken down by electricity in the process of electrolysis

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62
Q

Electron

A

A tiny particle with a negative charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus in atoms or ions

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63
Q

Empirical formula

A

The simplest ratio of elements in a compound

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64
Q

Endothermic

A

A reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings

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65
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst

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66
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

The tissue of the epidermis - the outer layer of an organism

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67
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Tissue made up of relatively unspecialised cells that line the tubes and organs of the body

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68
Q

Exothermic

A

A reaction that gives out energy to the surroundings

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69
Q

Extinction

A

Extinction is the permanent loss of all members of a species

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70
Q

Fatty acid

A

Building block of lipids

71
Q

Filament bulb

A

Electrical device designed to produce light

72
Q

Force

A

A force can change the motion of an object (in Newtons, N)

73
Q

Frequency (of an alternating current)

A

The number of complete cycles an alternating current passes through each second. The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz)

74
Q

Friction

A

Force opposing the movement of one surface over another

75
Q

Fructose syrup

A

A sugar syrup

76
Q

Fullerene

A

Form of the element carbon that can form a large cage-like structure, based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms

77
Q

Fuse

A

A fuse contains a thin wire that melts and cuts the current off it too much current passes through it

78
Q

Gamma radiation

A

Electromagnetic radiation emitted from unstable nuclei in radioactive substances

79
Q

Gas chromatography

A

The process of separating the components in a mixture by passing the vapours through a column and detecting them as they leave the column at different times

80
Q

Genetic disorder

A

Disease that is inherited

81
Q

Genetic material

A

The DNA that carries the instructions for making a new cell or a new individual

82
Q

Geographical isolation

A

This is when two populations become physically isolated by a geographical feature

83
Q

Giant covalent structure

A

A huge 3-D network of covalently bonded atoms (eg. the giant lattice of carbon atoms in diamond or graphite)

84
Q

Giant lattice

A

A huge 3-D network of atoms or ions (eg. The giant ionic lattice in sodium chloride)

85
Q

Giant structure

A

See giant lattice

86
Q

Glandular tissue

A

The tissue that makes up the glands and secretes chemicals, eg. Enzymes, hormones

87
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar

88
Q

Glycerol

A

Building block of lipids

89
Q

Glycogen

A

Carbohydrate store in animals, including the muscles, liver and brain of the human body

90
Q

Gradient

A

Change of the quality plotted on the y-axis divided by the change of the quality plotted on the x-axis

91
Q

Gravitational attraction

A

Force that pulls two masses together

92
Q

Gravitational field strength

A

The force of gravity on an object of mass 1Kg (in Newtons per kilogram , N/kg

93
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

Energy of an object due to its position in s gravitational field. Near the Earth’s surface, change of GPE (in joules, J) = weight (in newtons, N) X vertical distance moved (in metres, m)

94
Q

Half-life (of a radioactive isotope)

A

Average time taken for the number of nuclei of the isotope (or mass of the isotope) in a sample to halve

95
Q

Hooke’s law

A

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, provided it’s limit proportionality is not exceeded

96
Q

Hydrated

A

Describes a substance that contains water in its crystals, eg hydrated copper sulphate

97
Q

Impact time

A

Time taken for a collision to take place

98
Q

Inert

A

Unreactive

99
Q

Insoluble molecules

A

Molecules that will not dissolve in a particular solvent such as water

100
Q

Insulating

A

Reducing energy transfer by heating

101
Q

Intermolecular force

A

The attraction between the individual molecules in a covalently bonded substance

102
Q

Ion

A

A charged particle produced by the loss of gain of electrons

103
Q

Ionic bonding

A

The electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions

104
Q

Ionisation

A

Any process in which atoms become charged

105
Q

Isomerase

A

An enzyme that converts one form of a molecule into another

106
Q

Isotope

A

Atom that has the same number of protons but different number of neutron, ie. It has the same atomic number but different mass number

107
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of a moving object due to its motion; kinetic energy (in joules, J) = mass (in kilograms, kg) X speed (in m2/s2)

108
Q

Lactic acid

A

One product of anaerobic respiration. It builds up in the muscles with exercise. Important in yoghurt-and cheese-making processes

109
Q

Light energy

A

Energy in the form of light

110
Q

Light dependent resistor

A

Device with a resistance that varies with the amount of light falling on it

111
Q

Limit of proportionality

A

The limit for Hooke’s law applied to the extension of a stretched Spring

112
Q

Limiting factor

A

Factor that limits the rate of a reaction eg. Temperature, pH, light levels (photosynthesis)

113
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme that breaks down fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol

114
Q

Lipid

A

Oil or fat

115
Q

Live wire

A

The wire of a mains circuit that had a potential that alternates from positive to negative and back each cycle

116
Q

Drag force

A

A force opposing the motion of an object due to fluid (eg. Air) flowing past the object as it moves

117
Q

Elastic

A

A material is elastic if it is able to regain its shape after it has been squashed or stretched

118
Q

Elastic potential energy

A

Energy stored in an elastic object when work is done to change its shape

119
Q

Electrolyte

A

A liquid, containing free-moving ions, that is broken down by electricity in the process of electrolysis

120
Q

Electron

A

A tiny particle with a negative charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus in atoms or ions

121
Q

Empirical formula

A

The simplest ratio of elements in a compound

122
Q

Endothermic

A

A reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings

123
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst

124
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

The tissue of the epidermis - the outer layer of an organism

125
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Tissue made up of relatively unspecialised cells that line the tubes and organs of the body

126
Q

Exothermic

A

A reaction that gives out energy to the surroundings

127
Q

Extinction

A

Extinction is the permanent loss of all members of a species

128
Q

Fatty acid

A

Building block of lipids

129
Q

Filament bulb

A

Electrical device designed to produce light

130
Q

Force

A

A force can change the motion of an object (in Newtons, N)

131
Q

Frequency (of an alternating current)

A

The number of complete cycles an alternating current passes through each second. The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz)

132
Q

Friction

A

Force opposing the movement of one surface over another

133
Q

Fructose syrup

A

A sugar syrup

134
Q

Fullerene

A

Form of the element carbon that can form a large cage-like structure, based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms

135
Q

Fuse

A

A fuse contains a thin wire that melts and cuts the current off it too much current passes through it

136
Q

Gamma radiation

A

Electromagnetic radiation emitted from unstable nuclei in radioactive substances

137
Q

Gas chromatography

A

The process of separating the components in a mixture by passing the vapours through a column and detecting them as they leave the column at different times

138
Q

Genetic disorder

A

Disease that is inherited

139
Q

Genetic material

A

The DNA that carries the instructions for making a new cell or a new individual

140
Q

Geographical isolation

A

This is when two populations become physically isolated by a geographical feature

141
Q

Giant covalent structure

A

A huge 3-D network of covalently bonded atoms (eg. the giant lattice of carbon atoms in diamond or graphite)

142
Q

Giant lattice

A

A huge 3-D network of atoms or ions (eg. The giant ionic lattice in sodium chloride)

143
Q

Giant structure

A

See giant lattice

144
Q

Glandular tissue

A

The tissue that makes up the glands and secretes chemicals, eg. Enzymes, hormones

145
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar

146
Q

Glycerol

A

Building block of lipids

147
Q

Glycogen

A

Carbohydrate store in animals, including the muscles, liver and brain of the human body

148
Q

Gradient

A

Change of the quality plotted on the y-axis divided by the change of the quality plotted on the x-axis

149
Q

Gravitational attraction

A

Force that pulls two masses together

150
Q

Gravitational field strength

A

The force of gravity on an object of mass 1Kg (in Newtons per kilogram , N/kg

151
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

Energy of an object due to its position in s gravitational field. Near the Earth’s surface, change of GPE (in joules, J) = weight (in newtons, N) X vertical distance moved (in metres, m)

152
Q

Half-life (of a radioactive isotope)

A

Average time taken for the number of nuclei of the isotope (or mass of the isotope) in a sample to halve

153
Q

Hooke’s law

A

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, provided it’s limit proportionality is not exceeded

154
Q

Hydrated

A

Describes a substance that contains water in its crystals, eg hydrated copper sulphate

155
Q

Impact time

A

Time taken for a collision to take place

156
Q

Inert

A

Unreactive

157
Q

Insoluble molecules

A

Molecules that will not dissolve in a particular solvent such as water

158
Q

Insulating

A

Reducing energy transfer by heating

159
Q

Intermolecular force

A

The attraction between the individual molecules in a covalently bonded substance

160
Q

Ion

A

A charged particle produced by the loss of gain of electrons

161
Q

Ionic bonding

A

The electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions

162
Q

Ionisation

A

Any process in which atoms become charged

163
Q

Isomerase

A

An enzyme that converts one form of a molecule into another

164
Q

Isotope

A

Atom that has the same number of protons but different number of neutron, ie. It has the same atomic number but different mass number

165
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of a moving object due to its motion; kinetic energy (in joules, J) = mass (in kilograms, kg) X speed (in m2/s2)

166
Q

Lactic acid

A

One product of anaerobic respiration. It builds up in the muscles with exercise. Important in yoghurt-and cheese-making processes

167
Q

Light energy

A

Energy in the form of light

168
Q

Light dependent resistor

A

Device with a resistance that varies with the amount of light falling on it

169
Q

Limit of proportionality

A

The limit for Hooke’s law applied to the extension of a stretched Spring

170
Q

Limiting factor

A

Factor that limits the rate of a reaction eg. Temperature, pH, light levels (photosynthesis)

171
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme that breaks down fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol

172
Q

Lipid

A

Oil or fat

173
Q

Live wire

A

The wire of a mains circuit that had a potential that alternates from positive to negative and back each cycle

Aqa Additional Science Vocab (1 decks)

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